A novel quasi-peak-detector for time-domain EMI-measurements F. Krug, S. Braun, and P. Russer Abstract. Advanced TDEMI measurement concept
|
|
- Ami Hester Peters
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Advances in Radio Science (24) 2: Copernicus GmbH 24 Advances in Radio Science A novel quasi-peak-deecor for ime-domain EMI-measuremens F. Krug, S. Braun, and P. Russer Insiue for High-Frequency Engineering, Technische Universiä München, Arcissrasse 21, 8333 Munich, Germany Absrac. In his paper, an advanced ulra-fas, broadband ime domain EMI measuremen sysem is described. Measuremens were performed in he 3 1 MHz range. The digial signal processing of EMI measuremens allows o emulae in real-ime he modes of convenional analogous equipmen, e.g. Peak-, Average-, RMS- and Quasi-Peak- Deecor. Wih he presened ime domain measuremen sysem he measuremen ime can be reduced by a facor of 1. A novel signal recording rouine for ime-domain EMI (TDEMI) measuremens and Quasi-Peak-Deecion is described. Measuremen resuls obained from he invesigaion of a drill machine, monior and lapop obained wih he imedomain elecromagneic inerference (TDEMI) measuremen sysem are discussed. The resuls obained wih he described sysem have been compared wih measuremens performed wih a convenional EMI receiver. 1 Inroducion Due o he rapid developmen of new elecronic producs and due o emerging new echnologies he abiliy o achieve and o improve elecromagneic compaibiliy is a major challenge in developmen of elecronic producs. EMC and EMI measuremen equipmen which allows o exrac comprehensive and accurae informaion wihin shor measuremen imes will allow o reduce he coss and o improve he qualiy in circui and sysem developmen. In he pas and currenly, radio noise and elecromagneic inerference (EMI) are measured and characerized by superheerodyne radio receivers. The disadvanage of his mehod is he quie long measuremen ime of ypically 3 min for a frequency band from 3 MHz o 1 GHz. Since such a long measuremen ime resuls in high es coss, i is imporan o look up for possibiliies o reduce he measuremen ime wihou loss of qualiy. The digial processing of EMI measuremens using Correspondence o: F. Krug (fkrug@ieee.org) Fourier Transform allows he decomposiion of a signal measured in ime-domain ino is specral componens. In general he digial processing of EMI measuremens allows o emulae in real-ime he various modes of convenional analogous equipmen and i is also possible o inroduce new conceps of analysis (Krug, 22a). In he following a new signal recording rouine for ime-domain EMI (TDEMI) measuremen and Quasi-Peak- Deecion is described. The measuremen rouine inhibis inelligen riggering o record he EMI signal. This makes i possible o reduce daa enormously. A mehod o reconsruc an equivalen of he original signal is described. An accurae ime-domain measuremen wih Average-, RMS- and Quasi- Peak-Deecion on all signal ypes are possible. 2 Advanced TDEMI measuremen concep A deailed hardware descripion of he used TDEMI measuremen sysem has already been presened in Krug (22b, 23). In Fig. 1 he advanced TDEMI measuremen concep is shown. The daa acquisiion process for he imedomain measuremen sars wih he sample process of he oscilloscope. Then he specra via he Shor-Time-Fourier- Transform (STFT) is digially compued. Afer he STFT he errors due o he frequency characerisics of anenna, ransmission line, amplifier and ani-aliasing filer are correced by signal processing. Afer his he analysis of Peak-, RMS-, Average- and Quasi-Peak-values of he EMI signal is performed. 3 Auomaed TDEMI measuremen algorihm for class C signals When measuring signal wih ransien envelope, he pulses can record separaely, which allows o sample pulses wih differen ampliudes wih an opimum verical resoluion of he Analog-o-Digial-Converer (ADC). Firs he measuremen rouine wih one verical resoluion is described.
2 28 F. Krug e al.: A novel quasi-peak-deecor for ime-domain EMI-measuremens Oszilloscope Inelligen Recording pulses ime samps STFT Deecors Peak 6 5 Probabiliy Densiy Esimae Quasi-Peak Time-Domain signal Reconsrucion a each Specral poin Fig. 1. Advanced TDEMI measuremen concep. Average RMS Esimae Value Realime ime [s] x 1 3 Fas Frame Fig. 3. Probabiliy densiy esimaion for he emission of a drill machine. Fig. 2. Principle of fas frame mode. random disribuion of dela-imes 3.1 Trigger ime measuremen n The used oscilloscope needs o offer a fas frame mode. In his mode he oscilloscope capures he absolue imes of rigger evens which occur in sequence. In case he oscilloscope riggers on pulses, he imes beween he pulses can calculaed. The principle of he fas frame mode is shown in Fig. 2. A measuremen of a cerain amoun of rigger imes, a calculaion of he reliable saisics abou which imes beween pulses occur mosly. Figure 3 shows an example for a probabiliy densiy esimae calculaed over imes beween pulses radiaed by a hand-held drill machine. The imes which correlae o he local maxima of he graph will be used for signal reconsrucion. They are randomly bu according o heir relaive frequency of occurrence disribued on he imescale. An example for a reconsruced imescale is shown in Fig Signal measuremen The sampling rae f s mus mee he Nyquis requiremens. Recording occurs in a manner of several single sho measuremens. Time per division on he oscilloscope mus be se ha single pulses fi in single records. The recorded pulse is used for signal reconsrucion only if i mees he following requiremens: Firsly he pulse does no clip and secondly i is unique which means, he pulse is in a specral comparison o already saved pulses no correlaed or similar o one of hose. This leads o a enormous daa reducion. From he record of a high amoun of pulses, a reliable esimaion is calculaed. The esimaion gives an informaion in wha relaion he frequency of occurrence of he pulses sand o each oher. Weighed wih ha esimaion, he pulses are randomly Fig. 4. Reconsruced imescale from he probabiliy densiy esimaion. disribue on he marks of he imescale as shown in Fig. 4. The resul of he pulses disribuion on he reconsruced imescale is shown in Fig. 5. As he signal conains pulses of varying ampliudes, he rouine which is described above needs o be done for differen oscilloscope verical resoluions. The oscilloscope rigger-level mus be adaped o each verical oscilloscope seing (e.g. fix rigger level on he oscilloscope screen). This ensures improvemen of he measuremen dynamic range. From his resuls as many imescales as many verical scales have measured. Las sep is o merge hese imescales ogeher o one signal represenaion. 3.3 Merger o one signal represenaion Tha procedure of merge o one signal represenaion is shown for he example of wo imescales in Fig. 6. In he fas frame mode he oscilloscope also riggers on pulses which clip. Tha means he imes beween rigger evens measured consider he clipping pulses. So randomly disribued pulses on he imescale of he measuremen wih higher resoluion are replaced by he randomly disribued pulses of he measuremen a lower oscilloscope resoluion. This needs o be done a places where hey overlap. In case here exis measuremens for furher oscilloscope verical seings, he procedure described above would be done ieraively.
