First Revision No. 141-NFPA [ Global Input ]

Transcription

1 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 141-NFPA [ Global Input ] In Annex L text, tables and formulas replace all symbols with lower case italics r and upper case subscripts with lower case italics r and lower case subscripts (no italics). Submittal Date: Wed Oct 25 13:32:30 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The revision brings the descriptor for the reduction factors in line with other lightning risk assessments that recognize the factors Public Input No. 257-NFPA [Section No. L ] Public Input No. 253-NFPA [Section No. L ] Public Input No. 251-NFPA [Section No. L ]

2 2 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 90-NFPA [ Global Input ] Globally change "In" to "In". (Capital I (italics) with n (lower case subscript)) Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 00:29:46 EDT 2017 : The current text does not accurately express these values. Response Message: Public Input No. 242-NFPA [Global Input]

3 3 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 97-NFPA [ Global Input ] change in all text, figures, and tables: 3 ft (0.9 m) to 3 ft (1 m) 2 ft (0.6 m) to 24 in. (600 mm) Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 01:12:20 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The change of 3 ft (0.9 m) to 3 ft (1 m) and 2 ft (0.6 m) to 24 in. (600 mm) is to reflect the proper inferred accuracy of the value and that the SI conversion is an approximate value. Public Input No. 179-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 186-NFPA [Section No. J ] Public Input No. 183-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 166-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 172-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 181-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 167-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 236-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 176-NFPA [Section No. B.4.6] Public Input No. 165-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 180-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 169-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 168-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 185-NFPA [Section No. G.1.1.3] Public Input No. 177-NFPA [Section No. H.2.3] Public Input No. 241-NFPA [Global Input] Public Input No. 164-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 182-NFPA [Section No [Excluding any Sub-Sections]] Public Input No. 175-NFPA [Section No. A ]

4 4 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 146-NFPA [ Detail ] Add new section: Conductors shall be permitted to be routed in an upward coursing for a vertical distance of no greater than 8 in. (200 mm) at through-roof or through-wall connections only, in order to mitigate tripping hazards, provided that the coursing complies with Submitter Full Name: Sonia Barbosa Organization: [ Not Specified ] Submittal Date: Tue Nov 07 17:18:17 EST 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Where through-roof connections are required, the requirement that the conductor run uphill at no more than a 1 in 4 rise can create several feet of conductor suspended between the through-roof rod cap and the nearest roof fastener, creating a potential tripping hazard. Public Input No. 312-NFPA [New Section after ]

5 5 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 18-NFPA [ Section No. 1.3 ] 1.3 Listed, Labeled, or Approved Components. Where fittings, devices, lightning conductors, air terminals, or other components required by this standard are available as listed or labeled, such components shall be used Where fittings, devices, lightning conductors, air terminals, or other components required by this standard are available as listed or labeled, such components shall be used Listed or labeled equipment shall be installed and used in accordance with any limitations and instructions included in the listing or labeling. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 17:16:54 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The added text requires components to be installed in accordance with their listing and labeling.

6 6 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 75-NFPA [ Section No ] 1.7* Periodic Inspection. Periodic inspections or testing for compliance to this standard shall be done at intervals determined by the authority having jurisdiction. A.1.7 Keeping the lightning protection system up-to-date with current standards is the best practice. However, periodic inspection and maintenance are often neglected. Facilities that have lightning protection systems older than twenty years, that have undergone additions, or that have had alterations should be brought into compliance with the current standards. When a lightning protection system is upgraded, as-built drawings are recommended so the AHJ has a record of the modifications. These drawing should include testing point locations, if installed. Where required by the AHJ, test records of the new configured system should be provided to establish a new baseline for future test measurements. If no modifications have occurred since construction, at a minimum, conduct a visual inspection. Re-evaluate the need to improve the lightning protection system based on the current use and contents of the facility. If the system, as previously installed, provides adequate coverage, no additional changes are required. The AHJ is advised to maintain the applicable drawings and test records. If the system is in disrepair and is no longer deemed necessary by the AHJ based on the structure s use, occupancy, and content, the facility would be better off having the lightning protection system removed than to have a nonfunctional system. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 18:10:45 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The new annex material gives specific recommendations for inspection, testing, and the documentation of those activities. Public Input No. 337-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 338-NFPA [New Section after A.1.6]

7 7 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 94-NFPA [ Section No. 1.7 ] 1.8 Units of Measurement The values stated shall be a minimum requirement, and standard deviations are not permitted Measurements shall be presented in inch-pound units followed by the equivalent value presented in SI units in parentheses A given equivalent value shall be approximate. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 00:50:35 EDT 2017 : The change expresses the intent of the standard to be minimum requirements. Response Message: Public Input No. 263-NFPA [Section No. 1.7]

8 8 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 143-NFPA [ Section No. 2.2 ] 2.2 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Processing Facilities, edition. NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, edition. NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, 2019 edition. NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities, 2015 edition. NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities, edition. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 25 13:40:08 EDT 2017 : Update standards to current edition. Response Message:

9 9 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 100-NFPA [ Section No ] UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc. UL LLC, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL ANSI/UL 1449, Standard for Safety for Surge Protective Devices, 4th edition, August 20, 2014, revised Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 02:17:11 EDT 2017 : The standard's revision date has been added. Response Message: Public Input No. 148-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 339-NFPA [Section No ]

10 10 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 144-NFPA [ Section No. 2.4 ] 2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections. NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, edition. NFPA 115, Standard for Laser Fire Protection, 2016 edition. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 25 13:42:12 EDT 2017 : Update standard to current edition. Response Message:

11 11 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 44-NFPA [ New Section after ] 3.3.2* Bonded, Inherently. Bonding between metal bodies, building framework, and lightning protection system components that are joined through construction. A Bonded, Inherently. Inherent bonding is achieved in construction through common methods such as welding or compression fittings (bolting). Bonding forms a mechanically robust, low-resistance electrical connection between conductive parts. One method to determine whether metal bodies are inherently bonded through construction is to perform a bonding test using test equipment suitable for the purpose. The bonding resistance value should typically be in the tens of milliohms but should not exceed 200 milliohms. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 19:04:11 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The new definition defines a term used several times in the standard. This definition provides clarification as to what constitutes an acceptable inherent bond. Annex material is added to provide examples of construction methods and a suggested criterion to determine whether a connection meets the requirements of being inherently bonded. Public Input No. 285-NFPA [New Section after 3.3.2] Public Input No. 291-NFPA [New Section after A.3.3.1]

12 12 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 45-NFPA [ Section No ] * Ground Loop Conductor. A main-size loop conductor installed within 12 ft (3.6 m) vertically of the base of the structure to provide a common ground potential. A Ground Loop Conductor. A ground ring electrode that provides the common grounding requirements meets the requirements of a ground loop conductor. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 19:27:58 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The annex material clarifies that the ground ring electrode must provide the common ground potential function to meet the ground loop conductor function. Public Input No. 297-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 298-NFPA [New Section after A ]

13 13 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 34-NFPA [ Section No ] Flammable Vapors. A concentration of constituents in air that exceeds percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL). [115, 2016] Supplemental Information File Name FR-34_3.3.13_leg_changes.docx Description Approved For staff use Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 16:44:52 EDT 2017 : This definition is changed to agree with NFPA 115, Response Message: Public Input No. 290-NFPA [Section No ]

14 14 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 114-NFPA [ Section No ] * Raceway. An enclosed channel of metallic or nonmetallic materials designed expressly for holding wires, cables, or busbars, with additional functions as permitted in this standard. [70:100] Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 12:41:44 EDT 2017 : This reflects changes made to the National Electrical Code. Response Message:

15 15 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 95-NFPA [ Section No ] Rated Impulse Withstand Voltage Level (Withstand Voltage) (U W U w ). Impulse withstand voltage assigned by the manufacturer to wiring and equipment, or to a part of it, characterizing the specified withstand capability of its insulation against (transient) overvoltages. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 00:54:19 EDT 2017 : The current text does not accurately express these values. Response Message: Public Input No. 293-NFPA [Section No ]

16 16 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 76-NFPA [ Section No ] 4.4.1* Any part of a lightning protection system that is subject to mechanical damage or displacement shall be protected with a protective molding or covering. A The requirement to protect conductors from mechanical damage does not preclude the running of exposed wiring at roofing perimeters, on roof surfaces, or other similar locations where incidental foot traffic or manual disturbance of the conductor is possible. This paragraph is not intended to require the concealment of all exposed lightning protection components in conduit or similar. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 19:20:27 EDT 2017 : The new annex material clarifies that not all exposed wiring requires protection. Response Message: Public Input No. 138-NFPA [New Section after A ] Public Input No. 137-NFPA [Section No ]

17 17 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 57-NFPA [ New Section after ] Metal rails outside a zone of protection having a wall thickness of 1 8 in. (3.2 mm) thick or greater shall only require connection to the lightning protection system in accordance with Section 4.9. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 11:58:01 EDT 2017 : OSHA does not permit strike termination devices on handrails. Response Message: Public Input No. 139-NFPA [New Section after ]

18 18 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 59-NFPA [ Section No ] Strike termination devices shall be permitted but not be required for those parts of a structure located within a zone of protection. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 12:58:21 EDT 2017 : The revised text confirms that strike termination devices are permitted but not required. Response Message: Public Input No. 305-NFPA [Section No ]

19 19 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 56-NFPA [ Section No ] Air terminals shall be secured against overturning or displacement by at least one of the following methods: (1) Attachment to the object to be protected (2) Braces that are permanently and rigidly attached to the structure Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 11:37:30 EDT 2017 : This clarifies that both methods can be used, and they're not exclusive. Response Message: Public Input No. 136-NFPA [Section No ]

20 20 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 58-NFPA [ Section No ] * As shown in Figure , the distance from strike termination devices to ridge ends on pitched roofs or to edges and outside corners of flat or gently sloping roofs shall not exceed 2 ft (0.6 m) 24 in. (600 mm). Figure Air Terminals on a Pitched Roof. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 12:09:48 EDT 2017

21 21 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Committee Statement: Response Message: The change of 2 ft (0.6 m) to 24 in. (600 mm) is to reflect the proper inferred accuracy of the value and that the SI conversion is an approximate value. Public Input No. 163-NFPA [Section No ]

22 22 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 80-NFPA [ Section No ] * The tangent of the rolling sphere arc shall be considered as a vertical line over 150 ft (45 m) above grade, except as permitted by Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 23:42:58 EDT 2017 : The change deletes an incorrect reference. Response Message: Public Input No. 83-NFPA [Section No ]

