Spontaneous Hyper Emission: Title of Talk
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1 Spontaneous Hyper Emission: Title of Talk Enhanced Light Emission by Optical Antennas Ming C. Wu University of California, Berkeley A Science & Technology Center
2 Where Our Paths Crossed Page
3 Nanopatch Laser Diameter = 400nm ( 0.3 λ 0 ) Physical volume = 0.0 λ 0 3 Au InGaAsP K. Yu, A. Lakhani, and M. C. Wu, Optics Express, 010 Can nanoscale lasers be faster than microscale ones? Yes, but only when it is biased below threshold E. K. Lau, A. Lakhani, R. S. Tucker, and M. C. Wu, Enhanced modulation bandwidth of nanocavity light emitting devices, Optics Express, 009.
4 Minneapolis Airport Page 4 Return from DARPA SERS PI Meeting
5 Efficient Optical Frequency Antennas: Yablonovitch Low Losses at the Nano-Scale M High Impedance Normal Impedance <377
6 Spontaneous Emission Dipole Length Corresponding to Spontaneous Emission x 0 ~ 0.4 nm Bulk Semiconductor Emitter Light-emitting diode (LED) Slow, BW ~ 00MHz Temporally incoherent Spatially incoherent Spontaneous emission dipole is an inefficient antenna because x 0
7 Spontaneous Emission Enhanced by Optical Antenna Optical Antenna Semiconductor Emitter By attaching an optical antenna to the radiating dipole, spontaneous emission can be greatly enhanced Spontaneous Hyper Emission (SHE) Faster and stronger than stimulated emission
8 l eff Antenna Theory for SHE Radiation lifetime Equivalent Circuit of Antenna C L R I d : antenna gap qx 0 I Current induced by emitting dipole: qv qx0 I (Ramo Theorem) d d 1 PRad I R SHE For parallel RLC circuit: 1 1 ~ SHE Q ~ 1 ~ up 6 ( qx0 ) d Q R C R C L C l : antenna capacitance d ef f Bulk Q d to 10 SHE can be 10 6 times faster R
9 Spontaneous Hyper Emission (SHE) d : antenna gap 1 1 ~ SHE Bulk d Q Antenna should contact radiating dipole at nanoscale ( d - ) BW of 100s GHz, or even THz possible d < 50nm to achieve 100GHz BW SHE is Temporally incoherent Spatially coherent Sub-diffraction-limited emitter
10 Light Bandwidth SHE-LED versus Laser Nano-LED Laser Nano-LED Laser f I I Ith ro th Current Laser must be biased at many times threshold Significant energy wasted due to laser bias Nano-LED does not require bias Current Laser bandwidth increases with bias High bandwidth requires high bias First photon is fast in SHE-LED
11 λ/ Antenna With Matching Circuit Microwave Antenna LC matching circuit Optical Antenna LC matching circuit InGaAsP Gold Antenna Arms Antenna Arms InP Cladding Antenna Characteristics: Resonance = 1550nm Radiation Q = 14 Total Q = 7 Mode Volume = (λ/n) 3 35nm 0nm 350nm
12 SHE-LED Fabrication Michael Eggleston 3nm TiO InGaAsP Gold 35 nm InP Spacer 370 nm Epoxy Gold Reflector Plane 100 nm Glass Slide Flip-chip bond to glass and substrate removal E-beam lithography and wet etching to define ridges E-beam lithography and metal lift-off to define antenna Ridge Height: 35nm Ridge Width: 4nm Metal Thickness: 40 nm
13 Active Area Device Fill Factor Only the areas in the black squares give enhanced PL, the rest of the ridge will emit PL at the normal rate. These enhanced areas only account for ~9% of the total area emitting light. Fill Factor (FF) = 0.09
14 Photoluminescence Measurement Emission polarized perpendicular to antennas Y Y With Antennas Without Antennas X Emission polarized parallel to antennas With Antennas Without Antennas X Counts (arb.) Counts (arb.) Without Antenna With Antenna Wavelength (nm) Without Antenna With Antenna Wavelength (nm)
15 Intensity vs. Antenna Alignment 800 Counts (arb.) Wavelength (nm) Antennas only alter the photoluminescence when in contact with the InGaAsP Ridges
16 Summary Spontaneous Hyper Emission enhanced by optical antennas can dramatically improve the efficiency and speed of LEDs Experimental results 17x total enhancement > 100x enhancement in antenna polarization Faster and stronger than stimulated emission Where do we go from here? Each of Eli s accomplishment has turned into a company! It s been a privilege and honor to be a colleague of Eli Yablonovitch for nearly 0 years!
17 Stimulated Emission Semiconductor Emitter Semiconductor lasers Fast, BW ~ 10s GHz (Limit ~ 50GHz) However, laser requires constant bias for high speed operation Limit energy efficiency Can we eliminate threshold altogether?
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