Abstract. Introduction

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Abstract. Introduction"

Transcription

1 Comparison of Electro-Optic Diagnostic Systems* K. G. Hagans and P. G. Sargis Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Field Test Systems Division, Electronics Engineering Livermore, California Abstract We have examined the componentdevices used in electro-optic transientrecording systems and studied their contributions to system noise levels. This work includes the investigation of three system configurations: a 1300-nm laser diode system, an 810-nm Mach-Zehnder system, and a 1300-nm hybrid system. As a result of our work, we have developed a method of analysis for determining the theoretical noise sources in electro-optic transient recording systems. ntroduction Currently, the design and construction of electro-optic transient recording systems is an imprecise exercise; that is, we assemble the various components into a diagnostic system and then accept the performance we get. A common assumption made in constructing such a system is that using components which individually exhibit the best performance will yield a system of higher performance. Many times, however, this assumption is not valid. For example, laser diodes are often a major source of noise in electro-optic transient diagnostic systems. Thus, for laser-noise-limited systems, it is very important to design the laser diode to have the lowest possible laser noise. This is not the case, though, for electro-optic diagnostic systems using the streak camera as the receiver. n these systems, the noise floor ofthe system is determined by the receiver; hence, improvements in the laser diode noise performance yield very little improvement in the system noise performance. One must look at the desired system performance and identify these system component tradeoffs. A number of devices exist for performing the same functions in electro-optic transient recording systems, as shown in Fig. 1. For the modulator, one can choose either to modulate a laser diode directly or to modulate an integrated optics device. The laser diode has the advantage ofbeing a simpier system to implement, but it suffers from wavelength instabilities in the 8 10-nm large-signal regime. The integrated optics modulator has the advantage of offering higher bandwidth than do laser diodes but at the cost ofcreating a more complex system that includes both a laser diode carrier and a modulator. There are also two choices for the wavelength of transmission. The nm systems operate at the optimum wavelength for the fiber optic cable, while the 8 10-nm systems are optimized to accommodate a streak camera as a receiver. Although the streak camera can record many data channels simultaneously, the quantum efficiency of the streak tube's photocathode falls off rapidly at wavelengths greater than 800 nm. (The zero-dispersion window for silica fibers is 1300 nm, but this wavelength is outside the operating range of the streak camera.) The 810-nm wavelength effectively accommodates the combined requirements of the laser diode source, the fiber, and the streak camera. Each of these choices for modulator, wavelength of operation, and receiver impacts system complexity, cost, and signal fidelity. * This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng / SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Velocimetry '90

2 1-km fiber optic cable Direct modulation 810-nm laser diode 1300-nm laser diode External modulation 810-nm Mach-Zehnder 1300-nm Mach-Zehnder Single-mode fiber 810-nm 1300-nm Streak camera Photodiode/oscilloscope Photodiode/amplifier/ laser diode/streak camera Figure 1. Component choices for electro-optics transient recording systems. system complexity, cost, and signal fidelity. Each choice impacts (a) 810-nm Mach-Zehnder system 1-km single-mode 810-nm fiber (b) 1300-nm laser diode system Electrical input (c) 1300-nm hybrid system Electrical input Figure 2. Electro-optic transient recording systems under investigation. The systems are (a) an 810- nm Mach-Zehnder system, (b) a nm laser diode system, and (c) a nm hybrid system. The noise sources for these systems are compared in Table 1. Progress Systems Being nvestigated Figure 2 shows three configurations of electro-optic transient recording systems that we are now investigating. The first system [Fig. 2(a)] uses a lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder integrated optics device as the electrical-to-optical modulator. The intensity-modulated signal is then transmitted SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Ve/ocimetry '90 / 405

3 uphole via 8 10-nm single-mode fiber, where it is recorded by a streak camera receiver. The wavelength of operation has been chosen to accommodate the photocathode sensitivity of the multichannel streak camera receiver. The second system [Fig. 2(b)] trades off the multichannel capability of the streak camera receiver to operate in the nm zero-dispersion region of the fiber optic cable. This system directly modulates alaser diode to convert the electrical signalto an intensity-modulated light signal. The signal is received with a photodiode and then amplified to be recorded on an oscilloscope. The third system [Fig. 2(c)] is an attempt to provide the nm system with multichannel streak camera capability. n this system, the oscilloscope is replaced with a streak camera and a second laser diode operating at 8 10 nm. Each of these systems offers a substantially higher bandwidth than do electrical coaxial cable systems, but at the cost of decreased dynamic range. The upper end of the dynamic range is difficult to improve, requiring either changing the laser diode structure to produce a more efficient, higher power laser diode or redesigning the lithium niobate modulator to make it more efficient. For this reason, we have chosen to focus on the theoretical limits of the lower end of the dynamic range (the noise floor) to identify which systems are performing at theirtheoretical limit as well as to make cornparisons between systems. n addition, we can identify which system parameters must be improved to yield the greatest overall performance. Sources of Noise in Each System Each system has similar sources of noise to consider. The first such source is fluctuations in the optical signal generated by either the laser diode modulator or the laser diode carrier. For this analysis, we will assume that there is no additional optical carrier noise induced by external reflections and that the laser is limited only by its relative-intensity noise. Relative-intensity noise is defined as (1noise) KPaverage) _ rms noise power average power A typical laser diode relative-intensity noise figure is 150 db/hz for a laser diode operated away from its resonance peak. A second noise source is the shot noise of the detection system. Shot noise arises from fluctuations in the current that are due to the discreteness ofindividual electrons. Finally, we must consider the thermal noise in the amplification system. Thermal noise is the noise generated by the random thermal motion of electrons across a resistance. Method of Analysis and Assumptions For each system, we first calculate the gain required for a unity gain analog link. The link loss is determined by 'in = (am)(al)(po)('yo)(rs)(7t) (for Mach-Zehnder), 2V and = (11U)(Yo) (for direct-modulation links), 406 / SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photon/cs, and Velocimetry '90