23 23 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 84-NFPA [ Section No ] Open Areas in Flat Roofs. The perimeter of open areas, such as light or mechanical wells, shall be protected if the open area perimeter exceeds 300 ft (92 90 m), provided both rectangular dimensions exceed 50 ft (15 m). Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 23:55:52 EDT 2017 : Change is made for consistency in the document as per the Manual of Style Response Message: Public Input No. 127-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 189-NFPA [Section No ]

24 24 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 55-NFPA [ Section No ] Where only one strike termination device is required on an object, at least one main-size conductor shall connect the strike termination device to a main conductor at the location where the object meets the roof surface and provides providing two or more paths to ground from that location in accordance with Section 4.9 and Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 11:32:33 EDT 2017 : The change provides flexibility in locating the junction of conductors relative to the roof. Response Message: Public Input No. 85-NFPA [Section No ]

25 25 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 81-NFPA [ Section No [Excluding any Sub- Sections] ] Where the air terminal is mounted in accordance with (2) or (3), the unit s metal housing shall be permitted to be used as a main conductors where the housing minimum thickness is in. (1.63 mm) and is electrically continuous. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 23:44:54 EDT 2017 : The change corrects the text. Response Message: Public Input No. 84-NFPA [Section No [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]

26 26 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 87-NFPA [ Section No ] At least two main-size conductors shall be installed to connect the unit to the lightning protection system The connection shall be made to bare metal at the base or lower edges of the unit using main-size lightning conductors and bonding devices that have a surface contact area of not less than 3 in. 2 (1940 mm 2 ) and shall provide two or more paths to ground, as is required for strike termination devices The two main bonding plates shall be located as far apart as practicable at the base or lower edges of the unit's electrically continuous metal housing and connected to the lightning protection system. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 00:02:47 EDT 2017 : The requirements are redundant with , , and Response Message: Public Input No. 147-NFPA [Section No ]

27 27 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 140-NFPA [ Section No. 4.9 [Excluding any Sub-Sections] ] Main conductors shall interconnect all strike termination devices and shall form two or more paths from each strike termination device downward, horizontally, or rising at no more than 1 4 slope to connections with grounding electrodes, except as permitted by and do the following: (1) interconnect Interconnect all strike termination devices and shall (2) form Form two or more paths from each strike termination device downward, horizontally, or rising at no more than 1 4 slope to connections with grounding electrodes, except as permitted by and (3) Permit one rising path on pitched roofs (4) Permit one rising path not exceeding 1 4 slope on flat or gently sloping roofs Submittal Date: Wed Oct 25 13:11:36 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Revisions clarify requirements for the installation of main conductors with emphasis on oneway paths, dead ends and when upward conductor paths are permitted.

28 28 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 139-NFPA [ Sections 4.9.1, 4.9.2, 4.9.3, ] 4.9.1* One-Way Path. Strike termination devices on a lower roof level that are interconnected by a conductor run from a higher roof level shall require only one horizontal or downward path to ground, provided the lower level roof conductor run does not exceed 40 ft (12 m). A See Figure A for an example of an additional path for conductor runs over 40 ft (12 m). Figure A Additional Path for Conductor Runs Over 40 ft (12 m).

29 29 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Dead Ends. A dead ended main conductor shall be permitted between a single strike termination device or connector fitting and a main conductor run under all of the following conditions: (1) Where the main-size conductor run to which the dead end is connected has a two-way path to ground (2) At a main protected roof level, where the horizontal portion of the dead-end conductor is not more than 8 ft (2.4 m) in total length (3) On a roof below the main protected roof level, where the dead-end conductor is not more than 16 ft (4.9 m) in total length, as shown in Figure (4) Where all dead-end conductor runs maintain a horizontal or downward course from the strike termination device to the connection point with the main conductor run Figure Dead End Substitution of Main Conductor Ancillary metal parts of a structure, such as eave troughs, downspouts, ladders, chutes, or other metal parts except as permitted in , shall not be substituted for the main conductor Permanent exterior metal handrails and ladders that are subject to direct lightning strikes (e.g., on roofs or between roofs) and are electrically continuous shall be permitted to be used as main conductors where the minimum thickness is in. (1.63 mm) Metal roofing or siding having a thickness of less than 3 16 in. (4.8 mm) shall not be substituted for main conductors * U or V Pockets. A U and V pockets often form at low-positioned chimneys, dormers, or other projections on sloped roofs or at parapet walls and typically have conductor bends with less than a 90-degree interior angle. Additional conductors with downward or horizontal paths eliminate the acute angle and provide the two-way path.

30 30 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Conductors shall maintain a horizontal or downward coursing free from U or V (down and up) pockets Such U and V pockets, often formed at low-positioned chimneys, dormers, or other projections on sloped roofs or at parapet walls, shall be provided with a down conductor from the base of the pocket to ground or to an adjacent down conductor, as shown in Figure Figure Pockets. Detail FR Conductors shall be permitted to be routed in an upward coursing for a vertical distance of no greater than 8 in. (200 mm) at through-roof or through-wall connections only, in order to mitigate tripping hazards, provided that the coursing complies with Supplemental Information File Name Description Approved staff_use_only_fr-139_new_figure.pdf new figure for down conductors FR-139 Submittal Date: Wed Oct 25 13:03:47 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Revisions clarify requirements for the installation of main conductors with emphasis on one-way paths, dead ends and when upward conductor paths are permitted. Revisions address concerns presented in the public input with respect to permitted installation practices. Annex material is added to explain a U or V pocket. Public Input No. 82-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 153-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 310-NFPA [Section No ]

31 31 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 88-NFPA [ Section No ] Cross-Run Conductors. Cross-run conductors (main conductors) shall be required to interconnect the strike termination devices on flat or gently sloping roofs that exceed 50 ft (15 m) in width * Cross-run conductors (main conductors) shall be required to interconnect the strike termination devices on flat or gently sloping roofs that exceed 50 ft (15 m) in width. A For example, roofs from 50 ft to 100 ft (15 m to 30 m) in width shall will require one cross-run conductor, roofs 100 ft to 150 ft (30 m to 45 m) in width shall will require two cross-run conductors, and so on For example, roofs from 50 ft to 100 ft (15 m to 30 m) in width shall require one cross-run conductor, roofs 100 ft to 150 ft (30 m to 45 m) in width shall require two cross-run conductors, and so on Cross-run conductors shall be connected to the main perimeter cable at intervals not exceeding 150 ft (45 m), as shown in Figure (a). Supplemental Information File Name FR-88_4.9.8_leg_changes.docx Description Approved For staff use Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 00:08:20 EDT 2017 : The text is explanatory and is relocated to the annex. Response Message: Public Input No. 161-NFPA [New Section after A ] Public Input No. 159-NFPA [Section No ]

32 32 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 86-NFPA [ Section No ] Grounding Where practicable, grounding electrodes shall be installed below the frost line where possible (excluding shallow topsoil conditions). Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 23:59:54 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The change reflects there are exceptions where installing grounds rods below the frost line is not always possible as later statements in the standard accommodate. Public Input No. 146-NFPA [Section No ]

33 33 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 145-NFPA [ Section No ] * The encased electrode shall consist of one of the following: (1) Not less than 20 ft (6 m) of bare copper main-size conductor (2) At least 20 ft (6 m) of one or more steel reinforcing bars or rods not less than 1 2 in. (12.7 mm) in diameter that have been effectively bonded together by welding, structural mechanical coupling, or overlapping 20 diameters and wire tying A Field experience has demonstrated that a copper conductor could experience accelerated corrosion at the point where the copper conductor exits the concrete. Concrete and soil composition could have a direct impact on the amount of corrosion, if any. Investigation of existing installations at the proposed site or chemical analysis of the concrete and soil composition would provide a basis to determine if additional corrosion protection is warranted. Each installation should be evaluated to determine the need for any additional corrosion protection. Tinned copper conductors or installation of a nonmetallic sleeve over the conductor where the conductor exits the concrete are two methods that could mitigate corrosion. The nonmetallic sleeve should extend 6 in. (150 mm) on each side of the transition from concrete to soil. See Sections 4.2 and 4.3 for additional requirements. Submittal Date: Tue Nov 07 12:33:52 EST 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The new annex material highlights the possibility of corrosion at the point where a bare copper conductor exits concrete and provides possible mitigation solutions. Public Input No. 240-NFPA [New Section after A ]

34 34 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 47-NFPA [ Section No ] * General. All grounded media and buried metallic conductors (including underground metallic piping systems) that can assist in providing a path for lightning currents in or on a structure shall be interconnected to the lightning protection system within 12 ft vertically (3.6 m) vertically of the base of the structure to provide a common ground potential. A The interconnection of incoming services to the lightning protection system should be performed as near the service entry as reasonable and not meander greatly through the structure before its interconnection. For larger structures with services entering the structure at different locations, multiple equipotential ground bus bars (EGB) should be considered. In these cases, the interconnection of the multiple EGBs is best accomplished through interconnection with a ground ring electrode. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 20:30:22 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The addition of (including underground metallic piping systems) provides a link between this clause and Existing requirements put no restrictions on the length an incoming metallic service can meander in the structure before being interconnected with the LPS as long as it does not exceed 12 feet in the vertical dimension. The annex text provides recommendations for limiting the extent of the horizontal dimension for incoming services. Public Input No. 315-NFPA [New Section after A ] Public Input No. 302-NFPA [Section No ]

35 35 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 49-NFPA [ Section No ] * Interconnection of underground metallic piping systems shall include, but not be limited to, water service, well casings located within 25 ft (7.6 m) of the structure, gas piping, underground conduits, and underground liquefied petroleum gas piping systems, and so on. If the water pipe is not electrically continuous due to the use of plastic pipe sections or other reasons, the nonconductive sections shall be bridged with main-size conductors, or the connection shall be made at a point where the required electrical continuity is ensured. A Corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST) can be used in a gas piping system. CSST should be bonded to the lightning protection system as much as possible to lower the probability of arcing. The CSST should be bonded as close to the gas service entrance as possible, at any appliance supplied by the CSST, and at any manifold present in the gas piping system. In addition, the length of any bonding conductor between the CSST gas piping system and the lightning protection grounding system should be as short as possible. Shorter bonding lengths might limit the voltage drop between CSST and other metal components, thereby lowering the probability of the development of an electric arc. The shorter bonding length might conduct a larger amount of current to ground and might reduce voltage differences on the CSST. No protective measures exist that can assure lightning protection of a CSST system installed in a facility. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 09:40:13 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: "Required" was added to clarify that the piping must be conductive in the section that is required to perform the function of common bonding of grounding systems. An editorial change deletes and so on as it is redundant with systems shall include. New annex material provides information on bonding of CSST. Public Input No. 154-NFPA [New Section after A ] Public Input No. 301-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 155-NFPA [Section No ]

