Interference Awareness and Reduction by Use of Mobile Transceiving Stations with Two Antennas in Mobile Radio Communication Networks

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1 International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: No: 9 Interference Awareness and Reduction by Use of Mobile Transceiving Stations with Two Antennas in Mobile Radio Communication Networks Andrei Dynich School of Information and Communication Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian, China andreydynich@gmail.com Hongyu Wang School of Information and Communication Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian, China whyu@dlut.edu.cn Abstract This paper considers the interference awareness and reduction in mobile radio communication networks by use of mobile transceiving stations with two antennas and two delay lines. Each of delay lines is installed in a reception path of antenna that ensures constructive interference for useful signal and destructive interference for disturbance one. Such constructive suggestion leads to amplification of useful signal and to attenuation of almost all other signals received by mobile station in owing to reflection from macro obstacles. This method considers the possibility of utilization of mobile transceiving stations with two antennas not only to face the interference problem but also for simultaneous transceiving the signal by several mobile stations. Key words dual-antenna reception; dynamical delay lines; reduction of interference. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays the necessity in fast development of qualitative and low cost wireless networks increases rapidly. Such kind of communication networks must be installed and launched in a short term. These demands can be met by wireless networks without centralization (ad-hoc networks), in other words networks where the subscribers are able to communicate with each other directly or by use of other subscribers, which are in a range. As an example of such peer-to-peer networks can be wireless networks which organized by use of Bluetooth technology. Networks of rapid development should be able to operate without base stations, as compared with cellular networks which organized by use of base stations. Application of access points as used in networks, which organized with Wi-Fi or WiMAX technology, could be inaccessible. For instance, a group of people at business meeting can require to launch wireless network for data communication among the participants rapidly. Need of data communication among different military groups during the military exercises or combat operations can take place also. During the rescue operations in a zone of natural disasters and so on, all other kinds of communication networks such as wire Ethernet or cellular network can be inaccessible. Absence of centralization management, lack of frequencies, low transmitting power in ad-hoc networks lead to several problems, which are inherent in wireless networks in general and in ad-hoc networks in particular. Interference of electromagnetic waves, Rayleigh fading of signal, complexity of routing are only some of them. This paper provides the method, which reduces the interference influence on quality of received signal. Electromagnetic wave in homogeneous and isotropic medium propagates linearly. Presence of heterogeneities leads to deflection from straight-line propagation. Thus wave can penetrate in a zone of geometrical shadow of object in other words diffracts on obstacle. However, the relation between obstacle dimensions and wavelength limits the diffraction. Diffraction reduces with decrease of wavelength and/or increase of obstacle dimensions. There is almost no deflection of real obstacles on the way of electromagnetic wave propagation for decimeter waves. Therefore, the receiver detects only one wave that propagates directly from transmitting station to the receiver. Diffraction does not influence on communication quality connection just exists or does not. For quality reception, it is more important to consider other phenomenon waves interference. Interference occurs only when a receiver detects two and more waves simultaneously. One wave propagates from a transceiver linearly while other one comes to a receiver reflected from different macro obstacles: natural or artificial obstacles. There are various methods to solve the signal distortion generated by interference in the wireless channel. Thus, in CDMA method the basis of research on code-division multiplexing and signal separation is initiated by paper [], the strongest signals received by antenna from different ways are delayed for certain time and then summarized with each other. This method can reduce the intersymbol interference. In addition, the method of signal reception by several antennas simultaneously (firstly implemented in 97 and so-called spatial diversity reception) [] is often used in wireless networks. Spatial diversity reception method is implemented, 4-33 April IJENS