4 where am 0.25 (modulator loss), al = (fiber loss), P0 = 10 mw or 2.5 mw (power into Mach- Zehnder and laser diode, respectively), y =0.8 A/W and 0.02 A/W (detector and photocathode sensitivity), R =50-c2 source resistance, V =7 V (voltage for 100% modulation), and 1LD = 0.07 mw/ ma and 0.35 mw/ma (modulation efficiency of the laser diode into the fiber for single-mode and multi-mode fibers, respectively). We then calculate the noise due to the laser diode relative-intensity noise, detector shot noise, and amplification ta1?1j:n 1DC B 1O(G N)1b0 (for laser noise), 'SDET = 2q 'DC B 10W10 (for detector shot noise), and 2 KTB io(g NF)/10 'TH R (for thermal noise), 'SMCP = 2q 'DC BF 100/10 (for photocathode shot noise with an internal MCP), where 1DC o (for direct modulation) or =0. 15 P0 Cm E ''o (for indirect modulation), and F =4 (MCP noise factor), B =5-GHzbandwidth, G = gain for unity gain system, and NF =6dB (amplifier noise figure). Table 1 compares the noise floors of the three investigated systems for a 5-GHz bandwidth. The 1300-nm direct-modulation-link noise floor is dominated by the relative-intensity noise ofthe laser. The 8 10-nm Mach-Zehnder link is dominated by the shot noise of the photocathode. Even though a secondlaserdiode noise source is added to the nm/8 10-nm hybrid system, the total noise floor is still lower by a factor of four than that of the 8 10-nm Mach-Zehnder system. This is because electrical gain is added before the major streak-tube photocathode noise source. The streak camera receiver-based systems could all be improved by higher photocathode sensitivity. The 1300-nm system sacrifices the multichannel capabilities of the streak camera, yet because the photodiode has Table 1. Source and magnitude of noise in three high-bandwidth fiber optics diagnostic systems. The nm direct-modulation-link noise floor is laser diode limited. The 8 10-nm Mach-Zehnder-link noise floor is limited by the streak camera receiver nm directmodulation link 810-nm Mach- Zehnder link 1300-nm/8 10-nm hybrid link nm 6.3 x i0 A2 6.3 x i0 A2 Dectector 2 S 1.0 x 10 A2 1.0 x 10 A2 Amplifier 5.0 x A2 5.0 x 10_b A2 810 nm 6.8 x i0 A2 6.4 x 10_b A2 Photocathode J2 S 3.0 x i0 A2 1.0 x 10_8 A2 Total 'N 0.09 ma 0.55 ma 0.l4mA SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Velocimetry '90 / 407

5 a higher sensitivity, its performance within a single channel provides an improved signal-to-noise ratio and increased dynamic range. The 1300-nm hybrid system offers higher dynamic range than does the Mach-Zehnder system but will have difficulty in achieving bandwidths greater than 5 GHz. n the laboratory', we were able to validate the noise floor model for the 1300-nm laser diode oscilloscope system by predicting 0. 1 ma of noise and measuring 0.08 ma in 2.5 GHz. Future Work n the past year, we have determined the theoretical noise sources in electro-optic transient recording systems. Next year, we will expand upon this work to include the electrical transient and time division multiplexing of signals. System performance of the various implementations will be determined by bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, and number of channels. n addition, where it is appropriate, we will validate the system performance models that we develop. We will provide a road map for future component development work by identifying system tradeoffs for the device designers. By providing a focus to on-going research, we will identify the critical systemslevel problems that must be solved in order to successfully implement novel systems still in the research phase. References 1. W. E. Stephens and T. R. Joseph, "System Characteristics of Direct Modulated and Externally Modulated RF Fiber-Optic Links," Journal of Lightwave Technology lt-5(3), (March 1987). 408 / SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Velocimetry '90

Optical Single Sideband Modulation and Optical Carrier Power Reduction and CATV Networks

Optical Single Sideband Modulation and Optical Carrier Power Reduction and CATV Networks Optical Single Sideband Modulation and Optical Carrier Power Reduction and CATV Networks by: Hatice Kosek Outline Optical Single Sideband Modulation Techniques Optical Carrier Power Reduction Techniques

More information

EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.E. and M.E. Semester

EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.E. and M.E. Semester EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.E. and M.E. Semester 2 2009 101908 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (Elec Eng 4041) 105302 SPECIAL STUDIES IN MARINE ENGINEERING (Elec Eng 7072) Official Reading Time:

More information

Homework Set 3.5 Sensitive optoelectronic detectors: seeing single photons

Homework Set 3.5 Sensitive optoelectronic detectors: seeing single photons Homework Set 3.5 Sensitive optoelectronic detectors: seeing single photons Due by 12:00 noon (in class) on Tuesday, Nov. 7, 2006. This is another hybrid lab/homework; please see Section 3.4 for what you

More information

A NOVEL SCHEME FOR OPTICAL MILLIMETER WAVE GENERATION USING MZM

A NOVEL SCHEME FOR OPTICAL MILLIMETER WAVE GENERATION USING MZM A NOVEL SCHEME FOR OPTICAL MILLIMETER WAVE GENERATION USING MZM Poomari S. and Arvind Chakrapani Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamil

More information

Module 10 : Receiver Noise and Bit Error Ratio

Module 10 : Receiver Noise and Bit Error Ratio Module 10 : Receiver Noise and Bit Error Ratio Lecture : Receiver Noise and Bit Error Ratio Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Receiver Noise and Bit Error Ratio Shot Noise Thermal

