Gradient Spoiling. Average balanced SSFP magnetization Reduce sensitivity to off-resonance. FFE, FISP, GRASS, GRE, FAST, Field Echo

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1 Gradient Spoiling Average balanced SSFP magnetization Reduce sensitivity to off-resonance FFE, FISP, GRASS, GRE, FAST, Field Echo 1

2 Gradient-Spoiled Sequence (GRE, FFE, FISP, GRASS) RF TR G z G y G x Signal 2

3 Gradient Spoiling RF TR G z 3 Signal is NOT eliminated at the end of TR!

4 Gradient Spoiling RF TR G z Signal Precession across a voxel dominated by spoiler: Each spin has a different precession Average of balanced SSFP 4

5 Gradient Spoiled Signal Spin Distribution y Signal vs Balanced SSFP x Magnitude Frequency Lower signal than balanced SSFP Flat signal vs. frequency profile No dark band artifacts! 5

6 Gradient Spoiled vs Balanced SSFP Balanced SSFP Gradient-Spoiled (Courtesy of Suba Srinivasan, Stanford) 6

7 Reversed Gradient Spoiling RF G z TR Spoiler Gradient Image Acquisition Same as gradient-spoiling, but Precession before imaging (SSFP Signal at t=tr) Some T 2 contrast Pre-RF 7

8 Reversed Gradient Spoiled Signal Spin Distribution y x Signal vs Balanced SSFP Magnitude Phase π -π Almost identical signal to gradient-spoiled imaging Flat signal vs. frequency profile 8

9 Double Echo Imaging: DESS/FADE RF TR G z Signal Echo 1 Echo 2 Average Difference 9

10 Gradient-Spoiler Question What if we split the spoiler into two and sample mid-way between? No signal! Averaging the TE=TR/2 bssfp state -- sign flip with every band GRE and reversed GRE average bssfp states just after and just before the RF pulses RF G z TR 10

11 Gradient-Spoiler Question (cont) Recall bssfp Dynamics... Gradient-Spoiled y Post-RF Center Distribution This Example Flipped! y y Pre-RF Reverse Gradient- Spoiled Distribution x x x Magnitude Phase -π π Phase -π π Phase π -π Frequency 11

12 Summary: Gradient Spoiling Average balanced SSFP magnetization Reduce sensitivity to off-resonance Unbalanced gradients - more motion sensitivity FFE, FISP, GRASS, GRE, FAST, Field Echo, T2-FFE, PSIF, CE-FAST FADE, DESS 12

13 RF Spoiled Imaging Goal: Pure T1 contrast with short TR Fast, 3D T1-weighted imaging Need to zero Mxy at end of TR SPGR, FLASH, T1-FFE, RF-spoiled FAST 13 Frahm 1987, Zur 1991

14 Signal RF-Spoiled Gradient Echo TR (Quadratic Phase Increment) RF G z 1 M z 0 X X 14 Eliminate transverse magnetization: T1 contrast

15 Quadratic Phase RF RF axis of rotation, not flip angle! RF phase is randomized Mz My My Mx Mx 15

16 RF Spoiling Frahm 1987, Zur 1991 Goal: Eliminate transverse magnetization Quadratic phase increment with gradient spoiling: φ k = (0.5)117 k 2 Shifting, spoiled profile Transverse magnetization cancels T 1 contrast 16

17 SPGR Signal Evolution (Bloch) Magnitude Phase 1 Pixel Average (gradient-smoothed) 0.4 Excitation # Excitation # 3 Magnitude Phase (rad) Excitation Excitation

18 RF Spoiled Signal Magnitude π Signal with residual transverse magnetization perfectly zero 0 Repetition Number 200 Phase π 0 Repetition Number

19 RF-Spoiled Gradient Echo 19

20 RF-Spoiled Contrast-Enhanced MR Pre-Contrast SPGR Post-Contrast SPGR 20 Courtesy Lewis Shin

21 RF Spoiling: Summary Gradient spoiling + Quadratic phase RF Eliminates transverse magnetization Lower signal than GRE or balanced SSFP Pure T 1 contrast 21

22 Gradient Echo Sequence Comparison Sequence Balanced SSFP Gradient Spoiled RF-Spoiled Spoiling Transverse Magnetization None Retained Gradient Averaged RF + Gradient Cancelled Contrast T 2 /T 1 T 2 /T 1 T 1 SNR High (but Banding) Moderate Lower 22

23 Just for Fun Putting it Together! Gradient- Spoiled Constant RF Phase Increment Quadratic Phase (Increasing Phase Increment) Average Signal Perfect Spoiling 119º 117º 23

24 Image Comparison Balanced SSFP Gradient Spoiled RF Spoiled Same TR, TE, flip angle Differences: Signal, Contrast, Dark-Bands 24

25 Your Turn... Here are a balanced SSFP and RF-Spoiled post-contrast image. Which is the image on the left? 1) RF-Spoiled Post Gd 2) Balanced SSFP 25

26 Your Turn... An RF-Spoiled and balanced SSFP image are shown. Which is on the right? 1) RF-Spoiled bssfp: Bright fluid, Opposed-phase, dark bands 2) Balanced SSFP 26

27 Flip Angle Selection Ernst Angle Buxton

28 Flip Angle Selection? The best flip angle to use is found by: 1) Maximizing the image SNR 2) Maximizing contrast between certain tissues 3) Both 1 and 2 28

29 Flip Angle Examples RF-Spoiled Best? Gradient Spoiled Balanced SSFP Best? B.Hargreaves - RAD

30 Echo Time (TE) Considerations Longer TE: T2* weighting (BOLD, Perfusion) BOLD Imaging for fmri T2*-weighted perfusion Short TE Reduced flow/motion sensitivity Reduced T2* weighting In-phase and Out-of-phase TE Water/Fat cancellation, Dixon Imaging 30

31 Blood-Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Imaging Bandettini, et al. NMR Biomed (1994) 31

32 Echo Time Reduction t=te t=te G x t G x t Full Echo Partial Echo TE=9 TE=7 Clinical MRI, ed. Edelman, R et al., W.B. Saunders Co.,

33 Short TE to Reduce Artifacts Fractional TE reduces motion and flow sensitivity Freq Full TE Fractional TE 33

34 TE and balanced SSFP SSFP signal is refocused at TE = TR/2 Fat / water are often opposed-phase SSFP is naturally flow-compensated Balanced SSFP RF-Spoiled 34

35 Ultrashort TE Imaging Fast Spin Echo UTE (Courtesy of Jiang Du, Graeme Bydder) 35

36 Magnetization Preparation Options Fat Saturation Inversion - Recovery Myocardial Tagging T2-prep Magnetization Transfer Mag Prep... Imaging Sequence Mag Prep 36

37 Cardiac: bssfp and IR-RF-Spoiled Balanced SSFP IR-Prep RF-Spoiled 37

38 Gradient Echo Summary Spoiling Variations Flip Angle Selection Echo Time (TE) Selection Magnetization Preparation 38

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