3 F. Krug e al.: A novel quasi-peak-deecor for ime-domain EMI-measuremens 29 u () u 2 ( ) R 1 C R 2 Criically damped meer n Fig. 5. Pulses disribuion on he reconsruced imescale. Fig. 7. Analog Quasi-Peak-Deekor. higher resoluion x[k] b 1 b lower resoluion a_1 a_2 a_3 n b_1 b_2 n -a 1 T y[k] resul Fig. 8. Signal flow of a IIR1-filer. a_1 a_2 a_3 b_1 b_2 n Fig. 6. Example of a signal reconsrucion. 4 Auomaed TDEMI measuremen algorihm for class A signals In case he signal shows no pulsar envelope, or if imes beween pulses are shorer han fas frame mode is able o follow updaing rigger imes (e.g. limi of oscilloscope Tekronix TDS 7154 is 6 µs), doing saisical analysis brings no meri. A deailed measuremen descripion of his class of signal have already been presened in Krug (22c). 5 Specral esimaion 5.1 Windowing Specral esimaion is done wih use of Discree Fourier Transform (DFT). DFT compues he ampliude specrum on a ime record of lengh N. In addiion DFT is based upon he assumpion ha his ime record is repeaed hroughou ime. So he ime record x[n] needs o be muliplied wih a window w[n] of lengh N o avoid specral leakage: z[n] = x[n] w[n]. (1) The window funcion is equivalen o he bandwidh of he Inermediae-Frequency-filer (IF-filer) of he convenional EMI-Receiver. The window funcion needs o be adaped o he IF-filer regarding impulse-bandwidh and equivalen noise-bandwidh. Appropriaely he IF-filer is modelled wih a gaussian window. The DFT being applied o each of he daa blocks and is defined as follows (Marple, 1987): Z[k] = N 1 n= 2πkn j z[n] e N n = 1... N, k = 1... N (2) 5.2 Shor-ime-Fourier-ransform In order o receive he filer response in form of a ime dependen ampliude specrum, a DFT calculaion using record samples less han he lengh of he ime record N is necessary. The process of ieraively shifing he window along he ime record followed by compuing a DFT is he Shor-Time- Discree-Fourier-Transform (STFT) (Cohen, 1989). The window shif is done wih an appropriae incremen. The ime domain resoluion T sbb of he calculaed ampliude specra is imporan for an accurae filer response. T sbb corresponds wih he incremen used in he STFT as follows (Cohen, 1989): T sbb = 1 f sbb (3) f sbb is he baseband sampling frequency. The signal represenaion in Fig. 6 and ime-response for each pulse calculaed via STFT is given o he model of he Average-, Peak-, RMS,- and Quasi-Peak-Deecor. 6 Deecor model 6.1 Analog Quasi-Peak-Deecor In Fig. 7 he circui of a analog Quasi-Peak-Deecor is shown. The demodulaed signal u() of he convenional
4 3 F. Krug e al.: A novel quasi-peak-deecor for ime-domain EMI-measuremens Table 1. CISPR specificaions for Quasi-Peak-Deecor. Frequency range Band A Band B Band C/D 9 15 khz,15 3 MHz 3 1 MHz IF 6dB Bandwidh,2 khz 9 khz 12 khz τ c 45 ms 1 ms 1 ms τ d 5 ms 16 ms 55 ms τ m 16 ms 16 ms 1 ms / dbµv QP ESCS 3 QP TDEMI Accurae releaive inpulevel for consan oupu [db] Band A Band B Band C,D CISPR 16 1 TDEMI 15 pulse [Hz] repeiion frequency Fig. 9. CISPR 16-1 and TDEMI-Sysem pulse response curve. EMI-Receiver charges he capacior C by he resisor R 1 as long as u() is above u 2 (). This is a ypical RC-charging wih he ime consan τ c. If he he inpu signal u() is lower han u 2 (), he volage u 2 () is discharged by resisor R 2. A criically damped meer wih he ime consan τ m is used o display he ampliude. A buffer is necessary o avoid any repercussions. The maximum of he shown value is aken as Quasi-Peak-Value. The values of ime consans and IF bandwidhs for CISPR 16-1 (CISPR16-1, 1999) are shown in Table 1. For proper Quasi-Peak-Deecion he inpu signal mus be provided up o 2 s, o have a ready seady sae. The problem of odays Quasi-Peak-Deecors is ha provide he Quasi-Peak-value of a single frequency wihin 2 s. For abou 15 frequency poins, in a normal CISPR C, D measuremen abou 9 h are necessary. 6.2 Digial Quasi-Peak-Deecor model For he inegraion of a Quasi-Peak-Deecor ino a TDEMI- Sysem i is necessary o provide a digial equivalen realizaion, ha can be run a leas 1 imes faser han he analog equivalen. u() is provided by inelligen recording echnique and a specral esimaion via STFT. For modelling he charging and discharging process digial IIR1-filers are Frequency / MHz Fig. 1. Drill machine: Comparison beween TDEMI-Sysem and conv. EMI-Receiver. used. Figure 8 shows he signal flow of a IIR1-filer. For calculaing he filer coefficiens following ransfer funcion is used: H (s) = τs. (4) Also he bilinear ransformaion for characerizing he RCsysem is used. The bilinear ransformaion is defined as follows: s = 2 z 1 z + 1. (5) s is he frequency-domain variable, z is he discree imedomain variable and is he ime-domain discreisaion. In order o ge beer numeric precision no he normal opology of a IIR2-sysem, bu a cascading of wo idenical IIR1-filers for modelling he criically damped meer were used. The maximum of he oupu signal is aken as Quasi-Peak-Value. Charging and discharging is decided by a comparaor, while in discharging mode he coefficien b is se o zero. The model of he digial Quasi-Peak-Deecor was wrien for a convenional Inel Penium III 1 GHz processor, wih he use of inrinsics. Therefore simulaion ime of a single Quasi- Peak-value is abou.4 s. 6.3 Signal represenaion for Quasi-Peak-Deecion A main problem is providing a suiable signal for he Quasi- Peak-Deecor. By recording up o 2 s wih a TDEMI-Sysem a 5 GS/s a leas 1 Gbye RAM necessary. Therefore he signal is reconsruced from represenaive ime-domain signal pars and heir corresponding ime samps. The reconsrucion is done afer he STFT and he demodulaion. A ime-domain signal is creaed for 2 s and is esimaed by he Quasi-Peak-Deecor. The sampling frequency of he imedomain signal mus be chosen properly o minimize he error beween he digial and he analog implemenaion. For
