YOUNGS MODULUS BY UNIFORM & NON UNIFORM BENDING OF A BEAM

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1 YOUNGS MODULUS BY UNIFORM & NON UNIFORM BENDING OF A BEAM RECTANGULAR BEAM PLACED OVER TWO KNIFE EDGES & DISTANCE BETWEEN KNIFE EDGES IS KEPT CONSTANT AS l= 50cm UNIFORM WEIGHT HANGERS ARE SUSPENDED WITH DEAD LOAD, AND IS SUSPENDED AWAY FROM THE BEAM AT EQUAL DISTANCE OF x=10cm. A PIN FIXED AT THE MIDPOINT OF THE BEAM NON UNIFORM A DEAD LOAD (WEIGHT HANGER) IS PLACED ON THE MIDDLE OF THE BEAM. A PIN FIXED AT THE MIDPOINT OF THE BEAM. THE MICROSCOPE IS ADJUSTED IN SUCH THAT THE TIP OF THE PIN IS COINCIDING WITH HORIZONTAL CROSS WIRE. THE VERTICAL SCALE READINGS ARE NOTED FOR THE DEAD LOAD. FOR THE SEQUENTIAL INCREASE IN THE LOAD OF 50gm, THE MICROSCOPE HEIGHT IS ADJUSTED IN ORDER TO COINCIDE THE PIN WITH HORIZONTAL CROSS WIRE. THE CORRESPONDING READINGS ARE NOTED ON LOADING TILL W+200gm. THE CORRESPONDING READING OF W+200gm IS NOTED FOR UNLOADING BY REMOVING 50gm, THE TIP OF THE PIN IS COINCIDED WITH THE HORIZONTAL CROSS WIRE OF THE MICROSCOPE. SIMILARLY BY UNLOADING IN STEPS OF 50gm, THE READINGS ARE TABULATED.

2 RIGIDITY MODULUS OF THE MATERIAL TORSIONAL PENDULUM ONE END OF THE UNIFORM LONG WIRE IS CLAMPED BY VERTICAL CHUCK, ANOTHER END TO A CIRCULAR METALLIC DISC. THE LENGTH OF THE SUSPENDED WIRE IS FIXED TO BE 60cm. GIVE A SMALL ANGLE TWIST TO THE CIRCULAR DISC, SO THAT THE DISC EXECUTES TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS. TILL THE CIRCULAR DISC EXECUTES HARMONIC TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS IS NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. TO DETERMINE T 0 THE TIME TAKEN FOR 10 COMPLETE OSCILLATIONS (TO AND FRO) IS NOTED FOR A REGULAR CIRCULAR DISC IS OBSERVED AS T 0. TO DETERMINE T 1 TWO EQUAL MASSES (m=100gm) PLACED CLOSE TO THE SUSPENDED WIRE ON THE DISC. THE DISTANCE d 1 IS NOTED BETWEEN MIDDLE OF THE WIRE TO THE CENTRE OF MASS. SIMILARLY TIME TAKEN FOR 10 OSCILLATIONS IS NOTED UNDER THE COLUMN T 1. TO DETERMINE T 2 TWO EQUAL MASSES (m=100gm) PLACED AT FARTHEST DISTANCE d 2 IS NOTED BETWEEN MIDDLE OF THE WIRE TO THE CENTRE OF MASS. SIMILARLY TIME TAKEN FOR 10 OSCILLATIONS IS NOTED UNDER THE COLUMN T 2. REPEAT THE PROCEDURE FOR DIFFERENT LENGTH (70cm & 80cm) AND FIND THE RADIUS OF THE WIRE USING SCREW GAUGE.

