Application of pulse compression technique to generate IEEE a-compliant UWB IR pulse with increased energy per bit

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1 Application of pulse compression technique to generate IEEE a-compliant UWB IR pulse with increased energy per bit Tamás István Krébesz Dept. of Measurement and Inf. Systems Budapest Univ. of Tech. and Economics Budapest, HUNGARY The Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, HUNGARY Low coverage of UWB IR is caused by the limited energy per bit transmitted Main questions to be answered? What pose limitations on energy per bit? What techniques can be used to increase the bit energy? Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 1

2 CONTENTS: 1. Main features of Ultra-WideBand Impulse Radio and their consequences 2. Pulse compression in a LOS noise free channel 3. Pulse compression in multipath channel 4. Noncoherent receivers for UWB applications 5. Windowing of UWB pulse to suppress unwanted sidelobes 6. Conclusions Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 2

3 1 Main features of Ultra-WideBand Impulse Radio and their consequences duration of UWB pulses set extremely short (nanosec) ultra-wideband carrier (min. 5 MHz) one pulse carries low E b and so low coverage (few meters) 1 the use of real UWB applications may be prevented How can E b be increased? increasing the pulse power - limitations imposed by FCC increasing the pulse duration - limitation imposed by IEEE a 1 G. Kolumbán, F. C. M. Lau, and C. K. Tse, UWB radio: From an idea to implementations, invited tutorial at 21 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, in Proc. of ICUWB 1 Tutorial Session, Nanjing China, September 2 23, 21. Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 3

4 1.1 Regulation of the Federal Communications Commission The FCC Regulations impose a limit on both the peak and average powers of UWB carrier pulses transmitted The low-data rate UWB systems, considered here are peak power limited 2 The FCC peak power limit says 3 : There is a limit on the peak level of the emissions contained within a 5-MHz bandwidth centered on the frequency at which the highest radiated emission occurs That limit is dbm EIRP Note: the FCC peak power limit is not directly applied to the modulated UWB signals, instead, the output of a bandpass filter is specified 2 K. Witrisal et. al., Noncoherent Ultra-Wideband Systems: An Overview of Recent Research Activities, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 26, no. 4, pp , July 29 3 Federal Communications Commission, Part 15 of the Commission Rs Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems; Subpart F, FCC USA, Online: < Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 4

5 1.2 IEEE a Standard IEEE a Standard 4 allows the use of chirp for UWB carrier Independently from the chirp the Standard defines the transmitted pulse shape to be constrained by the shape of its cross-correlation function with a root raised cosine pulse with roll-off factor β =.6: Root-raised cosine reference pulse: 1 Note: The above two specifications are considered here while E b is increased by the application of pulse compression technique Reference pulse amplitude x IEEE Std a-27, IEEE Computer Society, LAN/MAN Standards Committee, 27 Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 5

6 2 Pulse compression in a LOS noise free channel In UWB IR the coverage is limited by the low E b How should the E b be increased while peak power cannot be higher and the resolution coming from short duration should be kept? The problem is similar when high-resolution radar with long range has to be implemented Solution: an FM modulated pulse with long duration is transmitted to assure a high pulse energy and the duration of received signal is compressed by a matched filter to achieve the required resolution It will be shown: the pulse duration may be increased considerably provided that the FCC bandwidth requirements and FCC power limits are met the correlation requirement of IEEE St a with the prescribed pulse after compression is met Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 6

7 2.1 Basic idea of pulse compression FM is applied to the carrier frequency of the transmitter to generate the radiated pulse x t (t) the received signal x r (t) is fed into a matched filter characterized by its impulse response h(t) the compressed pulse x comp (t) appears at the output of matched filter Ramp signal FM modulator x t (t) Multipath AWGN channel x r (t) Matched filter h(t) x comp (t) Linear chirp is applied: f(t) = f + µt f - start frequency, µ - chirp rate relation between RF BW of pulse and chip duration T c : µ = (2B)/T c impulse response of matched filter: h(t) = cos{2π [ f (T c t) + µ 2 (T c t) 2] } Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 7

8 2.2 Design equations determine UWB chirp pulse duration T c (=1 ns) considering low probability of signal collision but assure a large E b and so coverage determination of pulse duration T comp (=2.43 ns) (width of main lobe) of UWB chirp pulse after pulse compression, i.e. the matched filter output assure that the IEEE a standard specification on the cross-correlation is satisfied, i.e. main lobe of xcorr is greater than.8 attainable peak power is determined by FCC peak power limit, 1 mw The pulse compression rate is: R = 2 T c T comp From R the chirp rate is: µ = R T c Recall: µ = 2B T c RF BW can be calculated Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 8