More information

Module 16 : Integrated Optics I

Module 16 : Integrated Optics I Module 16 : Integrated Optics I Lecture : Integrated Optics I Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Introduction Electro-Optic Effect Optical Phase Modulator Optical Amplitude Modulator

More information

HIGH SPEED FIBER PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE

HIGH SPEED FIBER PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE HIGH SPEED FIBER PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE Thank you for purchasing your High Speed Fiber Photodetector. This user s guide will help answer any questions you may have regarding the safe use and optimal

More information

Radio over Fiber technology for 5G Cloud Radio Access Network Fronthaul

Radio over Fiber technology for 5G Cloud Radio Access Network Fronthaul Radio over Fiber technology for 5G Cloud Radio Access Network Fronthaul Using a highly linear fiber optic transceiver with IIP3 > 35 dbm, operating at noise level of -160dB/Hz, we demonstrate 71 km RF

More information

NON-AMPLIFIED HIGH SPEED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE

NON-AMPLIFIED HIGH SPEED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE NON-AMPLIFIED HIGH SPEED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE Thank you for purchasing your Non-amplified High Speed Photodetector. This user s guide will help answer any questions you may have regarding the safe

More information

ECEN689: Special Topics in Optical Interconnects Circuits and Systems Spring 2016

ECEN689: Special Topics in Optical Interconnects Circuits and Systems Spring 2016 ECEN689: Special Topics in Optical Interconnects Circuits and Systems Spring 016 Lecture 7: Transmitter Analysis Sam Palermo Analog & Mixed-Signal Center Texas A&M University Optical Modulation Techniques

More information

4 Photonic Wireless Technologies

4 Photonic Wireless Technologies 4 Photonic Wireless Technologies 4-1 Research and Development of Photonic Feeding Antennas Keren LI, Chong Hu CHENG, and Masayuki IZUTSU In this paper, we presented our recent works on development of photonic

More information

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING FBG AND BESSEL FILTERS

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING FBG AND BESSEL FILTERS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING FBG AND BESSEL FILTERS Antony J. S., Jacob Stephen and Aarthi G. ECE Department, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil

More information

Lecture 9 External Modulators and Detectors

Lecture 9 External Modulators and Detectors Optical Fibres and Telecommunications Lecture 9 External Modulators and Detectors Introduction Where are we? A look at some real laser diodes. External modulators Mach-Zender Electro-absorption modulators

More information

NON-AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE

NON-AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE NON-AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTOR USER S GUIDE Thank you for purchasing your Non-amplified Photodetector. This user s guide will help answer any questions you may have regarding the safe use and optimal operation

More information

ModBox-1310nm-1550nm-NRZ 1310nm & 1550 nm, 28 Gb/s, 44 Gb/s Reference Transmitters

ModBox-1310nm-1550nm-NRZ 1310nm & 1550 nm, 28 Gb/s, 44 Gb/s Reference Transmitters light.augmented ModBox-1310nm-1550nm-NRZ The -1310nm-1550nm-NRZ series is a family of Reference Transmitters that generate at 1310 nm and 1550 nm excellent quality NRZ optical data streams up to 28 Gb/s,

More information

Elimination of Self-Pulsations in Dual-Clad, Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers

Elimination of Self-Pulsations in Dual-Clad, Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers Elimination of Self-Pulsations in Dual-Clad, Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers 1.0 Modulation depth 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Laser 3 Laser 2 Laser 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Absorbed pump power (W) Laser 1 W. Guan and J. R.

More information

Gigabit Transmission in 60-GHz-Band Using Optical Frequency Up-Conversion by Semiconductor Optical Amplifier and Photodiode Configuration

Gigabit Transmission in 60-GHz-Band Using Optical Frequency Up-Conversion by Semiconductor Optical Amplifier and Photodiode Configuration 22 Gigabit Transmission in 60-GHz-Band Using Optical Frequency Up-Conversion by Semiconductor Optical Amplifier and Photodiode Configuration Jun-Hyuk Seo, and Woo-Young Choi Department of Electrical and

More information

A noise calculation and experiment with analog ROF transmission module

A noise calculation and experiment with analog ROF transmission module International Conference on Advanced Electronic Science and Technology (AEST 06) A noise calculation and experiment with analog ROF transmission module Xiaojing Wang, a, Mingyu Lin, Yaoting Yang and Guihua

More information

Suppression of Rayleigh-scattering-induced noise in OEOs

Suppression of Rayleigh-scattering-induced noise in OEOs Suppression of Rayleigh-scattering-induced noise in OEOs Olukayode Okusaga, 1,* James P. Cahill, 1,2 Andrew Docherty, 2 Curtis R. Menyuk, 2 Weimin Zhou, 1 and Gary M. Carter, 2 1 Sensors and Electronic

More information

MULTICHANNEL COST EFFECTIVE FULL DUPLEX RADIO OVER FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING FIBER BRAGG GRATING FILTER

MULTICHANNEL COST EFFECTIVE FULL DUPLEX RADIO OVER FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING FIBER BRAGG GRATING FILTER MULTICHANNEL COST EFFECTIVE FULL DUPLEX RADIO OVER FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING FIBER BRAGG GRATING FILTER Sudheer.V R 1*, Sudheer.S K 1, Seena R 2 1 Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala.