2 International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: No: 9 mostly, for two antennas [3, 4]. This method widely realized for base stations in cellular network. The distance between antennas is wavelengths approximately; this is the best value in accordance with analytical and empirical data. The strongest on amplitude signal has been chosen from two signals received by each of antennas for further processing. However, the method of signal reception by two antennas is not implemented for mobile transceiving stations even up to nowadays. Another approach for mitigating the interference by use of several antennas technique is multiple-antenna system (also called as MIMO multiple input multiple output radio) which is one of the several forms of smart antenna technology. This method improves the spectrum efficiency (and therefore facilitates the interference performance) of wireless communication systems. MIMO technology attracts attention of many researchers nowadays. Daniel W. Bliss, Keith W. Forsythe, and Amanda M. Chan surveyed the environmental factors such as channel complexity, external interference, and channel estimation error that affect the MIMO capacity [5]. One of the significant problems in MIMO systems is how to overcome the correlation between propagation channels. The effort towards solving this problem has been done by Liang Dong, Hao Ling, and Robert W. Heath, Jr. in [6]. In this work, authors purposed the method of using antennas with dissimilar radiation patterns to introduce decorrelation, hence increasing channel capacity. In [7] authors overviewed several existing and well-known methods to reduce the interference in cellular networks and, in addition, considered the benefits of implementation MIMO techniques for cellular networks. The great interest to this work is determined by the attempt of comprehensive gaze at the interference under the condition of whole system as opposed to the consideration of only several transceiving stations. Work [8] considers the antenna selection methods in MIMO systems to improve the signal to noise ratio. These methods are based on the existence of two or more signal paths that fade independently. Beam forming methods with use of linear antenna array are well known in science literature [3 5]. Application of two and more linearly spaced antennas makes possible the beam formation of antenna array in a desired direction and, therefore, allows receiving station to suppress the noise received from the other direction. This could be achieved using the delay of detected signals on a previously calculated value. Further, after delay lines, signals are summing up with weight coefficients. This method of signals detection is known as a delay-and-sum beam former. However, this approach is not applicable for mobile stations. Even if the source of the signal is not moving during the time, small turn of the receiving station could lead to the deviation of already formed beam from the direction to the signal source. This will lead to the deterioration of signal-to-noise ratio. Method, proposed in a given paper can hold a beam directed to the desired station by use of dual antenna stations with dynamical delay lines. Time of the signal delay should be adjusted on the basis of the placement of transmitting station with respect to antennas of receiving station. This will lead to the constant beam alteration in relation to the receiving antennas. It is necessary to emphasize that proposed dual-antenna method differs from the delay-and-sum beam former method. Dual antenna method is not aimed to form the directivity pattern as the traditional methods of the beam forming do. Apparent similarity of two methods is based on the aim of improvement of signal detection with use of multiple antenna elements. However, the algorithm of signal detection is not the same. Paper [5] for example, describes traditional schemes of beam forming to improve the quality of signal reception. Signal reception of the proposed method is based on the geometrical calculations of the direction to the useful station on the basis of two antennas with the assumption of certainty of what transmitting station could be named as useful for receiving station. Signal detection itself is implementing with use of dynamical delay lines. Further, in this paper under the expression dual-antenna station we will mean mobile transceiving station with two antennas, which installed to implement the diversity reception of signals. Given work shows the possibility of improvement of communication quality by use of spatial reception for mobile transceiving stations with two antennas and use of both signals from each of antennas. The proposed method of this manuscript improves the interference performance in wireless networks by use of relatively cheap equipment and not sophisticated algorithm that could make this method attractive for implementation. II. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METHOD Let s show the principle of two antennas operation to reduce the influence of interference for the case of communication between two transceiving stations. One of them St transmits and another St receives the signal, as shown in the Figure. Figure. Spatial position of transmitting St and receiving St stations It is natural to assume that stations are spatially spaced. The signal from station St is transmitted to St and received by not only one, but two equal antennas А and А. Each of antennas of the station St receives the signal from the station St independently from each other. If we will sum up both 4-33 April IJENS

