Extreme space weather: Geomagnetic storms, GNSS disruptions and the impact on vital functions in society

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1 Extreme space weather: Geomagnetic storms, GNSS disruptions and the impact on vital functions in society Fredrik Marsten Eklöf FOI, Informationssystem

2 Global Navigation Satellite System Four GNSS GPS GLONASS Galileo Beidou/Compass (Kina) Position in three dimensions Timing (time and frequency synchronization) Speed Three segments Unlimited number of users (receivers) satellites Ground based control stations 2

3 Global Navigation Satellite Systems Global Position System (GPS) National Coordination Office, US DoD/GPS directorate (military users), DHS, DoT, mm (civil users) FOC since 1994, today 32 operational satellites Modernization program GPS III new military and civil signals on three frequency bands GLONASS GLObal navigation Satellite System Russia, was FOC Today a highly prioritized space program and FOC with 24 satellites Modernization program GALILEO Collaboration between EU and ESA civil system under civil control Planed IOC 2014 and FOC 2016/2018 Agreement between US and EU regulating civil use and security aspects Beidou/Compass (Kina) Motivation is national security and industry Beidou has regional coverage over china Next step is COMPASS with global coverage 3

4 Use of GPS/GNSS Recreation Private use of navigation Mobile phones Localization of emergency calls Surveying & Mapping Time and frequency synchronization JAMMING of GNSS/GPS Marine Road Aviation TRANSPORT Railway Space Taxi Agriculture Power supply sector Communication systems Data networks Public Safety Civilian C 2 systems RAKEL Emergency Law enforcment 4

5 Development of GPS receivers 5

6 Military use of GPS GPS guided munitions/ precision weapons GBU-49, GBU-39 (SE) JDAM, LJDAM Excalibur Close air support C2/C4I system BMS common picture spaning Soldat nav. (markus) 6

7 Challanges with GNSS/GPS Transmitted power: P T = 27 W Antenna gain: G T = 10 to 16 dbi Effectively transmitted power: 283 to 483 W Received power (minimum): One of the challenges with GPS/GNSS is the very weak received satellite signal Long distance between the receiver and the GPS satellites 7 Results in high attenuation of the GPS signal The GNSS-signal will be affected by space weather (ionosphere and troposphere)

8 Effect of space weather Ionosphere (TEC-Induced Signal Delays): Results in changes in speed & direction of GPS signal Scintillation: Attenuation of the GPS-signal, lower C/N0 level Solar Radio Noise: Results in background noise over GPS frequencies and degrades signal 8 A Beginner s Guide to Space Weather and GPS Professor Paul M. Kintner, Jr.

9 Vulnerability of GNSS Interference Unintentional Communication systems, radar systems, etc Jamming signal denial Intentional Spoofing Local generated GPS-signal Requires technical knowledge and equipment GPS-repeater/jammer Used to re-transmit GPS-signals in a closed area Potential problem with leakage of re-transmitted signals 9

10 Jamming of GPS 10

11 Google search: GPS Jammers 11

12 12

13 Combined GPS and mobile cell phone jammers The answer to all GPS and GSM tracking devices Although GSM is jammed can "tracking system" log positions Combined GPS and mobile cell phone jammer prevents that the positions can be logged GPS is very sensitive to disturbance 13

14 Incidents with GPS-jamming Second Iraq war: Military GPS jammers was placed on towers with the purpose to protect against GPS-guided/precsions weapons. New York: The GPS reference station at the airport was affected by jamming during mornings and afternoons. Truck equipped with GPSjammer with the purpose to prevent the company to track the movement of it. North Korea: Three GPS jamming incidents has occurred when military exercises has been performed. Ongoing incident (?) with more than 337 civil aircrafts and 250 ships has been affected. Europa: GPS-jammers has been used by for illegal activities, theft of rental cars, boat engines 14

15 GPS-jamming incident 2012 Reports that mobile phones and GPS-receivers did not function Police decided to investigate the problem Find a hideout for stolen gods Value up to 1,3 million SEK Two persons has been convicted 15

16 Effect of GPS-jamming The effect of the jamming signal is increased in step Stationary scenario CW-jamming signal 16

17 Effect of GPS-jamming (HSGPS) CW-jamming signal Matched spectrum 17

18 Conclusion/summary Increased use and dependency of GNSS Modernization of GNSS with multiple frequency bands and signals Strong development of GPS/GNSS receivers GPS to multi GNSS receivers (multi frequency bands) Increased robustness Evaluation of the critical infrastructures dependency on GNSS Technical study (both outages and erroneous data) Ongoing MSB study/workshop next week Evaluation of space weather effects on GNSS-receivers Standard GPS-receivers (code measurement) majority of receivers High precision GPS-receiver (phase measurement) more sensitive 18

19 19 Q & S

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