More information

ModBox-CBand-NRZ series C-Band, 28 Gb/s, 44 Gb/s, 50 Gb/s Reference Transmitters

ModBox-CBand-NRZ series C-Band, 28 Gb/s, 44 Gb/s, 50 Gb/s Reference Transmitters The is a family of Reference Transmitters that generate excellent quality NRZ optical data streams up to 28 Gb/s, 44 Gb/s, 50 Gb/s in the C-band. These transmitters produce very clean eye diagrams with

More information

Lecture 8 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 8, Slide 1

Lecture 8 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 8, Slide 1 Lecture 8 Bit error rate The Q value Receiver sensitivity Sensitivity degradation Extinction ratio RIN Timing jitter Chirp Forward error correction Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 8, Slide Bit error

More information

Optoelectronic integrated circuits incorporating negative differential resistance devices

Optoelectronic integrated circuits incorporating negative differential resistance devices Optoelectronic integrated circuits incorporating negative differential resistance devices José Figueiredo Centro de Electrónica, Optoelectrónica e Telecomunicações Departamento de Física da Faculdade de

More information

Measuring Photonic, Optoelectronic and Electro optic S parameters using an advanced photonic module

Measuring Photonic, Optoelectronic and Electro optic S parameters using an advanced photonic module Measuring Photonic, Optoelectronic and Electro optic S parameters using an advanced photonic module APPLICATION NOTE This application note describes the procedure for electro-optic measurements of both

More information

FI..,. HEWLETT. High-Frequency Photodiode Characterization using a Filtered Intensity Noise Technique

FI..,. HEWLETT. High-Frequency Photodiode Characterization using a Filtered Intensity Noise Technique FI..,. HEWLETT ~~ PACKARD High-Frequency Photodiode Characterization using a Filtered Intensity Noise Technique Doug Baney, Wayne Sorin, Steve Newton Instruments and Photonics Laboratory HPL-94-46 May,

More information

Optical Digital Transmission Systems. Xavier Fernando ADROIT Lab Ryerson University

Optical Digital Transmission Systems. Xavier Fernando ADROIT Lab Ryerson University Optical Digital Transmission Systems Xavier Fernando ADROIT Lab Ryerson University Overview In this section we cover point-to-point digital transmission link design issues (Ch8): Link power budget calculations

More information

Optoelectronic Oscillator Topologies based on Resonant Tunneling Diode Fiber Optic Links

Optoelectronic Oscillator Topologies based on Resonant Tunneling Diode Fiber Optic Links Optoelectronic Oscillator Topologies based on Resonant Tunneling Diode Fiber Optic Links Bruno Romeira* a, José M. L Figueiredo a, Kris Seunarine b, Charles N. Ironside b, a Department of Physics, CEOT,

More information

Performance Analysis of WDM-FSO Link under Turbulence Channel

Performance Analysis of WDM-FSO Link under Turbulence Channel Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 50 (2016) 160-173 EISSN 2392-2192 Performance Analysis of WDM-FSO Link under Turbulence Channel Mazin Ali A. Ali Department of Physics, College of Science,

More information

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WDM AND EDFA IN C-BAND FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WDM AND EDFA IN C-BAND FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM www.arpapress.com/volumes/vol13issue1/ijrras_13_1_26.pdf PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WDM AND EDFA IN C-BAND FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM M.M. Ismail, M.A. Othman, H.A. Sulaiman, M.H. Misran & M.A. Meor

More information

Figure Responsivity (A/W) Figure E E-09.

Figure Responsivity (A/W) Figure E E-09. OSI Optoelectronics, is a leading manufacturer of fiber optic components for communication systems. The products offer range for Silicon, GaAs and InGaAs to full turnkey solutions. Photodiodes are semiconductor

More information

INGAAS FAST PIN (RF) AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTORS

INGAAS FAST PIN (RF) AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTORS INGAAS FAST PIN (RF) AMPLIFIED PHOTODETECTORS High Signal-to-Noise Ratio Ultrafast up to 9.5 GHz Free-Space or Fiber-Coupled InGaAs Photodetectors Wavelength Range from 750-1650 nm FPD310 FPD510-F https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9_pf.cfm?guide=10&category_id=77&objectgroup_id=6687

More information

Special Issue Review. 1. Introduction

Special Issue Review. 1. Introduction Special Issue Review In recently years, we have introduced a new concept of photonic antennas for wireless communication system using radio-over-fiber technology. The photonic antenna is a functional device

More information

Comparison of FMCW-LiDAR system with optical- and electricaldomain swept light sources toward self-driving mobility application

Comparison of FMCW-LiDAR system with optical- and electricaldomain swept light sources toward self-driving mobility application P1 Napat J.Jitcharoenchai Comparison of FMCW-LiDAR system with optical- and electricaldomain swept light sources toward self-driving mobility application Napat J.Jitcharoenchai, Nobuhiko Nishiyama, Tomohiro

More information

SHF Communication Technologies AG

SHF Communication Technologies AG SHF Communication Technologies AG Wilhelm-von-Siemens-Str. 23 Aufgang D 12277 Berlin Marienfelde Germany Phone ++49 30 / 772 05 10 Fax ++49 30 / 753 10 78 E-Mail: sales@shf.biz Web: http://www.shf.biz

More information

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 47, NO. 12, DECEMBER

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 47, NO. 12, DECEMBER IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 47, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1999 2271 Broad-B Linearization of a Mach Zehnder Electrooptic Modulator Edward I. Ackerman, Member, IEEE Abstract Analog

More information

Performance Analysis of Inter-satellite

Performance Analysis of Inter-satellite ABHIYANTRIKI An International Journal of Engineering & Technology (A Peer Reviewed & Indexed Journal) Vol. 4, No. 4 (April, 2017) http://www.aijet.in/ eissn: 2394-627X Performance Analysis of Inter-satellite

More information

Photonic time-stretching of 102 GHz millimeter waves using 1.55 µm nonlinear optic polymer EO modulators

Photonic time-stretching of 102 GHz millimeter waves using 1.55 µm nonlinear optic polymer EO modulators Photonic time-stretching of 10 GHz millimeter waves using 1.55 µm nonlinear optic polymer EO modulators H. Erlig Pacific Wave Industries H. R. Fetterman and D. Chang University of California Los Angeles

