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1 Comparison of Electro-Optic Diagnostic Systems* K. G. Hagans and P. G. Sargis Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Field Test Systems Division, Electronics Engineering Livermore, California Abstract We have examined the componentdevices used in electro-optic transientrecording systems and studied their contributions to system noise levels. This work includes the investigation of three system configurations: a 1300-nm laser diode system, an 810-nm Mach-Zehnder system, and a 1300-nm hybrid system. As a result of our work, we have developed a method of analysis for determining the theoretical noise sources in electro-optic transient recording systems. ntroduction Currently, the design and construction of electro-optic transient recording systems is an imprecise exercise; that is, we assemble the various components into a diagnostic system and then accept the performance we get. A common assumption made in constructing such a system is that using components which individually exhibit the best performance will yield a system of higher performance. Many times, however, this assumption is not valid. For example, laser diodes are often a major source of noise in electro-optic transient diagnostic systems. Thus, for laser-noise-limited systems, it is very important to design the laser diode to have the lowest possible laser noise. This is not the case, though, for electro-optic diagnostic systems using the streak camera as the receiver. n these systems, the noise floor ofthe system is determined by the receiver; hence, improvements in the laser diode noise performance yield very little improvement in the system noise performance. One must look at the desired system performance and identify these system component tradeoffs. A number of devices exist for performing the same functions in electro-optic transient recording systems, as shown in Fig. 1. For the modulator, one can choose either to modulate a laser diode directly or to modulate an integrated optics device. The laser diode has the advantage ofbeing a simpier system to implement, but it suffers from wavelength instabilities in the 8 10-nm large-signal regime. The integrated optics modulator has the advantage of offering higher bandwidth than do laser diodes but at the cost ofcreating a more complex system that includes both a laser diode carrier and a modulator. There are also two choices for the wavelength of transmission. The nm systems operate at the optimum wavelength for the fiber optic cable, while the 8 10-nm systems are optimized to accommodate a streak camera as a receiver. Although the streak camera can record many data channels simultaneously, the quantum efficiency of the streak tube's photocathode falls off rapidly at wavelengths greater than 800 nm. (The zero-dispersion window for silica fibers is 1300 nm, but this wavelength is outside the operating range of the streak camera.) The 810-nm wavelength effectively accommodates the combined requirements of the laser diode source, the fiber, and the streak camera. Each of these choices for modulator, wavelength of operation, and receiver impacts system complexity, cost, and signal fidelity. * This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng / SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Velocimetry '90
2 1-km fiber optic cable Direct modulation 810-nm laser diode 1300-nm laser diode External modulation 810-nm Mach-Zehnder 1300-nm Mach-Zehnder Single-mode fiber 810-nm 1300-nm Streak camera Photodiode/oscilloscope Photodiode/amplifier/ laser diode/streak camera Figure 1. Component choices for electro-optics transient recording systems. system complexity, cost, and signal fidelity. Each choice impacts (a) 810-nm Mach-Zehnder system 1-km single-mode 810-nm fiber (b) 1300-nm laser diode system Electrical input (c) 1300-nm hybrid system Electrical input Figure 2. Electro-optic transient recording systems under investigation. The systems are (a) an 810- nm Mach-Zehnder system, (b) a nm laser diode system, and (c) a nm hybrid system. The noise sources for these systems are compared in Table 1. Progress Systems Being nvestigated Figure 2 shows three configurations of electro-optic transient recording systems that we are now investigating. The first system [Fig. 2(a)] uses a lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder integrated optics device as the electrical-to-optical modulator. The intensity-modulated signal is then transmitted SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Ve/ocimetry '90 / 405
3 uphole via 8 10-nm single-mode fiber, where it is recorded by a streak camera receiver. The wavelength of operation has been chosen to accommodate the photocathode sensitivity of the multichannel streak camera receiver. The second system [Fig. 2(b)] trades off the multichannel capability of the streak camera receiver to operate in the nm zero-dispersion region of the fiber optic cable. This system directly modulates alaser diode to convert the electrical signalto an intensity-modulated light signal. The signal is received with a photodiode and then amplified to be recorded on an oscilloscope. The third system [Fig. 2(c)] is an attempt to provide the nm system with multichannel streak camera capability. n this system, the oscilloscope is replaced with a streak camera and a second laser diode operating at 8 10 nm. Each of these systems offers a substantially higher bandwidth than do electrical coaxial cable systems, but at the cost of decreased dynamic range. The upper end of the dynamic range is difficult to improve, requiring either changing the laser diode structure to produce a more efficient, higher