5 F. Krug e al.: A novel quasi-peak-deecor for ime-domain EMI-measuremens QP ESCS3 QP TDEMI Accurae QP ESCS3 QP TDEMI / dbµv / dbµv Frequency / MHz Frequency / MHz Fig. 11. Lapop: Comparison beween TDEMI-Sysem and conv. EMI-Receiver. Fig. 12. SVGA Monior: Comparison beween TDEMI-Sysem and conv. EMI-Receiver. Band CD (CISPR16-1, 1999) abou 5 khz is sufficien. The reconsrucion is equivalen o reconsrucing he signal in he ime-domain and applying he STFT and Quasi-Peak- Deecion, as long as he pulse response of he IF-filer do no overlap. The error is minimized by selecing he appropriae mode of he inelligen recording algorihm. 7 Measuremen resuls 7.1 Simulaion CISPR 16-1 pulse For approving he Quasi-Peak-Deecion in ime-domain he CISPR 16-1 pulse response curves simulaed a a single frequency is shown in Fig. 9. The CISPR 16-1 and he TDEMI- Sysem pulse response curve show a mah for all pulse repeiion frequencies. 7.2 Emission measuremen Figure 1 shows he resul of a measuremen wih he TDEMI-Sysem on a drill-machine in band C,D for Quasi- Peak-Deecion. The average deviaion over he whole frequency range is below 3 db. The drill-machine emi pulses wih irregular repeiion frequency. Pulses of he drillmachine exremely differ in ampliude and specrum. The auomaed TDEMI measuremen algorihm for class C signals was used. Figure 11 shows he resul of a measuremen wih he TDEMI-Sysem on a Penium 2 MHz Lapop in band C, D. The average deviaion over he whole frequency range is below 3 db. A lapop emi pulses wih a high, no regular repeiion frequency. The auomaed TDEMI measuremen algorihm for class A signals was used. In Fig. 12 a measuremen wih he TDEMI-Sysem of a SVGA-Monior in band C is shown. A good mach of he emission measured wih he convenional EMI-Receiver and he TDEMI-Sysem is shown. Even he low specral lines of he monior power supply show a maximum difference below 1.5 db. The monior emi pulses wih a high bu consan repeiion frequency. The auomaed TDEMI measuremen algorihm for class A signals was used. 8 Conclusion The presened broad-band ime-domain elecromagneic inerference measuremen sysem allows o emulae in realime he various modes of convenional deecor modes. Wih he presened ime domain measuremen sysem he measuremen ime can be reduced by a facor of 1. A novel signal recording rouine for ime-domain EMI (TDEMI) measuremens and Quasi-Peak-Deecion is described. Measuremen resuls obained from he invesigaion of a drill machine, monior and lapop obained wih he ime-domain elecromagneic inerference (TDEMI) measuremen sysem are discussed. The resuls obained wih he described sysem have been compared wih measuremens performed wih a convenional EMI receiver. References Krug, F. and Russer, P.: Time-domain Broad-band EMI Measuremen Techniques, 32h European Microwave Conference, Milan, Ialy, Sepember 22, , 22a. Krug, F. and Russer, P.: Ulra-fas broadband EMI measuremen in ime domain using classical specral esimaion, 22 IEEE MTT-S Inernaional Microwave Symposium Diges, 2 6 June, Seale, USA, , 22b. Krug, F. and Russer, P.: Ulra-fas broadband EMI ime-domain measuremen sysem, 22 Inernaional Symposium On Elecromagneic Compaibiliy Diges, 9 13 Sepember, Sorreno, Ialy, , 22c.
6 32 F. Krug e al.: A novel quasi-peak-deecor for ime-domain EMI-measuremens Krug, F. and Russer, P.: The Time-Domain Elecromagneic Inerference Measuremen Sysem, IEEE Transacions on Elecromagneic Compaibiliy, 45, 2, , 23. Marple, S.-L.: Digial Specral Analysis wih Applicaions, ISBN , Prenice-Hall, Cohen, L.: Time-Frequency Disribuions A Review, Proceeding of he IEEE, 77, 7, , CISPR16-1: Specificaion for radio disurbance and immuniy measuring apparaus and mehods Par 1: Radio disurbance and immuniy measuring apparaus, Inernaional Elecroechnical Commission, 1999.
Signal Characteristics
Signal Characerisics Analog Signals Analog signals are always coninuous (here are no ime gaps). The signal is of infinie resoluion. Discree Time Signals SignalCharacerisics.docx 8/28/08 10:41 AM Page 1
More informationCommunications II Lecture 7: Performance of digital modulation
Communicaions II Lecure 7: Performance of digial modulaion Professor Kin K. Leung EEE and Compuing Deparmens Imperial College London Copyrigh reserved Ouline Digial modulaion and demodulaion Error probabiliy
More informationDevelopment of Temporary Ground Wire Detection Device
Inernaional Journal of Smar Grid and Clean Energy Developmen of Temporary Ground Wire Deecion Device Jing Jiang* and Tao Yu a Elecric Power College, Souh China Universiy of Technology, Guangzhou 5164,
More informationModulation exercises. Chapter 3
Chaper 3 Modulaion exercises Each problem is annoaed wih he leer E, T, C which sands for exercise, requires some hough, requires some concepualizaion. Problems labeled E are usually mechanical, hose labeled
More informationLecture 4. EITN Chapter 12, 13 Modulation and diversity. Antenna noise is usually given as a noise temperature!