3 DISPERSIVE POWER OF A PRISM USING SPECTROMETER THE INITIAL ADJUSTMENTS OF THE SPECTROMETER ARE MADE AS USUAL AND THE SLIT OF THE COLLIMATOR IS ILLUMINATED BY MERCURYVAPOUR LAMP. PLACE THE PRISM IN SUCH A WAY THAT ANY ONE OF REFRACTING FACE IS NORMAL TO THE TELESCOPE LOOKING THROUGH THE TELESCOPE THE PRISM TABLE IS ROTATED SUCH THAT THE ENTIRE SPECTRUM MOVES TOWARDS THE DIRECT RAY, AND AT ONE PARTICULAR POSITION IT RETRACES ITS PATH. THIS POSITION IS THE MINIMUM DEVIATION POSITION MINIMUM DEVIATION OF ONE PARTICULAR LINE, SAY VIOLET LINE IS OBTAINED. THE READINGS OF BOTH THE VERNIERS ARE TAKEN SIMILARLY THE TELESCOPE IS MOVED AWAY TO CATCH THE RED LINE OF THE SPECTRUM AND READINGS OF BOTH THE VERNIERS ARE TAKEN THE PRISM IS REMOVED THE DIRECT RAY FROM THE COLLIMATOR IS TO BE SEEN IN THE TELESCOPE AND COINCIDE WITH THE VERTICAL CROSS WIRE, CORRESPONDING VERNIER SCALE READINGS IS TO BE TAKEN.

4 DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH AND PARTICLE SIZE LASER SOURCE DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH AND ANGLE OF DIVERGENCE DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE A PLANE TRANSMISSION GRATING IS PLACED NORMAL TO THE LASER BEAM SUCH THAT REFLECTED BEAM COINCIDES WITH THE INCIDENT BEAM OF THE LASER SOURCE. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GRATING AND SCREEN IS FIXED TO BE D = 30CM THE DISTANCE OF DIFFERENT ORDERS FROM THE CENTRAL SPOT IS NOTED. MINIMUM 5 ORDERS HAS TO BE TAKEN. DETERMINATION OF ANGLE OF DIVERGENCE LYCOPODIUM PARTICLE SLIDE IS INSERTED IN THE PATH OF LASER BEAM. POSITION OF THE GLASS PLATE IS ADJUSTED TO GET MAXIMUM CONTRAST RINGS ON THE SCREEN WHICH IS AT A DISTANCE. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GRATING AND SCREEN IS FIXED TO BE D = 30CM A WHITE PAPER IS PLACED ON THE SCREEN AND THE POSITIONS OF THE DARK RINGS ARE MARKED. THE RADII OF TWO DIFFERENT ORDER DARK RINGS (R N ) ARE A SCREEN IS PLACED AT A DISTANCE d 1 FROM THE SOURCE AND THE DIAMETER OF THE SPOT (a 1 ) IS MEASURED AND SIMILARLY FOR OTHER DISTANCE d 2. THE EXPERIMENT IS REPEATED FOR DIFFERENT DISTANCES.

5 STUDY OF ATTENUATION AND PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS- OPTICAL FIBER DETERMINATION OF ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE AND ACCEPTANCE ANGLE ONE END OF THE ONE METRE FIBER CABLE IS CONNECTED TO SOURCE AND OTHER END TO THE OPTICAL POWER METRE. ONE END OF THE 1 METRE FIBER CABLE IS CONNECTED TO THE SOURCE AND THE OTHER END TO THE NA JIG. THE FIBER PATCH CORD KNOB IN THE SOURCE IS SET AT ONE LEVEL AFTER SWITCHED ON THE OPTICAL SOURCE. THE KNOB IN SOURCE IS TURNED CLOCKWISE TO SET TO A MAXIMUM OUTPUT. THE DIGITAL POWER METER READING IS NOTED (P I ). THE PROCEDURE IS REPEATED FOR 5M CABLE (P F ). THE SCREEN WITH FOUR CONCENTRIC CIRCLES IS HELD VERTICALLY AT A SUITABLE DISTANCE TO MAKE THE RED SPOT FROM EMITTING FIBER. THE EXPERIMENT IS REPEATED FOR DIFFERENT SOURCE LEVELS. THE DISTANCE OF THE SCREEN FROM THE FIBER END L IS RECORDED AND THE DIAMETER OF THE SPOT W IS NOTED. THE PROCEDURE IS REPEATED FOR 15MM, 20MM AND 25MM DISTANCES.