3 International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: No: 9 signals that received by antennas that as a result in receiving box of the station St we will observe most probably distorted waveform. Let s explain it on an example. According to the 8. standard, the logical is represented by use of barker code with elements. Let s assume that station St transmits "" to which is corresponded the Barker sequence with elements [9] of a kind: [ +,, +, +,, +, +, +,,, ], where the coding time of one symbol is T. Thus, the coding sequence looks like in the Figure. In case of ϕ this will lead to distortion of received data. The angle α can take any value from zero to π, therefore the phase shift ϕ can take any value from L to L. Let s explain wave distortion for the receiving station with two antennas on a numerical example. Let for simplicity L =. Let s give for the angle α any value which doesn t equal to 9 о, for instance α = 65 о. Thus, in the Figure 4, ϕ =.845π and in consequence we will have two signals in an adder: the signal u from antenna А and the signal u from antenna А with time delay t. Figure. Representation of "" by use of Barker sequence We can represent the signal transmitted by the station St and modulated by binary phase modulation in the following kind, an example of Baker code with binary phase modulation is shown in the Figure 3. Figure 4. Phase shift between signals detected from antennas А and А The result of two signals summation can be represented as: Figure 3. Representation of Baker code with binary phase modulation by sine wave fluctuations with the amplitude u Distortion of the waveform can be explained by different distances of electromagnetic wave propagation from the station St to each of antennas of the station St. This leads to the phase shift between signals from antennas А and А in adder. Time of signal propagation from the station St to antenna A in general will differ from the time propagation of signal from St to antenna A. Equality can be achieved only for α = π/. Therefore, in general, there will be the propagation difference L = L L and in consequence, phase differences ϕ = L between signals that come to an adder of station St from antennas А and А. The relation between phase difference ϕ and an angle α can be easily obtained for the situation when the distance S between the receiving and transmitting stations is considerably more than the distance L between antennas. For this situation L = L cos( ) and in consequence α ϕ = L cos( α) () Figure 5. Resulting signal u +u in an adder (а) without delay line As we can see from the Figure 5, the waveform of original signal is significantly distorted. To avoid this situation it is necessary to delay signal from antenna А that came to the input of an adder for the time t ϕ = T () Delay lines are widely used in radio communication. So, for example in [] programmed delay line is implemented for clock synchronization IR or UWB CDMA receivers. This 4-33 April IJENS

4 International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: No: 93 programmed delay line provides variable time delays in nanoseconds and sub nanoseconds ranges. In considered example t =. 43T. Signal delay for a time of t allows removing the phase shift between signals that come to an adder from two antennas thus the resulting signal in an adder will be amplified. Because of such construction interference, the resulting signal u +u will entirely reproduce Barker sequence for ""after time delay t as shown in the Figure 6. Additional signals that distort transmitting data can come to a transceiving station from any direction. Let s consider the situation when the transceiving station detects four signal, two of them are useful signals (directed signals), another two reflected from some macro obstacle. Further, in this paper we will name the reflected signal as an interfering signal. Let s denote the angle under which the station St receives the interference signal as α as represented in the Figure 8. Figure 8. Appearance of interference signal under the condition of signal reflection from the obstacle Applying the formulas () and () for the interference signal detected by antennas А and А of the receiving station St the phase shift could be represented as: Figure 6. Resulting signal u +u in an adder with delay line (а) after time delay t of the signal from antenna А For situation when an angle is in the range π / < α π, the signal received by antenna А will be detected in an adder earlier than the signal from А. Therefore, in this situation it is necessary to delay the signal from antenna А for some time in comparison with the signal detected in an adder from antenna А. The angle α can take the value less or more than π /, so, it is necessary to install two delay lines: one after А, another after А as shown in Figure 7. Lines should operate depending on an angle α