Lecure 4 EITN75 2018 Chaper 12, 13 Modulaion and diversiy Receiver noise: repeiion Anenna noise is usually given as a noise emperaure! Noise facors or noise figures of differen sysem componens are deermined
More informationFROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL
FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL OBJECTIVES The objecives of his lecure are o: Inroduce sampling, he Nyquis Limi (Shannon s Sampling Theorem) and represenaion of signals in he frequency domain Inroduce basic conceps
More informationLecture #7: Discrete-time Signals and Sampling
EEL335: Discree-Time Signals and Sysems Lecure #7: Discree-ime Signals and Sampling. Inroducion Lecure #7: Discree-ime Signals and Sampling Unlike coninuous-ime signals, discree-ime signals have defined
More informationTechnology Trends & Issues in High-Speed Digital Systems
Deailed comparison of dynamic range beween a vecor nework analyzer and sampling oscilloscope based ime domain reflecomeer by normalizing measuremen ime Sho Okuyama Technology Trends & Issues in High-Speed
More informationWrap Up. Fourier Transform Sampling, Modulation, Filtering Noise and the Digital Abstraction Binary signaling model and Shannon Capacity
Wrap Up Fourier ransorm Sampling, Modulaion, Filering Noise and he Digial Absracion Binary signaling model and Shannon Capaciy Copyrigh 27 by M.H. Perro All righs reserved. M.H. Perro 27 Wrap Up, Slide
More informationChapter 2 Introduction: From Phase-Locked Loop to Costas Loop
Chaper 2 Inroducion: From Phase-Locked Loop o Cosas Loop The Cosas loop can be considered an exended version of he phase-locked loop (PLL). The PLL has been invened in 932 by French engineer Henri de Belleszice
More informationMemorandum on Impulse Winding Tester
Memorandum on Impulse Winding Teser. Esimaion of Inducance by Impulse Response When he volage response is observed afer connecing an elecric charge sored up in he capaciy C o he coil L (including he inside
More informationChapter 2 Summary: Continuous-Wave Modulation. Belkacem Derras
ECEN 44 Communicaion Theory Chaper Summary: Coninuous-Wave Modulaion.1 Modulaion Modulaion is a process in which a parameer of a carrier waveform is varied in accordance wih a given message (baseband)
More informationUNIT IV DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME
UNI IV DIGIAL MODULAION SCHEME Geomeric Represenaion of Signals Ojecive: o represen any se of M energy signals {s i (} as linear cominaions of N orhogonal asis funcions, where N M Real value energy signals
More informationA New Voltage Sag and Swell Compensator Switched by Hysteresis Voltage Control Method
Proceedings of he 8h WSEAS Inernaional Conference on ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, HIGH VOLTAGES, ELECTRIC MACHINES (POWER '8) A New Volage Sag and Swell Compensaor Swiched by Hyseresis Volage Conrol Mehod AMIR
More informationEXPERIMENT #9 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS LINK
EXPERIMENT #9 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS LINK INTRODUCTION: Much of daa communicaions is concerned wih sending digial informaion hrough sysems ha normally only pass analog signals. A elephone line is such
More informationInvestigation and Simulation Model Results of High Density Wireless Power Harvesting and Transfer Method
Invesigaion and Simulaion Model Resuls of High Densiy Wireless Power Harvesing and Transfer Mehod Jaber A. Abu Qahouq, Senior Member, IEEE, and Zhigang Dang The Universiy of Alabama Deparmen of Elecrical
More information4 20mA Interface-IC AM462 for industrial µ-processor applications
Because of he grea number of indusrial buses now available he majoriy of indusrial measuremen echnology applicaions sill calls for he sandard analog curren nework. The reason for his lies in he fac ha
More informationThe design of an improved matched filter in DSSS-GMSK system
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS The design of an improved mached filer in DSSS-GMSK sysem To cie his aricle: Mao Wei-ong e al 16 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 679 1 View he aricle online
More informationA WIDEBAND RADIO CHANNEL MODEL FOR SIMULATION OF CHAOTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A WIDEBAND RADIO CHANNEL MODEL FOR SIMULATION OF CHAOTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Kalle Rui, Mauri Honanen, Michael Hall, Timo Korhonen, Veio Porra Insiue of Radio Communicaions, Helsini Universiy of Technology
More informationf t 2cos 2 Modulator Figure 21: DSB-SC modulation.
4.5 Ampliude modulaion: AM 4.55. DSB-SC ampliude modulaion (which is summarized in Figure 21) is easy o undersand and analyze in boh ime and frequency domains. However, analyical simpliciy is no always
More informationCommunication Systems. Communication Systems
Communicaion Sysems Analog communicaion Transmi and receive analog waveforms Ampliude Modulaion (AM Phase Modulaion (PM Freq. Modulaion (FM Quadraure Ampliude Modulaion (QAM Pulse Ampliude Modulaion (PAM
More informationNoise Reduction/Mode Isolation with Adaptive Down Conversion (ADC)
Page 1 Noise Reducion/Mode Isolaion wih Adapive Down Conversion (ADC) Abel B. Diaz, Thomas W. Tunnell NSTec Los Alamos Operaions Presened o PDV Workshop 8-16-2007 Page 2 Summary Adapive down conversion
More informationDigital Communications - Overview
EE573 : Advanced Digial Communicaions Digial Communicaions - Overview Lecurer: Assoc. Prof. Dr Noor M Khan Deparmen of Elecronic Engineering, Muhammad Ali Jinnah Universiy, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad,
More informationECE ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS - INVESTIGATION 7 INTRODUCTION TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION - PART II
ECE 405 - ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS - INVESTIGATION 7 INTRODUCTION TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION - PART II FALL 2005 A.P. FELZER To do "well" on his invesigaion you mus no only ge he righ answers bu mus also do
More informationECMA st Edition / June Near Field Communication Wired Interface (NFC-WI)
ECMA-373 1 s Ediion / June 2006 Near Field Communicaion Wired Inerface (NFC-WI) Sandard ECMA-373 1 s Ediion / June 2006 Near Field Communicaion Wired Inerface (NFC-WI) Ecma Inernaional Rue du Rhône 114
More informationOptical Short Pulse Generation and Measurement Based on Fiber Polarization Effects
Opical Shor Pulse Generaion and Measuremen Based on Fiber Polarizaion Effecs Changyuan Yu Deparmen of Elecrical & Compuer Engineering, Naional Universiy of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 A*STAR Insiue for
More informationIncreasing Measurement Accuracy via Corrective Filtering in Digital Signal Processing
ISSN(Online): 39-8753 ISSN (Prin): 347-67 Engineering and echnology (An ISO 397: 7 Cerified Organizaion) Vol. 6, Issue 5, ay 7 Increasing easuremen Accuracy via Correcive Filering in Digial Signal Processing
More informationP. Bruschi: Project guidelines PSM Project guidelines.