More information

NIR-MX-LN series 1000 nm band Intensity Modulator

NIR-MX-LN series 1000 nm band Intensity Modulator 1 nm band Intensity The NIR-MX-LN series are an intensity modulator especially designed for operation in the 1 nm wavelength band. This Mach-Zehnder modulator offers engineers working in the 1 nm the intrinsic

More information

Electro-Optical Performance Requirements for Direct Transmission of 5G RF over Fiber

Electro-Optical Performance Requirements for Direct Transmission of 5G RF over Fiber Electro-Optical Performance Requirements for Direct Transmission of 5G RF over Fiber Revised 10/25/2017 Presented by APIC Corporation 5800 Uplander Way Culver City, CA 90230 www.apichip.com 1 sales@apichip.com

More information

Agilent 71400C Lightwave Signal Analyzer Product Overview. Calibrated measurements of high-speed modulation, RIN, and laser linewidth

Agilent 71400C Lightwave Signal Analyzer Product Overview. Calibrated measurements of high-speed modulation, RIN, and laser linewidth Agilent 71400C Lightwave Signal Analyzer Product Overview Calibrated measurements of high-speed modulation, RIN, and laser linewidth High-Speed Lightwave Analysis 2 The Agilent 71400C lightwave signal

More information

LINEAR MICROWAVE FIBER OPTIC LINK SYSTEM DESIGN

LINEAR MICROWAVE FIBER OPTIC LINK SYSTEM DESIGN LINEAR MICROWAVE FIBER OPTIC LINK SYSTEM DESIGN John A. MacDonald and Allen Katz Linear Photonics, LLC Nami Lane, Suite 7C, Hamilton, NJ 869 69-584-5747 macdonald@linphotonics.com LINEAR PHOTONICS, LLC

More information

S.M. Vaezi-Nejad, M. Cox, J. N. Copner

S.M. Vaezi-Nejad, M. Cox, J. N. Copner Development of a Novel Approach for Accurate Measurement of Noise in Laser Diodes used as Transmitters for Broadband Communication Networks: Relative Intensity Noise S.M. Vaezi-Nejad, M. Cox, J. N. Copner

More information

Measurement of Distortion in Multi-tone Modulation Fiber-based analog CATV Transmission System

Measurement of Distortion in Multi-tone Modulation Fiber-based analog CATV Transmission System 5 th SASTech 011, Khavaran Higher-education Institute, Mashhad, Iran. May 1-14. 1 Measurement of Distortion in Multi-tone Modulation Fiber-based analog CATV Transmission System Morteza Abdollahi Sharif

More information

Lecture 4 INTEGRATED PHOTONICS

Lecture 4 INTEGRATED PHOTONICS Lecture 4 INTEGRATED PHOTONICS What is photonics? Photonic applications use the photon in the same way that electronic applications use the electron. Devices that run on light have a number of advantages

More information

THERE has been a significant interest in employing optics

THERE has been a significant interest in employing optics 68 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 17, NO. 1, JANUARY 1999 A Comparison of Dissipated Power and Signal-to- Noise Ratios in Electrical and Optical Interconnects Eilert Berglind, Lars Thylén, Member,

More information

An Example Design using the Analog Photonics Component Library. 3/21/2017 Benjamin Moss

An Example Design using the Analog Photonics Component Library. 3/21/2017 Benjamin Moss An Example Design using the Analog Photonics Component Library 3/21/2017 Benjamin Moss Component Library Elements Passive Library Elements: Component Current specs 1 Edge Couplers (Si)

More information

Analog Optical Links for Wide-Bandwidth Radar Receivers

Analog Optical Links for Wide-Bandwidth Radar Receivers Analog Optical Links for Wide-Bandwidth Radar Receivers A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for

More information

A Phase Modulation Scheme for Millimeter Wave Generation Based on Frequency Octupling using LiNbO 3 Mach- Zehnder Modulator.

A Phase Modulation Scheme for Millimeter Wave Generation Based on Frequency Octupling using LiNbO 3 Mach- Zehnder Modulator. A Phase Modulation Scheme for Millimeter Wave Generation Based on Frequency Octupling using LiNbO 3 Mach- Zehnder Modulator. Anand Prem P K #1, Arvind Chakrapani #2 # Department of Electronics and Communication

More information

PHASE TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION CONVERSION USING BRILLOUIN SELECTIVE SIDEBAND AMPLIFICATION. Steve Yao

PHASE TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION CONVERSION USING BRILLOUIN SELECTIVE SIDEBAND AMPLIFICATION. Steve Yao PHASE TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION CONVERSION USING BRILLOUIN SELECTIVE SIDEBAND AMPLIFICATION Steve Yao Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109

More information

E LECTROOPTICAL(EO)modulatorsarekeydevicesinoptical

E LECTROOPTICAL(EO)modulatorsarekeydevicesinoptical 286 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 26, NO. 2, JANUARY 15, 2008 Design and Fabrication of Sidewalls-Extended Electrode Configuration for Ridged Lithium Niobate Electrooptical Modulator Yi-Kuei Wu,

More information

SYLLABUS Optical Fiber Communication

SYLLABUS Optical Fiber Communication SYLLABUS Optical Fiber Communication Subject Code : IA Marks : 25 No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03 Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100 UNIT - 1 PART - A OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBER

More information

11.1 Gbit/s Pluggable Small Form Factor DWDM Optical Transceiver Module

11.1 Gbit/s Pluggable Small Form Factor DWDM Optical Transceiver Module INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS 11.1 Gbit/s Pluggable Small Form Factor DWDM Transceiver Module Yoji SHIMADA*, Shingo INOUE, Shimako ANZAI, Hiroshi KAWAMURA, Shogo AMARI and Kenji OTOBE We have developed