36 36 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 50-NFPA [ Section No ] Bonding Interconnections. Where bonding of the lightning protection grounding system, grounded media, and buried metallic conductors has not been accomplished at a common point, interconnection shall be provided according to the following: Grounded media and buried metallic conductors shall be bonded to the lightning protection grounding system below a height 12 ft (3.6 m) vertically above the base of the structure. Grounded media and buried metallic conductors inherently bonded through construction to the lightning protection grounding system shall not require further bonding. The continuous metal framework of a structure shall be connected to the lightning protection system (see and Section 4.19 ). Main-size lightning conductors shall be used for direct connection of grounded media and buried metallic conductors to the lightning protection system. A ground bar designed for interconnection of building grounded systems shall have one connection to the lightning protection system. A continuous metal water pipe system designed for interconnection of building grounded systems shall be connected to the lightning protection system. Interconnection to a gas line shall be made on the customer s side of the meter. Where galvanic corrosion is a concern or where a direct bond is prohibited by local code, an isolating spark gap shall be permitted Where bonding of the lightning protection grounding system, grounded media, and buried metallic conductors has not been accomplished at a common point, interconnection shall be provided according to the following: (1) Grounded media and buried metallic conductors shall be bonded to the lightning protection grounding system below a height 12 ft (3.6 m) vertically above the base of the structure. (2)* Grounded Where grounded media and buried metallic conductors are inherently bonded through construction to the lightning protection grounding system, additional bonding shall not require further bonding be permitted but not required. A (2) A method to determine whether grounded media and buried metallic conductors are inherently bonded through construction is to perform a bonding test using test equipment suitable for the purpose. The measured bonding resistance for inherently bonded conductors should typically be in the range of tens of milliohms but should not exceed 200 milliohms. (3) The continuous metal framework of a structure shall be connected to the lightning protection system (see and Section 4.19). (4) Main-size lightning conductors shall be used for direct connection of grounded media and buried metallic conductors to the lightning protection system. (5) A continuous metal water pipe system designed for providing interconnection of building grounded systems shall be connected to the lightning protection system. (6)* Interconnection to a gas line shall be made on the customer s side of the meter *

37 37 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Where galvanic corrosion is a concern or where a direct bond is prohibited by local code, an isolating spark gap shall be permitted. A Isolating spark gaps can be used to provide the required bond in those cases where galvanic corrosion is a concern or where a direct bond is not allowed by local code. The use of isolating spark gaps is not recommended for those applications where significant follow current can be expected. It is recommended that isolating spark gaps used in this application be installed in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions and be rated for the environment in which they are to be installed (e.g., hazardous classified location, direct burial, etc., as applicable). The devices used in the applications should be rated at a maximum discharge current no less than 100 ka, 8/20 µs [2.5 kv spark overvoltage (Up)], have an isolating resistance no less than 10 8 ohms, and have a maximum dc spark overvoltage of 500 V. Supplemental Information File Name FR-50_A _8_.docx Description Approved For staff use Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 09:48:30 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Item (2) is revised to indicate that an additional bond is not required for the inherently bonded item but also not to restrict an additional bond if the additional bond is determined to provide an additional level of protection. Item (5) is deleted because the requirement is previously addressed in Item (6) is modified to clarify that the water pipe system need not be designed to provide the interconnection but may be used to provide the necessary interconnection. New annex material is presented to support the subsection. The current text in item (8) does not accurately express the value. Public Input No. 319-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 259-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 260-NFPA [New Section after A ] Public Input No. 258-NFPA [Section No. A (8)]

38 38 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 51-NFPA [ Section No ] Reinforced Concrete Structures Where the Reinforcement Is Interconnected and Grounded in Accordance with Grounded and ungrounded metal bodies exceeding 60 ft (18 m) in vertical length in or on reinforced concrete structures, where the reinforcement is interconnected and grounded in accordance with , shall be bonded to the lightning protection system as near as practicable to their extremities unless inherently bonded through construction at those locations. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 09:56:03 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: This editorial change moves the application requirement from the title to the body of the section. Public Input No. 264-NFPA [Section No ]

39 39 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 52-NFPA [ Section No ] Where such bonding has been accomplished either inherently through construction or by physical contact between electrically conductive materials, no additional bonding connection shall be required. Grounded metal bodies shall not require additional bonding if the measured dc resistance between the inherently bonded, electrically conductive materials and the nearest lightning protection component is less than 200 milliohms. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 10:02:14 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The term inherently bonded through construction is subjective and is open to different interpretations. Physical contact may not be enough to provide equal potential or prevent flashover. The revised text provides criteria. Public Input No. 292-NFPA [Section No ]

40 40 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 53-NFPA [ Section No ] Connections to Framework. Conductors shall be connected to areas of the structural metal framework that have been cleaned to base metal, by use of bonding plates having a surface contact area of not less than 8 in. 2 (5200 mm 2 ) or by welding or brazing. one of the following methods: (1) Bonding plates having a surface contact area of not less than 8 in. 2 (5200 mm 2 ) (2) Welding (3) Brazing (4) Drilling and tapping Drilling and tapping the metal framework to accept a threaded connector also shall be permitted Bonding plates shall have bolt-pressure cable connectors and shall be bolted, welded, or brazed to the structural metal framework so as to maintain electrical continuity The A threaded device connector drilled and tapped in the metal framework shall be installed with at least five threads fully engaged and secured with a jam nut or equivalent The threaded portion of the connector shall be not less than 1 2 in. (12.7 mm) in diameter Bonding plates shall have bolt-pressure cable connectors and shall be bolted, welded, or brazed to the structural metal framework so as to maintain electrical continuity * Where corrosion-protective paint or coatings are removed as part of the bonding process, the completed electrical connection shall have corrosion protection equivalent to the original coating. Supplemental Information File Name FR-53_4.19.3_leg_changes.docx Description Approved For staff use Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 10:21:35 EDT 2017

41 41 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM : The section was revised for clarity. Response Message: Public Input No. 323-NFPA [Section No. A ] Public Input No. 322-NFPA [Section No ]

42 42 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 109-NFPA [ Section No ] SPDs shall be installed at all power service entrances (see , , and for selection criteria). Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 09:49:52 EDT 2017 : The added text provides the user with information on where to find selection criteria. Response Message: Public Input No. 306-NFPA [Section No ]

43 43 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 107-NFPA [ Section No ] * Measured Limiting Voltage of an SPD. The published voltage protection rating (VPR) for each mode of protection shall be selected to be no greater than those given in Table for the different power distribution systems to which they can be connected. Table Maximum Allowed Voltage Protection Rating per Mode of Protection Provided for Different Power Distribution Systems to Which the SPD Can Be Connected Power Distribution System Line-to- Line-to- Neutral-to- Line-to- Neutral Ground Ground Line 120 2W + ground W + ground /240 3W + ground /208 WYE 4W + ground /480 WYE 4W + ground /480 WYE 4W + HRG (high-resistance ground) /600 WYE 4W + ground DELTA 3W + ground (corner grounded) DELTA 3W (ungrounded) DELTA 3W + ground (corner grounded) DELTA 3W (ungrounded) A The measured limiting voltages of the SPD should be selected to limit damage to the service or equipment protected. Devices rated in accordance with the 3rd edition of ANSI/UL 1449, Standard for Safety for Surge Protective Devices, reflect that the voltage rating test in this edition utilizes a 3 ka peak current instead of the 500 A current level previously used in the SVR test of the 2nd edition of ANSI/ UL 1449, Standard for Safety for Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors. Supplemental Information File Name FR-107_A _leg_changes.docx Description Approved For staff use

44 44 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 03:17:43 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The 277/480 Wye HRG ratings do not have the same ratings as Grounded Wye systems. HRG power systems move with respect to ground similar to ungrounded Delta power systems. Consequently SPDs for HRG systems must be configured like 480V Ungrounded Deltas having higher L-G ratings. Annex: The reference to the 3rd edition is removed since the reference editions are addressed in Annex O. Public Input No. 57-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 313-NFPA [Section No. A ]

45 45 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 104-NFPA [ Section No [Excluding any Sub- Sections] ] SPDs protecting communications systems shall be grounded, with the exception of devices that perform their surge protection function through isolation. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 03:10:37 EDT 2017 : The revised text addresses conditions where isolation type devices are used. Response Message: Public Input No. 7-NFPA [Section No [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]

46 46 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 105-NFPA [ Section No ] * SPDs protecting communications systems shall be grounded in accordance with Chapter 8 of NFPA 70, Chapter 8 with the exception of devices that perform their surge protection function through isolation. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 03:13:16 EDT 2017 : The revised text addresses conditions where isolation type devices are used. Response Message: Public Input No. 8-NFPA [Section No ]

47 47 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 106-NFPA [ Section No ] * SPDs for data and signal line protection shall provide common mode protection, with the exception of devices that perform their surge protection function through isolation. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 03:15:15 EDT 2017 : The revised text addresses conditions where isolation type devices are used. Response Message: Public Input No. 9-NFPA [Section No ]

48 48 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 108-NFPA [ Section No ] * SPDs shall be located and installed so as to minimize lead length. Interconnecting, and interconnecting leads shall be routed so as to avoid sharp bends, coils,or kinks. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 09:44:09 EDT 2017 : The revised text highlights that coiled conductors also must be considered. Response Message: Public Input No. 145-NFPA [Section No ]

49 49 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 113-NFPA [ New Section after ] Isolation techniques such as insulative floors, insulative mats, or other technologies to reduce the threat of step potential shall be permitted. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 11:10:20 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The new section provides additional options to to reduce the threat of step potential. Public Input No. 353-NFPA [Section No ]

50 50 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 33-NFPA [ Section No ] Lightning Protection System. Structures not meeting the requirements of shall be provided with protection in accordance with the requirements of Section 7.3 except as modified for specific types of structures (see Section 7.4). Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 16:29:50 EDT 2017 : A space has been added between of and Response Message: Public Input No. 334-NFPA [Section No ]

51 51 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 28-NFPA [ New Section after ] A ground ring electrode or ground loop conductor shall not be required for structures with a perimeter projection of 200 ft (60 m) total or less. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 12:41:04 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The added text identifies a structure perimeter size for which a ground ring electrode or ground loop conductor would not be required. This minimum size requirement should also minimize the probability of requiring a ground ring electrode for covered gas pumps. Public Input No. 326-NFPA [New Section after ]