Projec guidelines. 1. Rules for he execuion of he projecs Projecs are opional. Their aim is o improve he sudens knowledge of he basic full-cusom design flow. The final score of he exam is no affeced by
More informationRITEC, Inc. 60 Alhambra Rd., Suite 5 Warwick, RI (401) FAX (401) Powerful Ultrasonic Research Tool. A Modular Approach
RITEC RAM-5 Versaile Compuer Conrolled Ulrasonic Sysem: Modular Approach allows Cusomizaion o Specific Experimenal Requiremens. High Power RF Burs Oupus as high as 5 kilowas for frequencies o 7 MHz. Three
More informationEXPERIMENT #4 AM MODULATOR AND POWER AMPLIFIER
EXPERIMENT #4 AM MODULATOR AND POWER AMPLIFIER INTRODUCTION: Being able o ransmi a radio frequency carrier across space is of no use unless we can place informaion or inelligence upon i. This las ransmier
More informationAnalog/Digital Communications Primer
for Amaeur Radio Virginia Polyechnic Insiue & Sae Universiy March 19, 2013 # include //... in main() { floa kf = 0.1f; // modulaion facor liquid_freqdem_ype ype = LIQUID_FREQDEM_DELAYCONJ;
More informationOptical phase locked loop for transparent inter-satellite communications
Opical phase locked loop for ransparen iner-saellie communicaions F. Herzog 1, K. Kudielka 2,D.Erni 1 and W. Bächold 1 1 Communicaion Phoonics Group, Laboraory for Elecromagneic Fields and Microwave Elecronics,
More informationLECTURE 1 CMOS PHASE LOCKED LOOPS
Lecure 01 (8/9/18) Page 1-1 Objecive LECTURE 1 CMOS PHASE LOCKED LOOPS OVERVIEW Undersand he principles and applicaions of phase locked loops using inegraed circui echnology wih emphasis on CMOS echnology.
More informationDesign of High-linearity Delay Detection Circuit for 10-Gb/s Communication System in 65-nm CMOS
JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.17, NO.6, DECEMBER, 2017 ISSN(Prin) 1598-1657 hps://doi.org/10.5573/jsts.2017.17.6.742 ISSN(Online) 2233-4866 Design of High-lineariy Delay Deecion
More informationEE 330 Lecture 24. Amplification with Transistor Circuits Small Signal Modelling
EE 330 Lecure 24 Amplificaion wih Transisor Circuis Small Signal Modelling Review from las ime Area Comparison beween BJT and MOSFET BJT Area = 3600 l 2 n-channel MOSFET Area = 168 l 2 Area Raio = 21:1
More informationTELE4652 Mobile and Satellite Communications
TELE465 Mobile and Saellie Communicaions Assignmen (Due: 4pm, Monday 7 h Ocober) To be submied o he lecurer before he beginning of he final lecure o be held a his ime.. This quesion considers Minimum Shif
More informationDirect Analysis of Wave Digital Network of Microstrip Structure with Step Discontinuities
Direc Analysis of Wave Digial Nework of Microsrip Srucure wih Sep Disconinuiies BILJANA P. SOŠIĆ Faculy of Elecronic Engineering Universiy of Niš Aleksandra Medvedeva 4, Niš SERBIA MIODRAG V. GMIROVIĆ
More informationNotes on the Fourier Transform
Noes on he Fourier Transform The Fourier ransform is a mahemaical mehod for describing a coninuous funcion as a series of sine and cosine funcions. The Fourier Transform is produced by applying a series
More informationMotion-blurred star image acquisition and restoration method based on the separable kernel Honglin Yuana, Fan Lib and Tao Yuc
5h Inernaional Conference on Advanced Maerials and Compuer Science (ICAMCS 206) Moion-blurred sar image acquisiion and resoraion mehod based on he separable kernel Honglin Yuana, Fan Lib and Tao Yuc Beihang
More informationParameters Affecting Lightning Backflash Over Pattern at 132kV Double Circuit Transmission Lines
Parameers Affecing Lighning Backflash Over Paern a 132kV Double Circui Transmission Lines Dian Najihah Abu Talib 1,a, Ab. Halim Abu Bakar 2,b, Hazlie Mokhlis 1 1 Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Faculy
More information10. The Series Resistor and Inductor Circuit
Elecronicsab.nb 1. he Series esisor and Inducor Circui Inroducion he las laboraory involved a resisor, and capacior, C in series wih a baery swich on or off. I was simpler, as a pracical maer, o replace
More informationweight: amplitude of sine curve
Joseph Fourier s claim: all signals are sums of sinusoids of differen frequencies. weighed sine curves weigh: ampliude of sine curve all : no exacly bu doesn maer for us in pracice Example: 3 sin() + sin(*)
More informationGenerating Polar Modulation with R&S SMU200A
Rohde & Schwarz producs: SMU00 Generaing Polar Modulaion wih R&S SMU00 Polar modulaion is a mehod where digial modulaion is realized as a combinaion of phase and ampliude modulaion, raher han using an
More informationPulse Train Controlled PCCM Buck-Boost Converter Ming Qina, Fangfang Lib
5h Inernaional Conference on Environmen, Maerials, Chemisry and Power Elecronics (EMCPE 016 Pulse Train Conrolled PCCM Buck-Boos Converer Ming Qina, Fangfang ib School of Elecrical Engineering, Zhengzhou
More informationTransformer of tgδ on MSP430F1331 single chip microcomputer WANG Han 1 CAI Xinjing 1,XiaoJieping 2,Liu weiqing 2