More information

Analysis of Nonlinearities in Fiber while supporting 5G

Analysis of Nonlinearities in Fiber while supporting 5G Analysis of Nonlinearities in Fiber while supporting 5G F. Florance Selvabai 1, T. Vinoba 2, Dr. T. Sabapathi 3 1,2Student, Department of ECE, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi. 3Associate Professor,

More information

Working in Visible NHMFL

Working in Visible NHMFL Working in Visible Optics @ NHMFL NHMFL Summer School 05-19-2016 Stephen McGill Optical Energy Range Energy of Optical Spectroscopy Range SCM3 Optics Facility Energy Range of Optical Spectroscopy SCM3

More information

NIF Neutron Bang Time Detector Development on OMEGA

NIF Neutron Bang Time Detector Development on OMEGA NIF Neutron Bang Time Detector Development on OMEGA 2400 2200 NBT2 scintillator bang time (ps) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 rms = 54 ps 1000 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 V. Yu. Glebov University

More information

Investigation of Performance Analysis of EDFA Amplifier. Using Different Pump Wavelengths and Powers

Investigation of Performance Analysis of EDFA Amplifier. Using Different Pump Wavelengths and Powers Investigation of Performance Analysis of EDFA Amplifier Using Different Pump Wavelengths and Powers Ramandeep Kaur, Parkirti, Rajandeep Singh ABSTRACT In this paper, an investigation of the performance

More information

Technical Brief #5. Power Monitors

Technical Brief #5. Power Monitors Technical Brief #5 Power Monitors What is a power monitor?...2 Evanescent field power monitor...2 Responsivity...2 Insertion loss...3 Polarization Dependent Responsivity (PDR)...4 Polarization Dependent

More information

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION Optical fiber completely replaces coaxial cable and other low attenuation, free from electromagnetic interferences, comparatively less cost

More information

ModBox-OBand-56GBaud-PAM4 O-Band, 56 Gbaud PAM-4 Reference Transmitter

ModBox-OBand-56GBaud-PAM4 O-Band, 56 Gbaud PAM-4 Reference Transmitter -OBand-5GBaud-PAM4 O-Band, 5 Gbaud PAM-4 Reference Transmitter The -OBand-5Gbaud-PAM4 is a 4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) Optical Reference Transmitter that generates in the O-band excellent

More information

Bandwidth Radar Receivers

Bandwidth Radar Receivers Analog Optical Links for Wide Bandwidth Radar Receivers Sean Morris & Brian Potts MQP Presentation Group 33 14 October 29 This work was sponsored by the Space and Missile Systems Center, under Air Force

More information

Fiberoptic Communication Systems By Dr. M H Zaidi. Optical Amplifiers

Fiberoptic Communication Systems By Dr. M H Zaidi. Optical Amplifiers Optical Amplifiers Optical Amplifiers Optical signal propagating in fiber suffers attenuation Optical power level of a signal must be periodically conditioned Optical amplifiers are a key component in

More information

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. FINAL EXAMINATION, April 2017 DURATION: 2.5 hours

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. FINAL EXAMINATION, April 2017 DURATION: 2.5 hours UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ECE4691-111 S - FINAL EXAMINATION, April 2017 DURATION: 2.5 hours Optical Communication and Networks Calculator Type: 2 Exam Type: X Examiner:

More information

Optical Fibers p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Step-Index Fibers p. 2 Graded-Index Fibers p. 4 Design and Fabrication p. 6 Silica Fibers p.

Optical Fibers p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Step-Index Fibers p. 2 Graded-Index Fibers p. 4 Design and Fabrication p. 6 Silica Fibers p. Preface p. xiii Optical Fibers p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Step-Index Fibers p. 2 Graded-Index Fibers p. 4 Design and Fabrication p. 6 Silica Fibers p. 6 Plastic Optical Fibers p. 9 Microstructure Optical

More information

RADIO-OVER-FIBER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS BASED ON DFB LD WITH MAIN AND 1 SIDE MODES INJECTION-LOCKED TECHNIQUE

RADIO-OVER-FIBER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS BASED ON DFB LD WITH MAIN AND 1 SIDE MODES INJECTION-LOCKED TECHNIQUE Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 7, 25 33, 2009 RADIO-OVER-FIBER TRANSPORT SYSTEMS BASED ON DFB LD WITH MAIN AND 1 SIDE MODES INJECTION-LOCKED TECHNIQUE H.-H. Lu, C.-Y. Li, C.-H. Lee,

More information

Full Duplex Radio over Fiber System with Carrier Recovery and Reuse in Base Station and in Mobile Unit

Full Duplex Radio over Fiber System with Carrier Recovery and Reuse in Base Station and in Mobile Unit Full Duplex Radio over Fiber System with Carrier Recovery and Reuse in Base Station and in Mobile Unit Joseph Zacharias, Vijayakumar Narayanan Abstract: A novel full duplex Radio over Fiber (RoF) system

More information

Semiconductor Optical Communication Components and Devices Lecture 39: Optical Modulators

Semiconductor Optical Communication Components and Devices Lecture 39: Optical Modulators Semiconductor Optical Communication Components and Devices Lecture 39: Optical Modulators Prof. Utpal Das Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Laser Technology Program, Indian Institute of

More information

Performance Limitations of WDM Optical Transmission System Due to Cross-Phase Modulation in Presence of Chromatic Dispersion

Performance Limitations of WDM Optical Transmission System Due to Cross-Phase Modulation in Presence of Chromatic Dispersion Performance Limitations of WDM Optical Transmission System Due to Cross-Phase Modulation in Presence of Chromatic Dispersion M. A. Khayer Azad and M. S. Islam Institute of Information and Communication

More information

Modulation of light. Direct modulation of sources Electro-absorption (EA) modulators