52 52 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 27-NFPA [ Section No ] A Except as specified in and , a ground ring electrode or ground loop conductor supplemented by grounding electrodes as identified in through shall be provided for structures containing flammable vapors, flammable gases, or liquids that can give off flammable vapors. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 12:30:57 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: The added exceptions provide perimeter size below which a ground loop conductor is not required and clarify how metal tanks are grounded. Public Input No. 275-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 325-NFPA [Section No ]

53 53 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 29-NFPA [ Section No ] A metal tank shall be grounded by one of the following methods: (1) A tank shall be connected without insulated joints to a grounded metallic piping system [i.e., electrically continuous, buried, and in direct contact with earth for at least 10 ft (3 m)]. (2) A vertical cylindrical tank shall rest on earth or concrete and shall be at least 20 ft (6 m) in diameter, or shall rest on bituminous pavement and shall be at least 50 ft (15 m) in diameter. (3) A tank shall be grounded through a minimum of two grounding electrodes, as described in Section 4.13, at maximum 100 ft (30 m) intervals along the perimeter of the tank. (4) A tank installation using an insulating membrane beneath for environmental or other reasons shall be grounded as in (3) (4). Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 12:48:49 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: New item (2) provides a description of grounded metallic piping system that is consistent with Public Input No. 276-NFPA [New Section after ]

54 54 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 30-NFPA [ Section No ] * If nonconductive primary seals are installed, shunts shall be installed as follows: (1) The shunts shall consist of a flexible stainless steel conductor of at least in. 2 (20 mm 2 ) crosssectional area or of other material conductors of equivalent current-carrying capacity and corrosion resistance. (2) The minimum width of the shunt shall be 2 in. (50 mm). (3) The shunts shall be spaced at intervals no greater than 10 ft (3 m) around the perimeter of the floating roof. (4) The shunt shall have as short and direct a path as possible from the conductive floating roof to the tank shell. (5) The shunts shall be of the minimum length necessary to permit the function of the floating roof assembly. (6) The shunts shall be of the minimum length necessary to remain in contact with the shell during the full horizontal and vertical design movement of the floating roof. (7)* The shunts and terminations shall be of sufficient flexibility, cross-sectional area, and corrosion resistance to maximize service life. (8) The planned operation of the tank shall determine the placement of shunts as follows: (a) For ordinary operations, the shunt-to-shell contact point shall be submerged at least 12 in. (300 mm) below the surface of the liquid product. (b) For tanks that are routinely run drain-dry, the shunts shall be placed above the tank roof deck. The shunt-to-shell contact point shall be submerged at least 1 ft (0.3 m) below the surface of the liquid product. (9) Above-deck shunts shall be removed when retrofitting existing tanks with submerged shunts. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 13:24:31 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The added items and revision address the risk of the operation of running a tank drain-dry when submerged shunts are used. Public Input No. 178-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 280-NFPA [Section No ]

55 55 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 31-NFPA [ Section No ] Each conductor, including connections connectors, shall have a maximum end-to-end electrical resistance of 0.03 ohm. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 13:48:36 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Resistance including connections cannot be readily determined by the manufacturer or in the field. Public Input No. 279-NFPA [Section No ]

56 56 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 32-NFPA [ Section No ] Any non fully submerged conductive conductive seal assembly components, including springs, scissor assemblies, and seal membranes, that are not fully submerged shall be electrically insulated from the tank roof or bonded to the roof in accordance with the requirements of Section Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 15:32:27 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The restructured clause clarifies the requirement is applicable for conductive seal assembly components that are not fully submerged and the addition of the bonding option is to allow flexibility in the method to prevent arcing. Public Input No. 190-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 282-NFPA [Section No ]

57 57 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 111-NFPA [ Section No ] The If insulated, the insulation level shall be rated 1 kv or greater. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 10:31:49 EDT 2017 : The revision clarifies the insulation level if insulation is used. Response Message: Public Input No. 287-NFPA [Section No ]

58 58 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 110-NFPA [ Section No ] Any gauge or guide pole components, telescoping legs, or assemblies that penetrate the tank s floating roof shall be electrically insulated from the tank s floating roof roof or bonded to the roof in accordance with the requirements of Section Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 10:26:01 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The clause is restructured to clarify the requirement is applicable for conductive seal assembly components that are not fully submerged and the addition of the bonding option is to allow flexibility in the method to prevent arcing. Public Input No. 284-NFPA [Section No ]

59 59 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 112-NFPA [ Section No ] The If insulated, the insulation level shall be rated 1 kv or greater. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 10:34:49 EDT 2017 : The revision clarifies the insulation level if insulation is used. Response Message: Public Input No. 286-NFPA [Section No ]

60 60 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 116-NFPA [ New Section after ] Nonmetallic Tanks Each tank appurtenance with an insulating gasket, such as a thief hatch, shall be equipped with a flexible bonding conductor across the insulating gasket * On each tank constructed of nonconductive material, each metallic appurtenance shall be bonded to all other metallic appurtenances with a minimum of main-size Class I conductor. A Examples of metallic appurtenances include, but are not limited to, pipes, valves, thief hatch collars, and bull plugs Metal bolts on a nonconductive manway shall not be required to be bonded as described in this section The bonded mass of appurtenances shall be bonded to ground or to a grounded structure Tanks installed in a multi-tank battery shall be electrically bonded to all other tanks through Class I main conductors or through connection by electrically contiguous metal walkways Each tank or tank battery shall be protected with air terminals installed to meet the requirements of Chapter Single main and down conductors and single paths to ground for individual air terminals shall be allowed Bonding jumpers shall be installed across insulating joints, flanges, and valves Stored Product Bonding Each tank containing a flammable liquid or liquid capable of producing flammable vapors or gas shall be equipped with an internal static drain (inductive neutralizer) as described in of NFPA The static drain shall be electrically bonded at its upper end to the thief hatch collar or other grounded metal appurtenance or conductor The end-to-end electrical resistance of the static drain, including connectors, shall not exceed 1.0 ohm The static drain shall be of sufficient length and rigidity that it penetrates the surface of the contained product at all operating fill levels.

61 61 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Committee Statement : The new section provides guidance for the lightning protection of nonmetallic tanks. Response Message: Public Input No. 274-NFPA [New Section after 7.3.5] Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 12:51:22 EDT 2017 Public Input No. 350-NFPA [Section No ]

62 62 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 42-NFPA [ Section No ] 8.3.2* Metallic (Faraday-Like) Cage. Where optimum protection for structures housing explosives is required (as determined by the AHJ), a grounded, continuously conductive enclosure, as shown in Figure 8.3.2, shall be used. Figure Metallic (Faraday-Like) Cage. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 17:55:26 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: The added note eliminates any confusion as to whether grounding of the metallic (Faradaytype) cage is required to be grounded even though the grounding is not shown in the figure.

63 63 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Response Message:

64 64 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 38-NFPA [ Section No ] Metallic masts shall be grounded as shown in Figure Figure Connection of Metallic Masts to Ground Ring Electrode. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 17:11:35 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The change of 1 ft (0.3 m) to 12 in. (300 mm) and 2 ft (0.6 m) to 24 in. (600 mm) is to reflect the proper inferred accuracy of the value and that the SI conversion is an approximate value. Public Input No. 170-NFPA [Section No ]

65 65 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 36-NFPA [ Section No ] The ground ring electrode shall be installed no less than 3 ft (0.9 1 m) from the structure foundation or footing. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 17:01:21 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Given the requirements in 1.7 that SI units reflect requirements and metric equivalents are only approximate, the metric equivalent is revised to 1 m to align with international standards requirements. Public Input No. 184-NFPA [Section No ]

66 66 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 43-NFPA [ Section No [Excluding any Sub-Sections] ] All railroad tracks (including siding tracks) that are located within 6 ft (1.8 m) of a facility housing explosives shall be bonded to the lightning protection system ground ring electrode using a main-size conductor buried a minimum of 18 in. (450 mm) below grade (see Figure 8.5.7). Figure Grounding and Bonding of Railroad Tracks (Not to Scale). Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 17:57:19 EDT 2017

67 67 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Committee Statement: Response Message: Revised terminology is consistent with other parts of the standard and common industry terms.

68 68 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 40-NFPA [ Sections , ] Air terminals Strike termination devices shall be placed on to cover the headwall, any ventilator, or other metal bodies as required to provide a zone of protection in accordance with Sections 8.2 and Air terminals Strike termination devices shall be permitted but are not required for portions of the magazine where a minimum earth cover of 2 ft (0.6 m) 24 in. (600 mm) is maintained. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 17:21:42 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Sections and are revised to identify that strike termination devices other than air terminals may be used to provide the required zone of protection. The change of 2 ft (0.6 m) to 24 in. (600 mm) is to reflect the proper inferred accuracy of the value and that the SI conversion is an approximate value. Response Message: Public Input No. 56-NFPA [Sections , ] Public Input No. 171-NFPA [Section No ]

69 69 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 35-NFPA [ Section No. 8.9 ] 8.9* Maintenance and Inspection Plan. A maintenance and inspection plan shall be developed for all protection systems used to protect structures housing explosives. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 16:58:52 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Plan is added to the title of the clause to make it clear that 8.9 discusses the plan and 8.10 provides details on implementation of the plan. Public Input No. 300-NFPA [Section No. 8.9]

70 70 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 41-NFPA [ Section No ] The dc resistance of any single object bonded to the lightning protection system shall not exceed 1 ohm 200 milliohms. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 17:52:51 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The bonding resistance to the LPS is reduced to minimize the voltage that can appear between the LPS and bonded item and to align the bonding resistance with IEC requirements for bonding in explosives facilities. Public Input No. 299-NFPA [Section No ]

71 71 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 78-NFPA [ Section No ] * A conducting fitting constructed of metal other than copper or aluminum that neither contains electrical wiring nor connects conductors containing electrical wiring shall be permitted to be used as a main conductor if it has at least the cross-sectional area given by one of the following formulas: [ a] where: A = cross-sectional area (in. 2 ) ρ = resistivity (Ω in.) Cp = specific heat capacity (BTU Btu /lbm F) D = density (lb m/in. 2 3 ) MP = melting point ( F) [ b] where: A = cross-sectional area (mm 2 ) ρ = resistivity (Ω m) Cp = specific heat capacity (J kg -1 J/kg 1 K 1 ) D = density (kg m -3 kg/m 3 ) MP = melting point (K) Supplemental Information File Name FR-78_A _leg_changes.docx Description Approved For staff use Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 23:35:53 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Density is measured as [mass / volume]. Annex: The hyphen in the superscript of the exponent has been changed to a minus sign in