2nd Inernaional Workshop on Maerials Engineering and ompuer Sciences (IWMES 205 Transformer of gδ on MSP430F33 single chip microcompuer WANG Han AI Xinjing,XiaoJieping 2,Liu weiqing 2 School of elecrical
More informationAutomatic Power Factor Control Using Pic Microcontroller
IDL - Inernaional Digial Library Of Available a:www.dbpublicaions.org 8 h Naional Conference on Advanced Techniques in Elecrical and Elecronics Engineering Inernaional e-journal For Technology And Research-2017
More informationProceedings of International Conference on Mechanical, Electrical and Medical Intelligent System 2017
on Mechanical, Elecrical and Medical Inelligen Sysem 7 Consan On-ime Conrolled Four-phase Buck Converer via Saw-oohwave Circui and is Elemen Sensiiviy Yi Xiong a, Koyo Asaishi b, Nasuko Miki c, Yifei Sun
More informationEE123 Digital Signal Processing
Announcemens EE23 Digial Signal Processing Lecure Miderms: 2/28, 3/2, 4/2 HAM: Obain FRN number from FCC Fill form applicaion for amaeur radio operaor and bring o class on Friday or before (o Frank) Ink
More informationCommunications II LABORATORY : Lab1- Signal Statistics, an Introduction to Simulink and FM
Communicaions II LABORATORY : Lab1- Signal Saisics, an Inroducion o Simulink and FM Inroducion: In oday's lab we have hree pars. Throughou he firs par we will develop ools for analyzing, modifying, processing
More informationICT 5305 Mobile Communications
ICT 5305 Mobile Communicaions Lecure - 2 April 2016 Dr. Hossen Asiful Musafa 2.1 Frequencies for communicaion VLF = Very Low Frequency LF = Low Frequency MF = Medium Frequency HF = High Frequency VHF =
More informationANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS : CHAPTER 3
Laboraory # Chap 3 Objecives Linear Sysem Response: general case Undersand he difference and he relaionship beween a sep and impulse response. Deermine he limis of validiy of an approximaed impulse response.
More informationECMA-373. Near Field Communication Wired Interface (NFC-WI) 2 nd Edition / June Reference number ECMA-123:2009
ECMA-373 2 nd Ediion / June 2012 Near Field Communicaion Wired Inerface (NFC-WI) Reference number ECMA-123:2009 Ecma Inernaional 2009 COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT Ecma Inernaional 2012 Conens Page 1 Scope...
More informationLinear PFC regulator for LED lighting with the multi-level structure and low voltage MOSFETs.
Linear PFC regulaor for lighing wih he muli-level srucure and low volage MOSFETs. Yuichi Noge Nagaoka Universiy of Technology Niigaa, Japan noge@sn.nagaokau.ac.jp Jun-ichi Ioh Nagaoka Universiy of Technology
More informationIndustrial, High Repetition Rate Picosecond Laser
RAPID Indusrial, High Repeiion Rae Picosecond Laser High Power: RAPID is a very cos efficien, compac, diode pumped Nd:YVO4 picosecond laser wih 2 W average power a 1064 nm. Is 10 ps-pulses have high pulse
More informationLecture 11. Digital Transmission Fundamentals
CS4/MSc Compuer Neworking Lecure 11 Digial Transmission Fundamenals Compuer Neworking, Copyrigh Universiy of Edinburgh 2005 Digial Transmission Fundamenals Neworks consruced ou of Links or ransmission
More information20 JAHRE. SIB 100-TS Series. Arbitrary 4-Quadrant Voltage and Current Amplifiers. 500 W W DC khz / 1 MHz
20 JAHRE SIB 100-TS Series Arbirary 4-Quadran Volage and Curren Amplifiers 500 W - 4.000 W DC... 200 khz / 1 MHz 1 Arbirary 4-Quadran Volage and Curren Amplifiers SIB 100-TS Serie 500 W - 4.000 W DC -
More informationPLL Hardware Design and Software Simulation using the 32-bit version of SystemView by ELANIX Stephen Kratzet, ELANIX, Inc.
Applicaion Noe AN14A Apr 8, 1997 SysemView B Y E L A N I X PLL Hardware Design and Sofware Simulaion using he 32-bi version of SysemView by ELANIX Sephen Kraze, ELANIX, Inc. Inroducion This applicaion
More informationNegative frequency communication
Negaive frequency communicaion Fanping DU Email: dufanping@homail.com Qing Huo Liu arxiv:2.43v5 [cs.it] 26 Sep 2 Deparmen of Elecrical and Compuer Engineering Duke Universiy Email: Qing.Liu@duke.edu Absrac
More informationTest 1 Review. Test 1 Review. Communication Systems: Foundational Theories. Communication System. Reference: Sections and
Tes 1 Review Tes 1 Review Proessor Deepa Kundur Universiy o Torono Reerence: Secions 2.2-2.7 and 3.1-3.6 o S. Haykin and M. Moher, Inroducion o Analog & Digial Communicaions, 2nd ed., John iley & Sons,
More informationExamination Mobile & Wireless Networking ( ) April 12,
Page 1 of 5 Examinaion Mobile & Wireless Neworking (192620010) April 12, 2017 13.45 16.45 Noes: Only he overhead shees used in he course, 2 double-sided shees of noes (any fon size/densiy!), and a dicionary
More informationHS0038B5. IR Receiver Modules for Remote Control Systems. Vishay Semiconductors
IR Receiver Modules for Remoe Conrol Sysems Descripion The - series are miniaurized receivers for infrared remoe conrol sysems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, he epoxy package