Modulation of light. Direct modulation of sources Electro-absorption (EA) modulators Modulation of light Direct modulation of sources Electro-absorption (EA) modulators Why Modulation A communication link is established by transmission of information reliably Optical modulation is embedding

More information

Long-Haul DWDM RF Fiber Optic Link System

Long-Haul DWDM RF Fiber Optic Link System EMCORE Corporation - Broadband Division, Alhambra, CA, USA ABSTRACT EMCORE s vertically integrated ISO-9001 facility, staffed with our optics/rf engineering team, has been successfully designing and manufacturing

More information

Dispersion measurement in optical fibres over the entire spectral range from 1.1 mm to 1.7 mm

Dispersion measurement in optical fibres over the entire spectral range from 1.1 mm to 1.7 mm 15 February 2000 Ž. Optics Communications 175 2000 209 213 www.elsevier.comrlocateroptcom Dispersion measurement in optical fibres over the entire spectral range from 1.1 mm to 1.7 mm F. Koch ), S.V. Chernikov,

More information

Extending the Offset Frequency Range of the D2-135 Offset Phase Lock Servo by Indirect Locking

Extending the Offset Frequency Range of the D2-135 Offset Phase Lock Servo by Indirect Locking Extending the Offset Frequency Range of the D2-135 Offset Phase Lock Servo by Indirect Locking Introduction The Vescent Photonics D2-135 Offset Phase Lock Servo is normally used to phase lock a pair of

More information

PR-12-B-M. 12 GHz PhotoReceiver, Module. Features. Applications. Functional Diagram

PR-12-B-M. 12 GHz PhotoReceiver, Module. Features. Applications. Functional Diagram PR-12-B-M 12 GHz PhotoReceiver, Module The Optilab PR-12-B-M is a 12 GHz bandwidth amplified PIN photodiode receiver module, designed for RF over fiber, antenna remoting, and broadband RF signals transmission

More information

NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal. RoF Equipment Developed for Coverage in Small Areas where Received Power is Low. 1. Introduction

NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal. RoF Equipment Developed for Coverage in Small Areas where Received Power is Low. 1. Introduction RoF Indoor Coverage MIMO System RoF Equipment Developed for Coverage in Small Areas where Received Power is Low We have developed an RoF to provide cellular services in areas where received power is low,

More information

Project: IEEE P Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks N

Project: IEEE P Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks N July, 2008 Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks N (WPANs( WPANs) Submission Title: Millimeter-wave Photonics for High Data Rate Wireless Communication Systems Date Submitted:

More information

All-Optical Signal Processing and Optical Regeneration

All-Optical Signal Processing and Optical Regeneration 1/36 All-Optical Signal Processing and Optical Regeneration Govind P. Agrawal Institute of Optics University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 c 2007 G. P. Agrawal Outline Introduction Major Nonlinear Effects

More information

Testing with Femtosecond Pulses

Testing with Femtosecond Pulses Testing with Femtosecond Pulses White Paper PN 200-0200-00 Revision 1.3 January 2009 Calmar Laser, Inc www.calmarlaser.com Overview Calmar s femtosecond laser sources are passively mode-locked fiber lasers.

More information

1550nm DWDM DFB butterfly laser module

1550nm DWDM DFB butterfly laser module 1550nm DWDM DFB butterfly laser module Features High linearity Direct Modulation DFB laser Standard ITU Grid wavelengths Built-in Isolator,TEC,Thermistorand Monitor PD Hermetically sealed 14 Pin Butterfly

More information

Three-level Code Division Multiplex for Local Area Networks

Three-level Code Division Multiplex for Local Area Networks Three-level Code Division Multiplex for Local Area Networks Mokhtar M. 1,2, Quinlan T. 1 and Walker S.D. 1 1. University of Essex, U.K. 2. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Malaysia Abstract: This paper reports

More information

A new picosecond Laser pulse generation method.

A new picosecond Laser pulse generation method. PULSE GATING : A new picosecond Laser pulse generation method. Picosecond lasers can be found in many fields of applications from research to industry. These lasers are very common in bio-photonics, non-linear

More information

DESIGN OF LATTICE FORM OPTICAL DELAY LINE STRUCTURE FOR MICROWAVE BAND PASS FILTER APPLICATIONS

DESIGN OF LATTICE FORM OPTICAL DELAY LINE STRUCTURE FOR MICROWAVE BAND PASS FILTER APPLICATIONS Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 32, 197 206, 2012 DESIGN OF LATTICE FORM OPTICAL DELAY LINE STRUCTURE FOR MICROWAVE BAND PASS FILTER APPLICATIONS P. Praash and M. Ganesh Madhan * Department

More information

High-Fidelity RF over Fiber Links

High-Fidelity RF over Fiber Links High-Fidelity RF over Fiber Links 8 Uplander Way, Suite 2 Culver City, CA 923 Rugged, Small Form Factor Transmitter and Receiver Modules for RF over Optical Fiber Links Applications Fiber to the Antenna:

More information

Wavelength switching using multicavity semiconductor laser diodes

Wavelength switching using multicavity semiconductor laser diodes Wavelength switching using multicavity semiconductor laser diodes A. P. Kanjamala and A. F. J. Levi Department of Electrical Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 989-1111

More information

Chapter-15. Communication systems -1 mark Questions

Chapter-15. Communication systems -1 mark Questions Chapter-15 Communication systems -1 mark Questions 1) What are the three main units of a Communication System? 2) What is meant by Bandwidth of transmission? 3) What is a transducer? Give an example. 4)

More information

Agilent 83440B/C/D High-Speed Lightwave Converters

Agilent 83440B/C/D High-Speed Lightwave Converters Agilent 8344B/C/D High-Speed Lightwave Converters DC-6/2/3 GHz, to 6 nm Technical Specifications Fast optical detector for characterizing lightwave signals Fast 5, 22, or 73 ps full-width half-max (FWHM)