72 72 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Response Message: both Tables A (a) and A (b). Public Input No. 2-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 126-NFPA [Section No. A ]

73 First Revision No. 79-NFPA [ Section No ] * A conducting fitting constructed of metal other than copper or aluminum that neither contains electrical wiring nor connects conductors containing electrical wiring shall be permitted to be used as a bonding conductor if it meets the minimum cross-sectional area given by one of the following formulas: [ a] where: A = cross-sectional area (in. 2 ) ρ = resistivity (Ω in.) Cp = specific heat capacity (BTU Btu /lbm F) D = density (lb m/in. 2 3 ) MP = melting point ( F) [ b] where: A = cross-sectional area (mm 2 ) ρ = resistivity (Ω m) Cp = specific heat capacity (J kg -1 J/kg 1 K 1 ) D = density (kg m -3 kg/m 3 ) MP = melting point (K) Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 23:38:20 EDT 2017 : Density is measured as [mass / volume]. Response Message: Public Input No. 3-NFPA [Section No ] 73 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM

74 74 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 21-NFPA [ Section No ] * The loop conductor shall be connected to at least one main conductor by means of a main conductor. A main conductor connected to a strike termination device along the center axis of the watercraft shall be connected to the loop conductor by a two-way path. A Typical applications are sailboat masts and amidships towers. A mast in a sailboat could require a masthead air terminal or the tip of a metal mast could act as an air terminal. If the mast material is aluminum and its cross-sectional area exceeds the requirements in , then the mast itself is permitted to act as an air terminal and main conductor. For other mast materials, such as carbon fiber composite (CFC) and wood, a separate conductor is required for the main conductor. Connections to the loop conductor should be made via two main conductors, typically one to port and one to starboard. In determination of the path in each case, conductor bends (see ), and total conductor length should be minimized and U or V pockets (see ) avoided wherever possible. Conductor paths that are long and tortuous result in larger voltages being induced between the ends of the conductor. For watercraft with multiple masts or towers, the main conductor for each should be connected to the loop conductor by two main conductors in a similar fashion For a vessel with a perimeter greater than 100 ft (30 m), at least one main conductor shall be connected from the loop conductor to the grounding electrode system for each 100 ft (30 m) of the perimeter. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 17:58:13 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: The revised text clarifies that a centrally located main conductor should have a two-way path to each side of the loop conductor to be consistent with The new section adds a requirement so that it is consistent with Response Message: Th new annex material adds clarification that the intent of is to address conductors in sail boat masts and amidships towers in powerboats. Public Input No. 55-NFPA [Section No ]

75 75 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 6-NFPA [ Section No ] * This chapter shall provide the minimum requirements for the installation of a lightning protection system installation requirements for airfield lighting systems and components.

76 76 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM A

77 77 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Chapter 11 pertains to lightning protection of airfield lighting systems. These systems are installed underground in both paved (i.e., full-strength pavement and shoulder pavement) and unpaved areas. The protected components include in-pavement fixtures, elevated fixtures, airfield signs, underground power, communications systems, control and signal circuits, and components of runway, taxiway, and apron lighting systems. These systems are installed on the portions of an airport that encompass the approach, departure, landing, takeoff, taxiing, and parking areas for aircraft and include runways, taxiways, and other parts of an airport used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing of aircraft; loading ramps; and parking areas exclusive of building-mounted helipads, approach light structures, and antennas. This chapter could also apply to other areas with airfield lighting systems. There are two generally accepted methods for providing lightning protection for airfield lighting circuits: equipotential and isolation. The equipotential method, which is described in , is shown in Figure A (a). The isolation method, which is described in , is shown in Figure A (b). The two methods should not be employed on a single circuit. The designer should select the installation method based upon sound engineering practices and the success of the selected method in previous installations. Figure A (a) Equipotential Method. Figure A (b) Isolation Method for Elevated Edge Lights Installed in Turf or Stabilized Soil.

78 78 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Supplemental Information File Name staff_use_only_fr-6_mod_figure.annex_a.docx Description Approved Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 11:38:23 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: The revised text clarifies that the standard provides minimum LPS installation requirements and does not mandate installation of a LPS. Annex: The adjective "elevated" has been added in front of the term edge light to accurately reflect the fixture shown in Figure and installation practice. Response Message: The reference paragraph and figure in Note 3 was changed to match the correct reference. Public Input No. 101-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 67-NFPA [Section No. A ]

79 79 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 7-NFPA [ Section No ] * Lightning Installation of lightning protection systems for airfield lighting shall be installed entirely underground below grade in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 11:44:03 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The revised text clearly defines that lightning protection for airfield lighting systems is completely below grade. Public Input No. 102-NFPA [Section No ]

80 80 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 19-NFPA [ Section No ] The airfield lighting counterpoise system shall also provide lightning protection for parallel (voltagepowered) circuits, control circuits, and monitoring circuits. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 17:24:45 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Since the chapter is dedicated to airfield lighting lightning protection, the mandatory text is eliminated for non-airfield lighting applications.

81 81 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 17-NFPA [ Section No ] To reduce the potential for flashover and any inductive or capacitive coupling arising from a lightning strike, the counterpoise conductor shall be a separate bare conductor and not be located within any raceway used for power, communications, control, or signal conductors. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 17:09:22 EDT 2017 : The revised text reflects that the counterpoise conductor is bare and to match Response Message:

82 82 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 8-NFPA [ Section No ] * In locations where bare copper counterpoise conductors are will be adversely affected by the environment, corrosion-resistant materials (e.g., tinned copper, stainless steel, etc. ) as permitted by the AHJ shall be utilized. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 12:11:28 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The tense of the verb is changed. The requirement should be implemented prior to installation. Public Input No. 104-NFPA [Section No ]

83 83 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 9-NFPA [ Section No ] The counterpoise conductor shall be installed either centered over the raceway or cable to be protected as described in through and as shown in Figure or in accordance with Figure Counterpoise Centered Over Raceway or Cable to Be Protected The counterpoise conductor shall be installed no less than 8 in. (200 mm) above the raceway or cable to be protected, except as permitted in and * The minimum counterpoise conductor height above the raceway or cable to be protected shall be permitted to be adjusted subject to coordination with the airfield lighting and pavement designs.

84 84 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM A Airfield pavement systems design is an intricate engineering solution involving a large number of complex variables. Operating aircraft and pavement systems interact with each other, which. This interaction must be addressed by the pavement design process. Structural designs of airfield pavement systems include determination of the overall pavement system thickness to achieve the final design objectives. Airfield pavement systems are normally constructed in courses or layers. Many factors influence the pavement system layer thicknesses required to provide satisfactory pavement system design. Among them Two key components that affect the structural design of the pavement system are the type of pavement and the load-bearing capacity of the supporting materials, key components that affect the structural design of the pavement system. A typical pavement system design might consist of the following layers: (1) Conditioned and compacted earth fill and subgrade below the pavement system (typically 100 percent compaction required) (2) Enhanced subbase course material, including additional layering, or enhanced existing subgrade (3) Pavement base course (flexible or semirigid materials to support the pavement surface materials) (4) Final pavement surface, either hot mix asphalt (HMA), a flexible pavement typically installed in multiple layers, or Portland cement concrete (PCC), a rigid pavement typically installed in one layer The thickness of each of the overall pavement layers is determined by the structural requirements of the pavement system based on existing conditions, aircraft sizes and weights, number of repetitions, environmental factors, and other features. The airfield lighting system is incorporated into the airfield pavement system. The design of the depth and the height of the various airfield lighting system components, including light bases, light base accessories, conduits, and counterpoise conductors, and the like, must be adjusted to integrate the components into the varying pavement system layer thicknesses. Although reasonable effort should be made to comply with the 8 in. (200 mm) requirement contained in , it is for these reasons that the variation described in is necessary * Where the raceway is installed by the directional bore, jack and bore, or other drilling method, the counterpoise conductor shall be permitted to be installed concurrently with the directional bore, jack and bore, or other drilling method raceway, external to the raceway or sleeve. A Where existing pavement cannot be cut, raceway is typically installed under the pavement by the directional bore, jack and bore, or other drilling method. Where raceway is installed by a drilling method, it is permissible to install the counterpoise conductor concurrent with the drilling method raceway, external to the raceway or sleeve. This could result in the counterpoise conductor being wrapped around the raceway in an unknown position relative to the raceway or cable being protected. The installation of the counterpoise conductor is required to maintain the equipotential bonding of the overall lightning protection system. The lightning protection afforded by this process is reduced; however, this manner of installation is more effective than omission of the counterpoise conductor. Where multiple directional bores are necessary, ensure each end of the counterpoise conductor is associated with its respective directional bore. This method is not recommended for projects where the pavement is being overlaid or replaced. Where pavement is being overlaid or replaced, the counterpoise conductor should be installed prior to any paving operations in accordance with the requirements of Chapter The counterpoise conductor shall be installed no more than 12 in. (300 mm) above the raceway or cable to be protected.