value, in other words which of two antennas detects the useful signal from station earlier. that corresponds to difference time ϕ = L cos( α ) (3) t ϕ T = (4) Interference signal detected by antennas А and А of the receiving station St with phase shift ϕ = L cos( α ) that corresponds to difference time ϕ t = T. As the station St adjusted to receive the directed signal with time delay t (generated by delay line) that as a result the interference signals will be summarized in an adder with time delay t = t t (5) Figure 7. Station equipped with two antennas and two equal dynamic delay lines III. SUPPRESSION OF INTERFERENCE As usual, the receiver of a transceiving station detects not only the signal propagated directly from transmitting station but also signals reflected from different macro obstacles. Let s take for presentation α = 95 о. Formula (3) shows us that the phase shift for this value will be ϕ =.74π. In this situation t =. 87T that follows from the equation (4) and using the formula (5) we could obtain t =.87T.43T =. 5T. As a result, we can observe destructive interference for reflected signal and resulting interference signal in an adder will be as shown in Figure 9: 4-33 April IJENS

5 International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: No: 94 Figure 9. Destructive interference for reflected signals u and u. Time difference t between signals u and u detected in an adder In dependence on angles α and α result can differ, but every time the interference signal will be distorted and suppressed while the useful signal will be amplified. Additional interference that occurs because of reflection from different macro obstacles will be influenced by destructive interference and as a result overall interference signal in a receiving station will be transformed into uniform noise. This will lead to improvement of communication quality. There is no fundamental difference in two situations where the source of interference is caused by reflection from macro obstacle or the signal that came from any station to which the receiving station is not adjusted. In both these examples, destructive interference of signals detected from two equal antennas will occur in adder. Let us represent this situation for the case of simultaneous data communication performed by several mobile stations in peer-to-peer networks. Let assume that the receiving station St is adjusted to detect a signal from the station St (angle α = 65 о ). In this case, the signal in an adder detected by antenna A will be delayed for a time t =. 43 T in comparison with the signal in an adder detected by the station St. Let us consider the situation when the station St 3 transmits Barker sequence with elements for "" and situated at an angle α 3 = 4 о (Fig. a) to the station St. In this situation a signal from the station St 3 will be detected by antenna A earlier than by antenna A at the time of t 3 =. 766 T. Therefore signals from antennas A and A will reach an adder with time difference t =.343 T. The shape of the signal u 3, accepted by the station St due to destructive interference will be distorted in comparison with the shape of the signal transmitted by the station St 3 (Figure b). Figure. Possibility of signal detection in peer-to-peer networks transmitted from the station St under the condition of simultaneous data communication performed by neighbor stations St St N. Destructive interference for disturbance signals shown by the example of station St 3 (angle α 3 = 4 о ) IV. MOVING STATIONS Let s assume that spatial position of stations is variable with time. For example, we suppose that the St station is moving away from the St station at the speed of v. In this case the distance between stations is constantly increasing and the frequency will be reduced by the value of Doppler shift which is equal to f v / c, where f is the carrier frequency and c is the velocity of light. This Doppler shift, however will not be so significant, in comparison with the carrier frequency (for calculations we chose the frequency that belongs to the first channel of ISM band []) if we consider the on-land device. For example, if the mobile is moving at km/h, the Doppler shift is 4 Hz. On the other hand, if the station St is approaching to the station St at the speed of v that frequency will be incremented by the same small value. Two receiving antennas should be installed on the station properly to avoid any changes in the distance between them. Each of signals in an adder of the receiving station after detecting by antennas A and A will be shifted in frequency by the same value. Thereby two signals with the same frequency shift will interfere with each other in adder. Resulting signal will have the same frequency shift. To represent the mobility of receiving station we need to use the equitation that allows us to consider the increase (decrease) of the distance between two mobile stations. To do this, we use the expression that represents the relation between the electric field strength E at the far-field point of space (for example, in the receiving antenna of mobile station) and the distance S between two mobile stations []: 4-33 April IJENS