power laser diode or redesigning the lithium niobate modulator to make it more efficient. For this reason, we have chosen to focus on the theoretical limits of the lower end of the dynamic range (the noise floor) to identify which systems are performing at theirtheoretical limit as well as to make cornparisons between systems. n addition, we can identify which system parameters must be improved to yield the greatest overall performance. Sources of Noise in Each System Each system has similar sources of noise to consider. The first such source is fluctuations in the optical signal generated by either the laser diode modulator or the laser diode carrier. For this analysis, we will assume that there is no additional optical carrier noise induced by external reflections and that the laser is limited only by its relative-intensity noise. Relative-intensity noise is defined as (1noise) KPaverage) _ rms noise power average power A typical laser diode relative-intensity noise figure is 150 db/hz for a laser diode operated away from its resonance peak. A second noise source is the shot noise of the detection system. Shot noise arises from fluctuations in the current that are due to the discreteness ofindividual electrons. Finally, we must consider the thermal noise in the amplification system. Thermal noise is the noise generated by the random thermal motion of electrons across a resistance. Method of Analysis and Assumptions For each system, we first calculate the gain required for a unity gain analog link. The link loss is determined by 'in = (am)(al)(po)('yo)(rs)(7t) (for Mach-Zehnder), 2V and = (11U)(Yo) (for direct-modulation links), 406 / SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photon/cs, and Velocimetry '90
4 where am 0.25 (modulator loss), al = (fiber loss), P0 = 10 mw or 2.5 mw (power into Mach- Zehnder and laser diode, respectively), y =0.8 A/W and 0.02 A/W (detector and photocathode sensitivity), R =50-c2 source resistance, V =7 V (voltage for 100% modulation), and 1LD = 0.07 mw/ ma and 0.35 mw/ma (modulation efficiency of the laser diode into the fiber for single-mode and multi-mode fibers, respectively). We then calculate the noise due to the laser diode relative-intensity noise, detector shot noise, and amplification ta1?1j:n 1DC B 1O(G N)1b0 (for laser noise), 'SDET = 2q 'DC B 10W10 (for detector shot noise), and 2 KTB io(g NF)/10 'TH R (for thermal noise), 'SMCP = 2q 'DC BF 100/10 (for photocathode shot noise with an internal MCP), where 1DC o (for direct modulation) or =0. 15 P0 Cm E ''o (for indirect modulation), and F =4 (MCP noise factor), B =5-GHzbandwidth, G = gain for unity gain system, and NF =6dB (amplifier noise figure). Table 1 compares the noise floors of the three investigated systems for a 5-GHz bandwidth. The 1300-nm direct-modulation-link noise floor is dominated by the relative-intensity noise ofthe laser. The 8 10-nm Mach-Zehnder link is dominated by the shot noise of the photocathode. Even though a secondlaserdiode noise source is added to the nm/8 10-nm hybrid system, the total noise floor is still lower by a factor of four than that of the 8 10-nm Mach-Zehnder system. This is because electrical gain is added before the major streak-tube photocathode noise source. The streak camera receiver-based systems could all be improved by higher photocathode sensitivity. The 1300-nm system sacrifices the multichannel capabilities of the streak camera, yet because the photodiode has Table 1. Source and magnitude of noise in three high-bandwidth fiber optics diagnostic systems. The nm direct-modulation-link noise floor is laser diode limited. The 8 10-nm Mach-Zehnder-link noise floor is limited by the streak camera receiver nm directmodulation link 810-nm Mach- Zehnder link 1300-nm/8 10-nm hybrid link nm 6.3 x i0 A2 6.3 x i0 A2 Dectector 2 S 1.0 x 10 A2 1.0 x 10 A2 Amplifier 5.0 x A2 5.0 x 10_b A2 810 nm 6.8 x i0 A2 6.4 x 10_b A2 Photocathode J2 S 3.0 x i0 A2 1.0 x 10_8 A2 Total 'N 0.09 ma 0.55 ma 0.l4mA SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Velocimetry '90 / 407
5 a higher sensitivity, its performance within a single channel provides an improved signal-to-noise ratio and increased dynamic range. The 1300-nm hybrid system offers higher dynamic range than does the Mach-Zehnder system but will have difficulty in achieving bandwidths greater than 5 GHz. n the laboratory', we were able to validate the noise floor model for the 1300-nm laser diode oscilloscope system by predicting 0. 1 ma of noise and measuring 0.08 ma in 2.5 GHz. Future Work n the past year, we have determined the theoretical noise sources in electro-optic transient recording systems. Next year, we will expand upon this work to include the electrical transient and time division multiplexing of signals. System performance of the various implementations will be determined by bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, and number of channels. n addition, where it is appropriate, we will validate the system performance models that we develop. We will provide a road map for future component development work by identifying system tradeoffs for the device designers. By providing a focus to on-going research, we will identify the critical systemslevel problems that must be solved in order to successfully implement novel systems still in the research phase. References 1. W. E. Stephens and T. R. Joseph, "System Characteristics of Direct Modulated and Externally Modulated RF Fiber-Optic Links," Journal of Lightwave Technology lt-5(3), (March 1987). 408 / SPE Vol Ultrahigh- and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Velocimetry '90
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