6 CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER & AMMETER USING POTENTIOMETER POTENTIAL DROP ACROSS ONE METER LENGTH OF THE POTENTIOMETER IS DETERMINED BY PRIMARY CIRCUIT. THE POSITIVE TERMINAL OF A BATTERY AND DANIEL CELL IS CONNECTED TO THE END A OF THE POTENTIOMETER THE NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF BATTERY IS CONNECTED TO THE END B OF THE POTENTIOMETER VIA RHEOSTAT. THE NEGATIVE OF DANIEL CELL IS CONNECTED TO GALVANOMETER AND TO A JOCKEY. TO CHECK THE CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS, THE JOCKEY IS PRESSED OVER THE FIRST WIRE AND TENTH WIRE OF POTENTIOMETER. THE GALVANOMETER DEFLECTS OPPOSITE SIDE. TO OBSERVE NULL DEFLECTION IN GALVANOMETER, THE JOCKEY IS MOVED OVER THE POTENTIOMETER WIRE AND CORRESPONDING LENGTH IS NOTED AS l 0. CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER CALIBRATION OFAMMETER TO CALIBRATE VOLTMETER, DANIEL CELL AND GALVANOMETER IS DISCONNECTED REPLACED BY A VOLTMETER. TO CALIBRATE AMMETER, DANIEL CELL AND GALVANOMETER IS DISCONNECTED WITHOUT DISTURBING THE PRIMARY CIRCUIT. NOW THE JOCKEY IS MOVED OVER 1 ST WIRE OF POTENTIOMETER TO OBSERVE 0.1V IN VOLTMETER AND CORRESPONDING LENGTH IS NOTED. SIMILARLY IN STEPS OF 0.1V MINIMUM SEVEN READINGS ARE NOTED. A STANDARD 1Ω RESISTANCE IS CONNECTED TO TERMINAL A OF POTENTIOMETER AND TO POSITIVE TERMINAL OF A 6V BATTERY AND OTHER END. THE NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF BATTERY IS CONNECTED TO A RHEOSTAT AND HENCE CONNECTED TO THE AMMETER OTHER END. NOW THE RHEOSTAT IN SECONDARY CIRCUIT IS ADJUSTED SUCH THAT AMMETER READS 0.1A THE JOCKEY CONNECTED TO GALVANOMETER WHEN MOVED OVER POTENTIOMETER WIRE, THE NULL DEFLECTION IS NOTED IN GALVANOMETER AND CORRESPONDING LENGTH OF THE WIRE IS NOTED. IN STEPS OF 0.1A THE LENGTHS ARE NOTED.

7 STUDY OF IC REGULATION PROPERTIES OF A GIVEN POWER SUPPLY AN UNREGULATED POWER SUPPLY IS CONNECTED TO THE IC REGULATOR CHIP THE CAPACITOR C 1 AND C 2 HELPS IN KEEPING THE INPUT AND OUTPUT RESISTANCE OF THE CIRCUIT LOW AT HIGH FREQUENCY STUDY OF REGULATION PROPERTIES WHEN INPUT VOLTAGE IS VARIED: STUDY OF REGULATION PROPERTIES WITH LOAD CURRENT: THE INPUT VOLTAGE IS VARIED OVER THE ALLOWED RANGE FOR THE GIVEN IC CHIP AND THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS MEASURED. LIKE IN THE ZENER REGULATED POWER SUPPLY EXPERIMENT, THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS MEASURED FOR VARIOUS VALUES OF LOAD CURRENT. A GRAPH MAY BE DRAWN WITH INPUT VOLTAGE ALONG X AXIS AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE ALONG Y AXIS. THE INDEPENDENCE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE OVER AN ALLOWED RANGE OF LOAD CURRENT MAY BE SEEN.

8 STUDY OF V I AND V R CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOLAR CELL A SOLAR CELL (PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL) ESSENTIALLY CONSISTS OF A P N JUNCTION DIODE THE p n JUNCTION DEVICE GENERATES POWER WHEN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS INCIDENT ON IT. THE VOLTMETER IS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AND AN AMMETER AND VARIABLE RESISTORS ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES TO THE SOLAR CELL THROUGH A PLUG KEY. THE SOLAR CELL CAN BE IRRADIATED BY SUN S RADIATION. INSTEAD, IT CAN ALSO BE IRRADIATED BY A FILAMENT BULB ( 60 W OR 100 W ). THE RESISTANCE VALUE IS ADJUSTED BY A RESSITANCE BOX AND THE VARIATION OF V I AND V R ARE PLOTTED.

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