6 International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: No: 95 [ ( f ' t S( t) / ) + ϕ] α sin E( t) =, (6) S( t) there will be destructive interference for all other transmitting stations. where E is the electric field strength induced in the receiving antenna by transmitting antenna; α is radiation pattern of the sending antenna; S is the distance between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna; φ is the initial phase of a signal; is the wavelength. In this expression we can describe S(t) as S ( t) = S ± vt, where S is the initial distance between the transmitting station and the antenna of receiving station before the start of movement of receiving station, whereas the frequency of detected signal can be expressed as ( v c) f ' = f ± / (7) We need to explain that formulas (6) and (7) will be common for calculation of the electric field strength in two antennas of receiving station. The meaning is, if we calculate the electric field strength, which induced in antenna A we use the parameters L and parameters L for antenna A respectively. Paper [] shows that the movement of stations with similar speeds will not affect the quality of radio communication in comparison with radio communication between fixed objects. Therefore, the presence of two receiving antennas will not affect the situation of signal frequency detection by use of one antenna. In both cases: one antenna reception or dual antenna reception Doppler shift will be the same. For moving obstacles, in addition, it is very important to realize constructive interference for useful signal from transmitting station. This could be achieved by constant adjustment of delay time. V. CONCLUSIONS This paper shows the possibility of utilization of transceiving stations with two antennas and two delay lines to face interference problem in mobile wireless networks. The key idea of proposed method is implementation of constructive interference for the useful signal and destructive interference for the interference signal. Utilization of mobile stations with two antennas will improve the communication quality in wireless networks taking into account that the interference signal often is weaker than useful signal. Transceiving stations with two antennas and two delay lines in principle can provide simultaneously data transmission and reception that can be essentially important for ad-hoc networks. Any of transceiving stations in reception mode in this situation can be adjusted to receive data from one of desirable stations and can adjust the parameters of dynamical delay lines to implement constructive interference and successfully receive data only from this station. For this case, REFERENCES [] D. V. Ageev, Basis of the linear selection theory, Science and technology collection of Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications, 935, No., pp [] I. S. Andronov, Coherent Spaced Reception in the Presence of Concentrated Interference, Probl. Peredachi Inf., vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 3 37, 968. [3] J.-F. Frigon et al., Design and Implementation of a Baseband WCDMA Dual-Antenna Mobile Terminal, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 54, No. 3, pp , Mar. 7. [4] Q. Chen et al., Dual-antenna system composed of patch array and openended waveguide for eliminating blindness of wireless communications, IEICE Electronics Express, vol. 7, No. 9. pp , Apr.. [5] D. W. Bliss, K. W. Forsythe, and A. M. Chan, MIMO Wireless Communication, Lincoln Laboratory Journal, vol. 5, No, pp. 97 6, 5. [6] L. Dong, H. Ling, and R. W. Heath, Jr., Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless Communication Systems Using Antenna Pattern Diversity, in Global Telecommunications Conference, Austin, USA,, vol., pp [7] J. G. Andrews, W. Choi, and R. W. Heath, Jr., Overcoming Interference in Spatial Multiplexing MIMO cellular networks, in IEEE Wireless Communications, Austin, USA, 7, vol. 4, No. 6, pp [8] S. Sanayei and A. Nosratinia, Antenna Selection in MIMO Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 4, No., pp , Oct. 4. [9] M. S. Gast. 8. Wireless Networks. The definitive guide, Sebastopol: O Reilly & Associates, Inc.,, pp [] A. A. Vazquez, B. Q. Ruiz, and J. L. G. Garcia, Low Cost Variable Delay Line for Impulse Radio UWB Architectures, in IST Mobile & Wireless Communications Summit, Dresden, June 5. [] N. Golmie and F. Mouveaux, Interference in the.4 GHz ISM Band: Impact on the Bluetooth Access Control Performance, in IEEE International Conference on Communications, Helsinki, Finland,, vol. 8, pp [] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, New York: Cambridge University Press, 5, pp [3] Widrow B., Mantey P.E. Griffiths L.J. Goode B.B, Adaptive Antenna Systems, in IEEE Proceedings, vol 55, No, pp , December 967. [4] Godara L.C, Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, Part II: Beamforming and Direction-of-Arrival Considerations, in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 85, No. 8. pp , August 997. [5] George J. Miao, Signal processing in digital communications, Artech House, April IJENS

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