More informationStudy and Analysis of Various Tuning Methods of PID Controller for AVR System
Inernaional Journal of esearch in Elecrical & Elecronics Engineering olume, Issue, July-Sepember, 203, pp. 93-98, IASTE 203 www.iaser.com, Online: 2347-5439, Prin: 2348-0025 ABSTACT Sudy and Analysis of
More informationPassband Data Transmission I References Phase-shift keying Chapter , S. Haykin, Communication Systems, Wiley. G.1
Passand Daa ransmission I References Phase-shif keying Chaper 4.-4.3, S. Haykin, Communicaion Sysems, Wiley. G. Inroducion Inroducion In aseand pulse ransmission, a daa sream represened in he form of a
More informationTSOP12.. IR Receiver Modules for Remote Control Systems VISHAY. Vishay Semiconductors
TSOP1.. IR Receiver Modules for Remoe Conrol Sysems Descripion The TSOP1.. - series are miniaurized receivers for infrared remoe conrol sysems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, he
More informationState Space Modeling, Simulation and Comparative Analysis of a conceptualised Electrical Control Signal Transmission Cable for ROVs
Sae Space Modeling, Simulaion and omparaive Analysis of a concepualised Elecrical onrol Signal ransmission able for ROVs James Naganda, Deparmen of Elecronic Engineering, Konkuk Universiy, Seoul, Korea
More informationChapter 14: Bandpass Digital Transmission. A. Bruce Carlson Paul B. Crilly 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies
Communicaion Sysems, 5e Chaper 4: Bandpass Digial Transmission A. Bruce Carlson Paul B. Crilly The McGraw-Hill Companies Chaper 4: Bandpass Digial Transmission Digial CW modulaion Coheren binary sysems
More informationPhoto Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems
Phoo Modules for PCM Remoe Conrol Sysems Descripion The HS38B series are miniaurized receivers for infrared remoe conrol sysems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, he epoxy package
More informationIR Receiver for High Data Rate PCM at 455 khz Description
IR Receiver for High Daa Rae PCM a 455 khz Descripion The is a miniaurized receiver for infrared remoe conrol and IR daa ransmission. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, he epoxy package
More informationTSOP322.. IR Receiver Modules for Remote Control Systems VISHAY. Vishay Semiconductors
TSOP3.. IR Receiver Modules for Remoe Conrol Sysems Descripion The TSOP3.. - series are miniaurized receivers for infrared remoe conrol sysems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, he
More informationBOUNCER CIRCUIT FOR A 120 MW/370 KV SOLID STATE MODULATOR
BOUNCER CIRCUIT FOR A 120 MW/370 KV SOLID STATE MODULATOR D. Gerber, J. Biela Laboraory for High Power Elecronic Sysems ETH Zurich, Physiksrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Swizerland Email: gerberdo@ehz.ch This
More informationCommunications II Lecture 5: Effects of Noise on FM. Professor Kin K. Leung EEE and Computing Departments Imperial College London Copyright reserved
Communicaions II Lecure 5: Eecs o Noise on FM Proessor Kin K. Leung EEE and Compuing Deparmens Imperial College London Copyrigh reserved Ouline Recap o FM FM sysem model in noise Derivaion o oupu SNR Pre/de-emphasis
More informationControl and Protection Strategies for Matrix Converters. Control and Protection Strategies for Matrix Converters
Conrol and Proecion Sraegies for Marix Converers Dr. Olaf Simon, Siemens AG, A&D SD E 6, Erlangen Manfred Bruckmann, Siemens AG, A&D SD E 6, Erlangen Conrol and Proecion Sraegies for Marix Converers To
More informationPhoto Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems
Phoo Modules for PCM Remoe Conrol Sysems Available ypes for differen carrier frequencies Type fo Type fo TSOP223 3 khz TSOP2233 33 khz TSOP2236 36 khz TSOP2237 36.7 khz TSOP2238 38 khz TSOP224 4 khz TSOP2256
More informationSolution of ECE 342 Test 2 S12
Soluion of ECE 342 Tes 2 S2. All quesions regarding superheerodyne receivers refer o his diagram. x c () Anenna B T < B RF < 2 f B = B T Oher Signals f c Mixer f Baseband x RFi RF () x RFo () () () x i
More informationPhase-Shifting Control of Double Pulse in Harmonic Elimination Wei Peng1, a*, Junhong Zhang1, Jianxin gao1, b, Guangyi Li1, c
Inernaional Symposium on Mechanical Engineering and Maerial Science (ISMEMS 016 Phase-Shifing Conrol of Double Pulse in Harmonic Eliminaion Wei Peng1, a*, Junhong Zhang1, Jianxin gao1, b, Guangyi i1, c
More informationTransmit Beamforming with Reduced Feedback Information in OFDM Based Wireless Systems
Transmi Beamforming wih educed Feedback Informaion in OFDM Based Wireless Sysems Seung-Hyeon Yang, Jae-Yun Ko, and Yong-Hwan Lee School of Elecrical Engineering and INMC, Seoul Naional Universiy Kwanak
More informationA1 K. 12V rms. 230V rms. 2 Full Wave Rectifier. Fig. 2.1: FWR with Transformer. Fig. 2.2: Transformer. Aim: To Design and setup a full wave rectifier.