85 85 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM The counterpoise conductor height above the protected raceway(s) or cable(s) shall be calculated to ensure that the raceway or cable is within a 45-degree area of protection * The area of protection shall be determined only by the 45-degree triangular prism area of protection method method depicted in Figure Figure Area of Protection Triangular Prism The counterpoise conductor shall be bonded to each metallic light base, mounting stake, and metallic airfield lighting component * All metallic airfield lighting components in the field circuit on the output side of the constant current regulator (CCR) or other power source shall be bonded to the airfield lighting counterpoise system. A The intent of is that all metallic lighting components, including light bases, metallic fixtures, metal and manhole cover/frames, and the like be bonded to the counterpoise conductor. The phrase output side of the constant current regulator (CCR) or other power source refers to the field circuit. The input power to the CCR or airfield lighting power source should be grounded provided with an equipment grounding conductor (EGC) in accordance with NFPA 70. Supplemental Information File Name Description Approved staff_usse_only_fr-9_new_figure.docx new figure for FR-9 FR-9_Annex_A_changes.docx For staff use Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 12:26:54 EDT 2017

86 86 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Committee Statement: The revised section separates the two methods of airfield lighting lightning protection. Section describes the equipotential method and Section describes the isolation method. Figure is added to better illustrate the triangular prism method. A : The sentence in Paragraph 1 is split into two sentences to provide clarity. Paragraph 2 is revised to improve and clarify the understanding of the Standard. A : The added text clarifies that counterpoise conductors need to be associated with their respective directional bore ducts. A : The revised text accurately describes the bonding being performed in accordance with the NEC. Response Message: Public Input No. 107-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 117-NFPA [Section No. A ] Public Input No. 65-NFPA [Section No. A ] Public Input No. 118-NFPA [Section No. A ] Public Input No. 69-NFPA [Section No. A ]

87 87 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 2-NFPA [ Section No [Excluding any Sub- Sections] ] As an alternate counterpoise installation method for elevated edge light fixtures installed in turf or stabilized soils and for raceways or cables adjacent to the full strength pavement edge, the counterpoise conductor shall be installed halfway between the pavement edge and the light base, mounting stake, raceway, or cable, as described in through and as shown in Figure Figure Alternate Counterpoise Installation Method for Elevated Edge Light Fixtures Installed in Turf or Stabilized Soils and for Raceways or Cables Adjacent to the Full Strength Pavement Edge. Supplemental Information File Name Description Approved staff_use_only_fr-2_figure.docx modified figure for SR 48 Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 10:51:36 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: The adjective elevated has been added in front of edge light (in two locations) to accurately reflect the fixture shown in Figure and installation practice. Grass or stabilized soil has

88 88 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Response Message: been added to the figure to match the mandatory text. Public Input No. 109-NFPA [Section No [Excluding any Sub-Sections]] Public Input No. 66-NFPA [Section No [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]

89 89 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 11-NFPA [ Section No ] The 45-degree area of protection shall be maintained in accordance with Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 13:17:15 EDT 2017 : The corrected reference refers the user to the specific section. Response Message: Public Input No. 110-NFPA [Section No ]

90 90 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 12-NFPA [ Section No ] The maximum width of the area of protection separation between counterpoise conductors shall be twice the height of the counterpoise conductor above the protected raceway or cable. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 13:20:23 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The revised text clarifies that the text and figure refer to the distance between the conductors. Public Input No. 111-NFPA [Section No ]

91 91 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 61-NFPA [ Section No ] * Where raceways or cables cross, the counterpoise conductors shall be interconnected. A To maintain all counterpoise conductors at the same potential, all counterpoise conductors should be bonded at all crossings and intersections. Crossing counterpoise conductors could be at different elevations. All counterpoise conductors within 5 ft (1.5 m) of each other should be bonded. Every reasonable and prudent means should be utilized to locate all intersecting or crossing counterpoise conductors. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 13:27:25 EDT 2017 : The new Annex material better explains the reasoning for counterpoise bonding. Response Message: Public Input No. 112-NFPA [Section No ]

92 92 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 62-NFPA [ Section No ] For existing metallic light bases without ground straps, the installation of ground straps shall not interfere with the structural integrity of the light base. The retroactive installation of ground straps on existing metallic light bases shall comply with the following: (1) The installation of ground straps shall only be required on existing light bases encountered as part of new construction. (2) The installation of ground straps shall not interfere with the structural integrity of the light base. Supplemental Information File Name FR-62_ _leg_changes.docx Description Approved For staff use Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 13:30:05 EDT 2017 : The revised text clarifies that a global retrofitting of existing light bases is not required. Response Message: Public Input No. 114-NFPA [Section No ]

93 93 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 13-NFPA [ Section No ] * All counterpoise conductor connectors, grounding connectors, and bonding connectors shall be listed with relevant standards. A Relevant standards could be ANSI/UL 467, Grounding and Bonding Equipment, ANSI/UL 96, Standard for Lightning Protection Components, and other standards applicable to this application. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 13:53:08 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The section and associated annex is deleted as the intent is currently addressed by Section 1.3. Public Input No. 115-NFPA [Section No ]

94 94 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 14-NFPA [ Section No ] * The metallic light base ground strap with ground clamp shall be used for connection of the counterpoise conductor grounding and bonding connections to the light base. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 13:57:04 EDT 2017 : The revised text provides for use in both the equipotential and isolation methods. Response Message: Public Input No. 116-NFPA [Section No ]

95 95 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 22-NFPA [ Section No ] 12.1 General. The intent of this chapter shall be to provide lightning protection requirements for roof-mounted or groundmounted solar arrays (photovoltaic and thermal collectors) and associated electrical or mechanical systems. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 18:46:33 EDT 2017 : The scope of the chapter includes both thermal and PV arrays. Response Message: Public Input No. 63-NFPA [Chapter 12 [Title Only]]

96 96 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 23-NFPA [ Section No ] Sloped solar panels or arrays having a horizontal distance (run) of 40 ft (12 m) or less and a slope of 1 8(7.5 degrees from the horizontal) or greater and solar panels or arrays having a horizontal distance (run) of more than 40 ft (12 m) and a slope of 1 4(15 degrees from the horizontal) or greater shall have strike termination devices located as follows: (1) Strike termination devices shall be located such that they extend a minimum of 10 in. ( mm) vertically above the uppermost edge of the solar panel or array. (2) Strike termination devices shall be located such that they are within 2 ft (0.6 m) 24 in. (600 mm) of the ends of the apex of the solar panel or array. (3) Strike termination devices shall be located within 2 ft (0.6 m) 24 in. (600 mm) of the apex of the solar panel or array. (4) Strike termination devices shall be located at intervals not exceeding 20 ft (6 m) along the apex of the solar panel or array. (5) Strike termination devices that extend 2 ft (0.6 m) 24 in. (600 mm) or more above the apex of the solar panel or array shall be permitted to be placed at intervals not exceeding 25 ft (7.6 m) along the uppermost edge of the solar panel or array. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 10:03:26 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: The expression of the slope requirement has been revised to include degrees from horizontal to be consistent with how it is represented in the solar industry to reduce the risk of conversion errors. The SI conversion for 10 inches (254 mm) to 250 mm and 2 ft (0.6 m) to 24 in. (600 mm) have been changed to reflect the proper inferred accuracy of the value and that the SI conversion is an approximate value. Response Message: Public Input No. 64-NFPA [Section No ] Public Input No. 173-NFPA [Section No ]

97 97 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 24-NFPA [ Section No ] Solar panels or arrays that have a slope of less than 1 4(15 degrees from horizontal) and the distance from the uppermost edge to the lowermost edge along the face of the panel or array exceeds 20 ft (6 m) shall have strike termination devices located as follows: (1) Strike termination devices shall be located within 2 ft (0.6 m) 24 in. (600 mm) of the outermost corners of the solar panel or array unless those corners are within a zone of protection. (2) Strike termination devices shall be located at intervals not exceeding 20 ft (6 m) along all edges of the solar panel or array unless those edges are within a zone of protection. (3) Strike termination devices that extend 2 ft (0.6 m) 24 in. (600 mm) or more above the edges of the solar panel or array shall be permitted to be placed at intervals not exceeding 25 ft (7.6 m) along the edges of the solar panel or array. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 10:15:38 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The expression of the slope requirement has been revised to include degrees from horizontal to be consistent with how it is represented in the solar industry to reduce the risk of conversion errors. The SI conversion for 2 ft (0.6 m) to 24 in. (600 mm) have been changed to reflect the proper inferred accuracy of the value and that the SI conversion is an approximate value. Public Input No. 174-NFPA [Section No ]

98 98 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 25-NFPA [ Section No ] PV surge protective devices shall have a nominal discharge current rating (In) of 20kA 8/20 µs per mode. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 10:17:55 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The symbol for nominal discharge current is an upper case italic I followed by a lower case non-italic subscript n. Public Input No. 123-NFPA [Section No ]

99 99 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 26-NFPA [ Section No ] Surge protective devices shall have a nominal discharge current rating (In) of 20kA 8/20 µs per mode. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 10:21:46 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: The symbol for nominal discharge current is an upper case italic I followed by a lower case non-italic subscript n. Public Input No. 124-NFPA [Section No ]

100 100 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 74-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A Main-size lightning conductors are not manufactured to standard American Wire Gauge (AWG) sizes. Bare AWG conductors are not typically listed for the purpose for lightning protection by any listing authority. Table A provides comparisons between lightning protection conductors and the closest AWG sizes from Table 8 in Chapter 9 of NFPA 70. Table A Lightning Protection Conductors Lightning Conductor Area A. Class I main-size copper lightning conductor 57,400 cir. mils #2 AWG 66,360 cir. mils #3 AWG 52,620 cir. mils B. Class I main-size aluminum lightning conductor 98,600 cir. mils #1 AWG 83,690 cir. mils #1/0 AWG 105,600 cir. mils C. Class II main-size copper lightning conductor 115,000 cir. mils #1/0 AWG 105,600 cir. mils #2/0 AWG 133,100 cir. mils D. Class II main-size aluminum lightning conductor 192,000 cir. mils #3/0 AWG 167,800 cir. mils #4/0 AWG 211,600 cir. mils Lightning bonding conductor Copper 26,240 cir. mils #6 AWG 26,240 cir. mils Lightning bonding conductor Aluminum 41,100 cir. mils #4 AWG 41,740 cir. mils Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 16:47:00 EDT 2017 : The capitol letter references have been removed from the titles. The titles are sufficient. Response Message: Public Input No. 125-NFPA [Section No. A ] Public Input No. 191-NFPA [Section No. A ]

101 101 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 96-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A Figure A depicts the 150 ft (45 m) rolling sphere method for structures of selected heights up to 150 ft (45 m). Based on the height of the strike termination device for a protected structure being 25 ft (7.6 m), 50 ft (15 m), 75 ft (23 m), 100 ft (30 m), or 150 ft (45 m) aboveground, reference to the appropriate curve shows the anticipated zone of protection for objects and roofs at lower elevations. Figure A Zone of Protection Utilizing Rolling Sphere Method.