More information

Performance Analysis Of An Ultra High Capacity 1 Tbps DWDM-RoF System For Very Narrow Channel Spacing

Performance Analysis Of An Ultra High Capacity 1 Tbps DWDM-RoF System For Very Narrow Channel Spacing Performance Analysis Of An Ultra High Capacity 1 Tbps DWDM-RoF System For Very Narrow Channel Spacing Viyoma Sarup* and Amit Gupta Chandigarh University Punjab, India *viyoma123@gmail.com Abstract A RoF

More information

Chapter 9 GUIDED WAVE OPTICS

Chapter 9 GUIDED WAVE OPTICS [Reading Assignment, Hecht 5.6] Chapter 9 GUIDED WAVE OPTICS Optical fibers The step index circular waveguide is the most common fiber design for optical communications plastic coating (sheath) core cladding

More information

Figure Figure E E-09. Dark Current (A) 1.

Figure Figure E E-09. Dark Current (A) 1. OSI Optoelectronics, is a leading manufacturer of fiber optic components for communication systems. The products offer range for Silicon, GaAs and InGaAs to full turnkey solutions. Photodiodes are semiconductor

More information

Photonics and Optical Communication Spring 2005

Photonics and Optical Communication Spring 2005 Photonics and Optical Communication Spring 2005 Final Exam Instructor: Dr. Dietmar Knipp, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering Name: Mat. -Nr.: Guidelines: Duration of the Final Exam: 2 hour You

More information

Nonlinear Effect of Four Wave Mixing for WDM in Radio-over-Fiber Systems

Nonlinear Effect of Four Wave Mixing for WDM in Radio-over-Fiber Systems Quest Journals Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering Research Volume ~ Issue 4 (014) pp: 01-06 ISSN(Online) : 31-5941 www.questjournals.org Research Paper Nonlinear Effect of Four Wave Mixing

More information

Analysis of Self Phase Modulation Fiber nonlinearity in Optical Transmission System with Dispersion

Analysis of Self Phase Modulation Fiber nonlinearity in Optical Transmission System with Dispersion 36 Analysis of Self Phase Modulation Fiber nonlinearity in Optical Transmission System with Dispersion Supreet Singh 1, Kulwinder Singh 2 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjabi

More information

IIIIIii tn _. Subcarrier-Multiplexed Coherent Optical Video Transmission Using Direct Frequency Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers

IIIIIii tn _. Subcarrier-Multiplexed Coherent Optical Video Transmission Using Direct Frequency Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers J. c. Fan and L. G. Kazovsky: "Subcarrier-Multiplexed Coherent Optical Video..." 10 -_ tn _ Subcarrier-Multiplexed Coherent Optical Video Transmission Using Direct Frequency Modulation of Semiconductor

More information

ModBox - Spectral Broadening Unit

ModBox - Spectral Broadening Unit ModBox - Spectral Broadening Unit The ModBox Family The ModBox systems are a family of turnkey optical transmitters and external modulation benchtop units for digital and analog transmission, pulsed and

More information

Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology. April 11, Name: Student ID number: OCT1 1: OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade:

Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology. April 11, Name: Student ID number: OCT1 1: OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade: Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology April, 26 Name: Student ID number: OCT : OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade: Declaration of Consent I hereby agree to have my exam results published on

More information

Hands-on Active Learning in Fiber Optics Course

Hands-on Active Learning in Fiber Optics Course Paper ID #6344 Hands-on Active Learning in Fiber Optics Course Dr. Lihong (Heidi) Jiao, Grand Valley State University Dr. Jiao is an Associate Professor in the Padnos College of Engineering and Computing

More information

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS. 4.1 Introduction

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS. 4.1 Introduction CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Introduction In this chapter focus are given more on WDM system. The results which are obtained mainly from the simulation work are presented. In simulation analysis, the study will

More information

Goals of the Lab: Photodetectors and Noise (Part 2) Department of Physics. Slide 1. PHYSICS6770 Laboratory 4

Goals of the Lab: Photodetectors and Noise (Part 2) Department of Physics. Slide 1. PHYSICS6770 Laboratory 4 Slide 1 Goals of the Lab: Understand the origin and properties of thermal noise Understand the origin and properties of optical shot noise In this lab, You will qualitatively and quantitatively determine

More information

Theoretical Analysis of Random-Modulation Continuous Wave LIDAR

Theoretical Analysis of Random-Modulation Continuous Wave LIDAR Theoretical Analysis of Random-Modulation Continuous Wave LIDAR Enrique GONZÁLEZ, Santiago AGUILERA, Antonio PEREZ-SERRANO, Mariafernanda VILERA, José Manuel G. TIJERO and Ignacio ESQUIVIAS Departamento

More information

Electrical-to-optical conversion of OFDM g/a signals by direct current modulation of semiconductor optical amplifiers

Electrical-to-optical conversion of OFDM g/a signals by direct current modulation of semiconductor optical amplifiers Electrical-to-ical conversion of OFDM 802.11g/a signals by direct current modulation of semiconductor ical amplifiers Francesco Vacondio, Marco Michele Sisto, Walid Mathlouthi, Leslie Ann Rusch and Sophie

More information

EDFA-WDM Optical Network Analysis

EDFA-WDM Optical Network Analysis EDFA-WDM Optical Network Analysis Narruvala Lokesh, kranthi Kumar Katam,Prof. Jabeena A Vellore Institute of Technology VIT University, Vellore, India Abstract : Optical network that apply wavelength division

More information

Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 10. Chem 4631

Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 10. Chem 4631 Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 10 Types of Instrumentation Single beam Double beam in space Double beam in time Multichannel Speciality Types of Instrumentation Single beam Requires stable

More information