2 Full Wave Recifier Aim: To Design and seup a full wave recifier. Componens Required: Diode(1N4001)(4),Resisor 10k,Capacior 56uF,Breadboard,Power Supplies and CRO and ransformer 230V-12V RMS. + A1 K B1
More informationL A-B-C dei Segnali Spread-Spectrum
L A-B-C dei Segnali Spread-Specrum Marco Luise Universiy of Pisa, Ialy Diparimeno Ingegneria dell Informazione hp://www.ie.unipi.i/m.luise PAM Signal +A -A s() a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 {a k }=+1 Binary Symbols
More informationUniversal microprocessor-based ON/OFF and P programmable controller MS8122A MS8122B
COMPETENCE IN MEASUREMENT Universal microprocessor-based ON/OFF and P programmable conroller MS8122A MS8122B TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND INSTRUCTION FOR USE PLOVDIV 2003 1 I. TECHNICAL DATA Analog inpus
More informationMultipath. Introduction. Theory. Multipath 7.1
Mulipa 7. Mulipa Inroducion Tere are wo caracerisics o radio cannels a presen serious diiculies or elecommunicaion sysems. One is e remendous dynamic range a mus be accommodaed due o e large cange in pa
More informationA Segmentation Method for Uneven Illumination Particle Images
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5(4): 1284-1289, 2013 ISSN: 2040-7459; e-issn: 2040-7467 Maxwell Scienific Organizaion, 2013 Submied: July 17, 2012 Acceped: Augus 15, 2012
More informationExperimental demonstration of 10 Gb/s multilevel carrier-less amplitude and phase modulation for short range optical communication systems
Experimenal demonsraion of 1 Gb/s mulilevel carrier-less ampliude and phase modulaion for shor range opical communicaion sysems Li Tao, 1,2 Yiguang Wang, 1 Yuliang Gao, 3 Alan Pak Tao Lau, 3 Nan Chi, 1,*
More informationMobile Communications Chapter 3 : Media Access
Moivaion Can we apply media access mehods from fixed neworks? Mobile Communicaions Chaper 3 : Media Access Moivaion SDMA, FDMA, TDMA Aloha Reservaion schemes Collision avoidance, MACA Polling CDMA SAMA
More informationAN303 APPLICATION NOTE
AN303 APPLICATION NOTE LATCHING CURRENT INTRODUCTION An imporan problem concerning he uilizaion of componens such as hyrisors or riacs is he holding of he componen in he conducing sae afer he rigger curren
More information20 JAHRE. SIB 100-TS Series. Arbitrary 4-Quadrant Voltage and Current Amplifiers. 400 W W DC khz / 1 MHz
20 JAHRE SIB 100-TS Series Arbirary 4-Quadran Volage and Curren Amplifiers 400 W - 4.000 W DC... 200 khz / 1 MHz 1 Arbirary 4-Quadran Volage and Curren Amplifiers SIB 100-TS Serie 400 W - 4.000 W DC -
More informationEECE 301 Signals & Systems Prof. Mark Fowler
EECE 3 Signals & Sysems Prof. Mark Fowler Noe Se #8 C-T Sysems: Frequency-Domain Analysis of Sysems Reading Assignmen: Secion 5.2 of Kamen and Heck /2 Course Flow Diagram The arrows here show concepual
More informationIR Receiver Modules for Remote Control Systems
IR Receiver Modules for Remoe Conrol Sysems Descripion The HS38B3VM is a miniaurized receiver for infrared remoe conrol sysems. A PIN diode and a preamplifier are assembled on a lead frame, he epoxy package
More informationHow to Shorten First Order Unit Testing Time. Piotr Mróz 1
How o Shoren Firs Order Uni Tesing Time Pior Mróz 1 1 Universiy of Zielona Góra, Faculy of Elecrical Engineering, Compuer Science and Telecommunicaions, ul. Podgórna 5, 65-246, Zielona Góra, Poland, phone
More informationMedical signal processing
signal is any kd o physical quaniy ha conveys/ ransmis/sores ormaion Medical signal processg eg () elecrical volage, ha can be measured on he surace o he sk/head as a resul o he hear-/muscle-/bra aciviies
More informationSynchronization of single-channel stepper motor drivers reduces noise and interference
hronizaion of single-channel sepper moor drivers reduces noise and inerference n mos applicaions, a non-synchronized operaion causes no problems. However, in some cases he swiching of he wo channels inerfere,
More informationPrinciples of Communications
Sae Key Lab. on ISN, Xidian Universiy Principles of Communicaions Chaper VI: Elemenary Digial Modulaion Sysem Email: ychwang@mail.xidian.edu.cn Xidian Universiy Sae Key Lab. on ISN December 13, 2013 Sae
More informationEstimating Transfer Functions with SigLab
APPLICATION NOTE Esimaing Transfer Funcions wih SigLab Accurae ransfer funcion esimaion of linear, noise-free, dynamic sysems is an easy ask for DSPT SigLab. Ofen, however, he sysem being analyzed is noisy
More informationAn Open-Loop Class-D Audio Amplifier with Increased Low-Distortion Output Power and PVT-Insensitive EMI Reduction
Paper 8-6 An Open-Loop Class-D Audio Amplifier wih Increased Low-Disorion Oupu Power and PVT-Insensiive EMI Reducion Shih-Hsiung Chien 1, Li-Te Wu 2, Ssu-Ying Chen 2, Ren-Dau Jan 2, Min-Yung Shih 2, Ching-Tzung
More informationChannel Estimation for Wired MIMO Communication Systems
Channel Esimaion for Wired MIMO Communicaion Sysems Final Repor Mulidimensional DSP Projec, Spring 2005 Daifeng Wang Absrac This repor addresses raining-based channel modeling and esimaion for a wired
More informationWhen answering the following 25 questions, always remember that there is someone who has to grade them. So please use legible handwriting.
38963, VU Mobile Kommunikaion Miderm Exam: Insiu für Nachrichenechnik und Hochfrequenzechnik When answering he following 5 quesions, always remember ha here is someone who has o grade hem So please use
More informationEE201 Circuit Theory I Fall
EE1 Circui Theory I 17 Fall 1. Basic Conceps Chaper 1 of Nilsson - 3 Hrs. Inroducion, Curren and Volage, Power and Energy. Basic Laws Chaper &3 of Nilsson - 6 Hrs. Volage and Curren Sources, Ohm s Law,
More informationA Control Technique for 120Hz DC Output Ripple-Voltage Suppression Using BIFRED with a Small-Sized Energy Storage Capacitor
90 Journal of Power Elecronics, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 005 JPE 5-3-3 A Conrol Technique for 0Hz DC Oupu Ripple-Volage Suppression Using BIFRED wih a Small-Sized Energy Sorage Capacior Jung-Bum Kim, Nam-Ju
More informationMEASUREMENTS OF VARYING VOLTAGES
MEASUREMENTS OF ARYING OLTAGES Measuremens of varying volages are commonly done wih an oscilloscope. The oscilloscope displays a plo (graph) of volage versus imes. This is done by deflecing a sream of
More informationComparing image compression predictors using fractal dimension
Comparing image compression predicors using fracal dimension RADU DOBRESCU, MAEI DOBRESCU, SEFA MOCAU, SEBASIA ARALUGA Faculy of Conrol & Compuers POLIEHICA Universiy of Buchares Splaiul Independenei 313
More informationProgrammable DC Electronic Load 8600 Series
Daa Shee Programmable DC Elecronic Load The programmable DC elecronic loads provide he performance of modular sysem DC elecronic loads in a compac benchop form facor. Wih fas ransien operaion speeds and
More information