102 102 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 00:57:48 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The text on the figure has been moved so that it does not obscure each curve. The 46 on both the X and Y axis has been changed to 45. Public Input No. 304-NFPA [Section No. A ]

103 103 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 89-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A Definitions in NFPA 70(NEC) and in this standard for bonded (bonding), grounded, grounding, and grounding electrode are similar. The actual sections in the NEC and in this standard that define what constitutes these various items point to differences in application, equipment, and requirements. Section of the NEC requires that all electrodes present at each building or structure be bonded together to form the grounding electrode system, which coordinates with the requirements of Section The differences occur in Section of the NEC, which describes grounding electrode devices not shown in Section Grounding electrode devices described in Section of the NEC but not referenced in this document include the following: (1) (A)(1): 10 ft (3 m) of metallic underground water pipe extending from the structure in contact with earth. (2) (A)(2)(1) : The metal frame of the structure in contact with earth. (3) (A)(3)(2): The concrete-encased electrode described as #4 AWG would need to be a main-size conductor per (4) (A)(4): The ground ring electrode not smaller than 2 AWG is acceptable for Class I but would not be acceptable for Class II (see Table ). (5) (A)(5): Pipe electrodes described in item (a) are not included. Rod electrodes described in item (b) as zinc-coated steel are not covered (see ). (6) (A)(6): Other listed electrodes would need to comply with the various sections paragraphs of Section (7) (A)(7): Plate electrodes would need to comply with (8) (A)(8): Other local metal underground systems or structures are not referenced as grounding electrodes in this standard. The lightning protection system designer must be familiar with these differences to be able to coordinate interconnection with other building grounding electrodes or the structural grounding electrode system as required by Where separate but adjacent buildings or facilities are interconnected directly (not through a utility) by electric, CATV, CCTV, data, or communications wiring, the grounding systems of those buildings should be directly interconnected to each other with a main-size conductor. The need for this interconnection can be eliminated by the use of fiber optic cable, shielded shielded wire, wire run in grounded metallic conduit, or redundant surge protection ( [ SPDs installed at the entrance(s) and exit(s) of both buildings or facilities) ]. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 00:25:35 EDT 2017

104 104 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM : Metric equivalent is added according to the Manual of Style and for consistency Public Input No. 192-NFPA [Section No. A ] Public Input No. 238-NFPA [Section No. A ]

105 105 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 115-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A Section (F) of the NEC identifies locations where separately derived systems and associated grounding electrode conductors and bonding jumpers might be located for common system grounding or bonding. Section of the NEC details the interconnection of metallic piping, the structural frame, and all separately derived grounding systems. Subsection requires one connection to other building grounded systems. Much like a ground bus bar, the common grounding point for the lightning protection system to other building grounded systems could be distinguishable as located in the first 5 ft (1.52 m) of water pipe, but it could include the entire water pipe system. A common connection point on the structural metallic frame could be apparent, or it could be the extent of the building framework. There is no qualifier (size of pipe or structural metal) in the NEC, which is different from this standard. NFPA 780 qualifies the structural metallic frame as a current-carrying part of the system if it meets or exceeds the 3 16 in. (4.8 mm) thickness requirement (see ). Where installation of the electrical grounding system is made in full compliance with the NEC, it would be necessary to connect to the lightning protection ground system only once to comply with The location must be identified by the method used in the NEC. In cases where the building structural metallic frame is a part of the lightning protection system or is bonded as required by , it would generally be expected that no additional bonding runs at grade level between systems would be required. The lightning protection system designer could consider simplification of the system interconnection requirement by specifying one connection to the metallic water pipe system, but in certain cases the use of plastic pipe sections makes this not a part of the building grounding system. In other instances, the building structural frame cannot be exposed for connection of derived systems, so this could not be the method for interconnection of grounded systems, or there might be no metallic frame. The designer could also specify connection of the lightning protection ground system to the electrical grounding electrode, but in the case of buildings served by feeders of branch circuits [see (A)(3) in the NEC ], there is no may or may not be a grounding electrode at a separate building. Knowledge of the requirements or acceptable allowances in the NEC is necessary to determine common bonding of the lightning protection system to other building grounded systems at a single point. If the installed building grounded systems are not in compliance with current NEC requirements, common ground bonding must include the interconnection of all building-grounded systems to the lightning protection grounding system. If there is no problem with multiple bonds between various systems or loops, then multiple connections from the lightning protection system will simply improve the overall grounding system quality for the structure. Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 12:44:22 EDT 2017 : This revision reflects changes made to the National Electrical Code. Response Message:

106 106 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM

107 107 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 77-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A Permanent failure of electrical and electronic systems can result from conducted and induced surges transmitted to an apparatus via connecting wiring, as well as the effects of radiated electromagnetic fields impinging directly onto the apparatus itself. Protection at primary panels and subpanels (coordinated SPD system) is a recommended to reduce such effects. To reduce the probability of failure of mission-critical equipment or equipment that is critical to life safety, surge protection should also be considered on branch distribution panels powering this equipment. IEC , Protection Against Lightning Part 4: Electrical and Electronic Systems Within Structures, recommends that the length of system wiring between the point at which the SPD is installed and that of the equipment being protected be no greater than 30 ft (10 m). Induced voltages can be reintroduced onto long lengths of system wiring, which will add to the protection level (Up) of the SPD. If this level exceeds the withstand level (Uw) of the equipment being protected, the protection afforded by the SPD might not be adequate. In such a case, the installer should locate an SPD closer to the point of utilization of the equipment. This same philosophy extends to protection of service panels. Depending on the presence of other protective measures (such as shielding, etc. e.g., shielding ), SPDs should be considered on branch distribution panels as close as 30 ft (10 m) or more from the primary service entrance panel where the electrical equipment fed by the panel is susceptible to overvoltages. Inductive coupling of electrical and magnetic fields can result in surges sufficient to cause damage to susceptible electrical equipment. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 20:52:58 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The format of symbols used in the standard is an upper-case parameter in italics with a subscript that is not italics; except in the few cases noted herein. Editorial changes are made in paragraph 1. Public Input No. 193-NFPA [Section No. A ]

108 108 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 39-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A The spacing dimensions of strike termination devices based upon the 100 ft (30 m) rolling sphere method (RSM), with terminals 12 in. (300 mm) tall, are 25 ft (7.6 m) at the center of the roof, 20 ft (6.1 m) at the roof perimeter, and 2 ft (0.6 m) 24 in. (600 mm) set back from the outer end of roof ridges. For terminals 24 in. (600 mm) tall, the dimensions increase to 35 ft (12 m) at the center of the roof, 20 ft (6.1 m) at the roof perimeter, and 24 in. (600 mm) set back from the outer end of roof ridges. Submittal Date: Wed Oct 18 17:16:49 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The change of 2 ft (0.6 m) to 24 in. (600 mm) is to reflect the proper inferred accuracy of the value and that the SI conversion is an approximate value. Public Input No. 122-NFPA [Section No. A.8.3.5]

109 109 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 91-NFPA [ Section No. A ] Global FR-97 A The area of a conductor of uniform cross-section that has the same resistance per unit length as a main conductor is given by the equation in A For connecting a main conductor, the areas are 0.49 in. 2 (315 mm 2 ) for silicon bronze and 1.8 in. 2 (1200 mm 2 ) for stainless steel. For connecting a bonding conductor, the required areas are 0.19 in. 2 (125 mm 2 ) for silicon bronze and 0.73 in. 2 (470 mm 2 ) for stainless steel. Equating resistances for a copper conductor of area ACu, resistivity ρcu, and length LCu and a metal connector of area A, resistivity ρ, and length L gives a maximum allowable length for the metal connector as follows: [A ] where: L =length of metal connector LCu =length of copper conductor A =area of metal connector ACu =area of copper conductor ρcu =resistivity of copper conductor ρ=resistivity of metal connector The length is the same for both main and bonding conductors and is 6.5 in. (165 mm) for silicon bronze and 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) for stainless steel when LCu = 2 ft (0.6 m)24 in. (600 mm). Submittal Date: Fri Oct 20 00:37:30 EDT 2017 : ρ should not be italics and Cu is subscript in formula. Response Message: Public Input No. 250-NFPA [Section No. A ]

110 110 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 20-NFPA [ Sections A , A ] A A typical airfield lighting series (current-driven) circuit is powered by a constant current regulator (CCR) or equivalent power supply. Current is the same at all points in the series circuit. The output voltage is directly proportional to the load and output current step. The CCR output (primary circuit) is normally ungrounded. The internal overcurrent protection of the CCR or an equivalent power supply monitors the actual output current. Series airfield lighting circuit overcurrent protection does not rely on a low impedance return path or ground connection for proper operation. The installation of an equipotential airfield lighting counterpoise system on a series circuit also provides equipotential bonding between all elements of the airfield lighting system. The airfield lighting counterpoise system maintains all interconnected components at earth potential and protects personnel from possible contact with energized metallic light bases, mounting stakes, or fixtures. The principles used to protect airfield lighting systems from lightning are also applicable to the protection of parallel (voltage-powered) circuits, control circuits, communications, and signal circuits. The parallel (voltage-powered) circuit is similar to the typical alternating current system used in homes and in industry. Voltage is nominally the same at all points in the parallel circuit. The parallel circuit current varies according to the load. Parallel circuits must be installed in accordance with NFPA 70. The required equipment grounding conductor must be sized in accordance with Article 250 of NFPA 70. Equipment grounding conductors for parallel circuits should be routed within the same raceway or cable with the parallel circuit conductors or in close proximity to direct buried conductors and cables to reduce the overall circuit impedance, allowing expedited operation of the overcurrent device. The equipment grounding conductor must be bonded to each metallic airfield lighting component and the airfield lighting vault building ground system in accordance with NFPA 70. All metallic airfield lighting components must be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor. The lightning protection system for a parallel (voltage-powered) airfield lighting circuit should be installed in the same manner as a lightning protection system for a series (current-driven) airfield lighting circuit. A The parallel (voltage-powered) circuit is similar to the typical alternating current system used in homes and in industry. Voltage is nominally the same at all points in the parallel circuit. The parallel circuit current varies according to the load. Parallel circuits must be installed in accordance with NFPA 70. The required equipment grounding conductor must be sized in accordance with Article 250 of NFPA 70. Equipment grounding conductors for parallel circuits should be routed within the same raceway or cable with the parallel circuit conductors or in close proximity to direct buried conductors and cables to reduce the overall circuit impedance, allowing expedited operation of the overcurrent device. The equipment grounding conductor must be bonded to each metallic airfield lighting component and the airfield lighting vault building ground system in accordance with NFPA 70. All metallic airfield lighting components must be bonded to the equipment grounding conductor. The lightning protection system for a parallel (voltage-powered) airfield lighting circuit should be installed in the same manner as a lightning protection system for a series (current-driven) airfield lighting circuit.

