L. Lo Monte, B. Elnour, D. Erricolo University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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1 L. Lo Monte, B. Elnour, D. Erricolo University of Illinois at Chicago A. Rajagopalan, G. Gupta, G. Lazzi North Carolina State University

2 Statement of the Problem Consideration on antennas for DoA and Polarization Diversity Vector Sensor and its Distributed Version Design of a Distributed Vector Sensor Conclusions

3 Determine Unknown Location of an Emitter Navigation Systems Homing systems Adaptive Beamforming for Smart Antennas Tracking Systems Existing systems: Scalar Arrays or Spiral Antennas are Commonly Implemented

4 Increases Channel Capacity Improves performance during Fading Higher SNR Adaptive Waveform Systems Crossed Dipoles, Vivaldi, Spiral Antennas are Commonly Used

5 Vector Sensors are capable to measure at a single point three orthogonal components of the electric and magnetic fields. Vector Signal Processing Techniques are Required Theoretically a Vector Sensor consists of: 3 Orthogonal Small Dipoles 3 Orthogonal Small Loops

6 FOR RADAR Better estimation of the DoA of a signal from one or two sources (Nehorai and Paldi, 1994) One Vector Sensor is enough to determine the DoA No Ambiguity of DoA Wide scan angle Possibility to define ANY state of polarization FOR COMMUNICATIONS Possibility to use up to 6 different channels Better performance in the presence of a Multipath environment Fading Reduction Wide Scan Angle

7 Co-locating 6 Connectors at a single point No Exploitation of Phase Difference among Elements Strong Mutual Coupling Separation between Feeding Structure and Radiating structure

8

9 Lazzi et al Lazzi et al Lazzi et al Stancil et Al Mitra et Al Orbit FR & MIT Radiation Lab Signal Processing: Nehorai Paldi Zoltowski Wong Li etc..

10 Phase Difference can be Exploited : Better DoA Estimation (Nehorai and Hurtado) Strong Reduction of Mutual Coupling Simpler Feeding Structure, Separated from the Radiating structure Easier to be built

11 1 Printed Loop 2 Printed Dipoles 2 Half Loops 1 Monopole Impedance Network for each element

12 1 Kandonian Loop (Uniform Current) 1 Vertical Dipole 1 Horizontal Dipole Impedance Network for each element

13

14 We simulated the behavior of our distributed vector sensors under the following conditions: A signal is assumed to propagate towards the antenna in the XY plane, i.e. the plane of the PCB. No multipath effects are considered (only free space propagation) The power received by each antenna is computed for trhee possible values of the azimuth of the DoA The least mean square (LMS) error between an assumed DoA and the radiation pattern of the antenna is computed. The estimated value of the azimuth corresponds to the angle with lowest LMS Complementary LMS is then plotted: in this way, the peak level corresponds to the most likely value of the direction of arrival.

15 Complementary MMSE is shown : peak indicates the most probable value Max estimation error : 3

16 Improve Accuracy Extension to Broadband signals Obtaining Radiation Patterns similar to the Ideal case Develop appropriate Signal Processing methods for Vector Sensors Size Reduction Reduce Resonance Effects and Mutual Coupling Study arrays of Vector Sensors

17 Advantages and Challenges of co-located vector sensors have been presented Co-located Vector Sensors are difficult to realize, hence Distributed Vector Sensors may be a Practical Solution Indications for Further Research have been presented

18 A. Nehorai and E. Paldi, Vector-sensor array processing for electromagnetic source localization, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 42, no. 2,pp , Feb M. R. Andrews, P. Mitra, and R. decarvalho, Tripling the capacity of wireless communications using electromagnetic polarization, Nature, vol. 409, pp , D. D. Stancil, A. Berson, J. P. V. Hof, R. Negi, S. Sheth, and P. Patel, Doubling wireless capacity using co-polarized, colocated electric and magnetic dipoles, Electron. Lett., vol. 38, no. 14, pp , Jul A. Konanur, K. Gosalia, S. Krishnamurthy, B. Hughes, and G.Lazzi, Increasing Wireless Channel Capacity Through MIMO Systems Employing Co-Located Antennas, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 6, pp , June 2005.

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