9 2.3 Waveforms in UWB chirp IR system - transmitter UWB chirp pulse is a constant envelope signal, the duration is 1 ns Its spectrum is smooth and free from spikes FCC peak power limit is checked at the output of a 5 MHz filter Spectrum of the UWB chirp pulse Output of the FCC filter Normalized power MHz FCC filter output Frequency (Hz) x x 1 8 Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 9

10 2.3 Waveforms in UWB chirp IR system - receiver the duration of the received UWB pulse is compressed by a matched filter the compressed UWB chirp has a sinc-like envelope, its correlation with the IEEE reference pulse exeeds.8 Relative amplitude to radiated pulse x 1 9 The compressed UWB chirp pulse at the output of matched filter Cross correlation magnitude x 1 8 Cross-correlation of the IEEE reference pulse with the envelope of compressed UWB chirp pulse Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 1

11 3 Pulse compression in multipath channel 3.1 Noise-free three-ray multipath channel Path No. Gain Excess delay #1 db ns #2-3 db 15 ns #3-6 db 5 ns the duration of the radiated UWB chirp pulse is 1 ns the three received pulses overlap each other: 2.5 Normalized amplitude to 1 st received waveform x 1 7 Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 11

12 3.1 Noise-free three-ray multipath channel (cont.-ed) let the overlapped signal be processed by a matched filter the pulses are well separated in the time domain even the parameters of the multipath channel can be identified Normalized amplitude to 1 st received waveform x 1 7 Relative amplitude to 1 st received waveform x 1 7 Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 12

13 3.2 Noisy three-ray multipath channel UWB communication established in a noisy three-ray multipath channel Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is -3.4 db the other parameters of the multipath channel are the same as in the noise-free case Normalized amplitude to 1 st received waveform Normalized power x 1 7 Received signal in the noisy three-ray channel Frequency (Hz) x 1 9 Spectrum of the received signal Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 13

14 3.2 Noisy three-ray multipath channel (cont.-ed) the noisy signal processed by a matched filter the matched filter compresses the UWB pulse in time and due to the processing gain of pulse compression it improves the SNR considerably the three received UWB pulse components that are hidden by channel noise and multipath propagation become clearly distinguishable Normalized amplitude to 1 st received waveform x 1 7 Received signal in the noisy three-ray channel Relative amplitude to 1 st received waveform x 1 7 Compressed UWB chirp signal Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 14

15 4 Noncoherent receivers for UWB applications coherent detectors are not feasible in UWB impulse radio 5 one possibility is the use of an envelope detector the envelop detector placed after the matched filter each component of the received signal is well separated in the time domain despite the bad propagation condition 9 Relative amplitude to 1 st received waveform x K. Witrisal et. al., Noncoherent Ultra-Wideband Systems: An Overview of Recent Research Activities, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 26, no. 4, pp , July 29 Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 15

16 5 Windowing of UWB pulse to suppress unwanted sidelobes as a consequence of the application of pulse compression technique unwanted sidelobes appear in the time function of the compressed signal the cross correlation of the sidelobes with the IEEE reference pulse should not exceed.3 otherwise the peak sidelobe level has to be controlled by windowing a 3-term Blackmann Harris window is used here for demonstration Normalized amplitude x 1 7 Transmitted UWB chirp signal windowed by 3-term Blackmann Harris window Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 16

17 5.1 Effects of the windowing Sidelobes are significantly reduced in radar applications it is important to avoid false detection in UWB communication it can also be considered as a loss in E b the envelope of the UWB chirp signal is not constant anymore therefore linear amplifier has to be used the main lobe of the UWB chirp signal becomes wider so the resolution is reduced the duration of the windowed compressed signal is 2.5 times longer compared to the compressed signal without windowing the longer compressed pulse duration results in worse resolution at the receiver but no side lobes appear Relative amplitude to radiated waveform x 1 9 Windowed UWB chirp signal after compression Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 17

18 6 Conclusions increasing the coverage is a must in UWB IR radio the contradiction among the (i) large energy per bit, (ii) short duration and (iii) limited peak power is resolved by pulse compression The pulse compression of UWB IR carriers has four important advantages: the duration of radiated UWB chirp pulse can be increased considerably and the enlarged E b assures a large radio coverage due to the pulse compression, compatibility with IEEE Std a is preserved in multipath channels the UWB pulses overlap each other. After compression the overlapped UWB chirp pulses become separated pulse compression has a processing gain that improves the signal-to-noise ratio. Disadvantages: pulse compression always generates sidebands that can be reduced by windowing windowing introduce an amplitude modulation and the windowed UWB chirp pulses will not be a constant envelope signal anymore Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 18

19 Budapest University of Technology and Economics Page 19

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