111 111 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 17:28:20 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: With the deletion of , the annex material addressing lightning protection of voltage, control and monitoring circuits is moved from A to A

112 112 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 3-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A The copper counterpoise conductor size should be determined by the Engineer of Record based upon sound engineering practices. A 2 AWG bare, solid copper counterpoise conductor is recommended. The following factors should be evaluated when considering a larger size counterpoise conductor: (1) The airport s ability to maintain airport operations after an airfield lighting circuit or system failure (2) Accessibility of the copper counterpoise conductor for repairs if testing or repair (e.g., if the counterpoise conductor is installed in or under pavement) (3) Availability of qualified persons to perform airfield lighting system repairs (4) Life cycle cost of the larger size counterpoise conductor, including consideration of counterpoise conductor replacement prior to the end of an expected 20-year life (5) Results of a lightning risk assessment performed in accordance with Annex L (6) Past performance of the airfield lighting counterpoise system at the airport or geographic area The AHJ can determine and approve the size of the copper counterpoise conductor. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 11:05:24 EDT 2017 : The revised text clarifies that the counterpoise may not be accessible after installation. Response Message: Public Input No. 68-NFPA [Section No. A ]

113 113 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 147-NFPA [ New Section after A ] A The two methods are not listed in preferred order. Supplemental Information File Name Description Approved FR-147_Section_for_new_annex.docx Associate new annex to See word file for text in case of renumber. For prod use only. Submitter Full Name: Sonia Barbosa Organization: [ Not Specified ] Submittal Date: Tue Nov 07 17:27:05 EST 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The new text and annex material ensures the Standard does not imply a preferred method of airfield lighting lightning protection. Public Input No. 108-NFPA [New Section after A ]

114 114 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 16-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A Some components requiring bonding are only accessible during fabrication or construction. Care should be exercised to ensure all required components are bonded. The project inspector, owner s representative, or other person fulfilling a quality assurance/control role should be notified prior to covering new work. Fixtures with exposed metal parts, cover plates, or accessories that might present a shock hazard should be bonded to the airfield lighting counterpoise system. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 15:33:48 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The added text informs the user that some components may not be accessible after construction. Public Input No. 119-NFPA [Section No. A ]

115 115 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 5-NFPA [ Section No. A ] A A ground Ground strap with a ground clamp is the terminology typically used by light base manufacturers for a light base grounding or bonding connection. Metallic light bases should be provided with internal and external ground straps, each provided with a ground clamp. Metallic light base accessories/extensions should be provided with an internal ground strap and ground clamp. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 17 11:32:17 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The revised text permits both bonding and grounding connections using the ground strap with a ground clamp. Public Input No. 70-NFPA [Section No. A ]

116 116 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 54-NFPA [ Section No. B ] B In the first case, if the soil is of normal resistivity of from 4000 ohm-centimeters to 50,000 ohmcentimeters 40 ohm-meters to 500 ohm-meters, the resistance of a ground connection made by extending the conductor 10 ft (3 m) into the ground will be from about 15 ohms to 200 ohms, and two such ground connections on a small rectangular building have been found by experience to be sufficient. Under these favorable conditions, providing adequate means for collecting and dissipating the energy of a flash without serious chance of damage is a simple and comparatively inexpensive matter. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 10:25:16 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The units for earth resistivity have been changed to ohm-meters instead of ohm-centimeters for consistency with other lightning protection texts. Public Input No. 187-NFPA [Section No. B.4.4.1]

117 117 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 85-NFPA [ Section No. H.2.2 ] H.2.2 Iron Posts. Ground connections can be made by inserting galvanized-iron posts, such as are those ordinarily used for farm fencing, at intervals and attaching in electrical contact all the wires of the fence. Grounding can also be achieved by driving a length of not less than 1 2 in. (12.7 mm) in diameter galvanized-iron pipe beside the fence and attaching the wires by ties of galvanized-iron wire. If the ground is normally dry, the intervals between metal posts should not exceed 150 ft (45 m). If the ground is normally damp, the metal posts can be placed up to 300 ft (92 90 m) apart. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 23:57:34 EDT 2017 : Change is made for consistency in the document. Response Message: Public Input No. 188-NFPA [Section No. H.2.2] Public Input No. 128-NFPA [Section No. H.2.2]

118 118 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 82-NFPA [ Section No. J ] J Detail. Automatic gate openers are susceptible to the threat of damage from lightning. Typically, the gate is remote from the structure it services. Power, telephone, data, and CCTV conductors are run to the gate providing electricity and communication signals for actuators, motors, cameras, card readers, key pads, motion detectors, infrared sensors, and telephones. If any of those conductors feed from sources other than the structure, a difference in potential is created between the ground at the source of that feed and the ground at the structure. When lightning energy is dissipated near the conductors, current can be injected into those conductors, or current induced upon them or induced upon those conductors. Either way, damage to the devices that control and operate the gate opener is likely. Similarly, even if all of those conductors feed from the same building and are appropriately bonded together at the structure, damage is likely at the gate. This can happen because devices at the gate could experience different voltages on the grounding conductors of the different services if not made equipotential, i.e., establish an LPZ they do not have the same electrical potential; in other words, a lightning protective zone (LPZ) has not been established. In addition, the gate could be closer to the point of the lightning strike and provide an easier, shorter path for lightning energy to equalize the difference in potential between those services than the bond in the building. For example, a telephone line is used to communicate with the phone box outside the gate and to signal the motor on the gate actuator to open the gate. The motor controller is connected to the phone line and the electric service. If the grounding conductors are not bonded to create equipotential, current will flow between the telephone ground and the electric utility ground through the motor controller. It is likely that this current will damage the controller. Submittal Date: Thu Oct 19 23:49:48 EDT 2017 : The changes are made to bring clarity. Response Message: Public Input No. 121-NFPA [Section No. J.9.3.1]

119 119 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 149-NFPA [ Section No. K.2 ] K.2 References. The following standards are referenced: CLC/TS , Low-voltage surge protective devices Surge protective devices for specific application including d.c. Part 12: Selection and application principles for SPDs in photovoltaic applications EN , Low-voltage surge protective devices Surge protective Devices for Specific application including d.c. Part 11: Requirements and tests for SPDs in photovoltaic applications IEC , Low-Voltage Surge Protective Devices for D.C. Specific Application Part 31: Surge Protective Devices Connected to the D.C. Side of Photovoltaic Installations Requirements and Test Methods IEC , Low-Voltage Surge Protective Devices for D.C. Specific Application Part 32: Selection and Application Principles SPDs Connected to Photovoltaic Installations Part 32: Selection and Application Principles SPDs Connected to Photovoltaic Installations IEC , Ed. 3: Protection Against Lightning Part 4: Electrical and Electronic Systems Within Structures Submittal Date: Fri Dec 01 09:36:44 EST 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The CENELEC documents are no longer relevant and the subjects are covered by IEC and

120 120 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 118-NFPA [ Section No. L.2 ] L.2 Lightning Flash Density (NG). Lightning flash density, the yearly number of flashes to ground per square kilometer, can be found in Figure L.2. A color version of this map with resolution of 2 km can be found at /products/data/data-sets/nldn. Figure L Average U.S. Lightning Flash Density Map (Flashes per Square Kilometer per Year). (Courtesy Vaisala, Inc.) Supplemental Information File Name Description Approved staff_use_only_fr-118_flash_density_figure.pdf staff use only lightning flash density Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 14:29:04 EDT 2017 : The map was revised to reflect the latest flash density statistics. Response Message: Public Input No. 227-NFPA [Section No. L.2]

121 121 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 117-NFPA [ Section No. L.3 ] L.3 Annual Threat of Occurrence (ND). The yearly annual threat of occurrence (lightning strike frequency) (ND) to a structure is determined by the following equation: [L.3] where: ND = yearly average lightning strike frequency to the structure or object NG = lightning ground flash density in flashes/km 2 /year AD = the equivalent collection area of the structure (m 2 ) CD = environmental coefficient location factor Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 14:25:27 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Yearly is deleted as it means the same as annual. Average is added to identify this is a statistical prediction and not a factual value. Lightning strike frequency is deleted as it can be easily mistaken for ground flash density Ng and it adds no additional clarification. Potential is deleted from the equation as it is covered by the change to average. CD is changed to location factor as identified in L.4.2 and Table L.4.2. Response Message: Public Input No. 226-NFPA [Section No. L.3]

122 122 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 119-NFPA [ Section No. L.4 [Excluding any Sub-Sections] ] AD refers to the equivalent ground area having the equivalent lightning flash vulnerability as the structure collection area for lightning flashes as if it was an isolated structure on flat ground. It is an area adjusted for the structure that includes the effect of the height and location of the structure. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 14:35:13 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: An editorial correction changes the A in AD to italics and brings the description of the term in line with that in IEC Public Input No. 228-NFPA [Section No. L.4 [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]

123 123 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 137-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L Direct Strikes to a Structure. RAindicates injuries is associated with the risk of injuries or deaths caused by strikes to a structure (touch and step potentials). RBindicates is associated with the risk of physical damage to a structure due to a direct strike. RCindicates is associated with the risk of failure of internal systems due to a strike to a structure. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:29:26 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Risk does not identify injury, damage, or failure; it is a prediction associated with the occurrence of such events. Death is included in RA description to ensure it is considered an extreme level of injury and "physical" is added to RB to be clear what type of damage is included in this risk component. Public Input No. 229-NFPA [Section No. L.6.4.1]

124 124 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 121-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L Strikes near a Structure. RMindicates is associated with the failure of internal systems due to a strike near a structure. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 14:41:50 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Risk does not identify injury, damage, or failure; it is a prediction associated with the occurrence of such events. Public Input No. 231-NFPA [Section No. L.6.4.2]

125 125 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 122-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L Strike to a Service Connected to a Structure. RUindicates injury is associated with the risk of injury or death due to strikes to a service connected to the structure. RVindicates is associated with physical damage to a structure due to strikes to a service connected to the structure. RWindicates is associated with the risk of failure of internal systems or equipment due to a strike to a service connected to the structure. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 14:42:55 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Risk does not indicate injury, damage, or failure; it is a prediction associated with the occurrence of such events. Death is added to RU to ensure it is considered as an extreme level of injury and physical is added to RV to clarify the specific type of damage considered in that risk component. Public Input No. 232-NFPA [Section No. L.6.4.3]

126 126 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 123-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L Strikes near a Service Connected to the Structure. RZindicates is associated with the risk of failure of internal systems or equipment due to strikes near a service connected to the structure. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 14:44:54 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Risk does not indicate injury, damage, or failure; it is a prediction associated with the occurrence of such events. Public Input No. 233-NFPA [Section No. L.6.4.4]

127 First Revision No. 124-NFPA [ Section No. L.6.5 ] L.6.5 Procedure for Risk Assessment and Management. The procedure for first step of the risk assessment procedure is to first define the extent of the facility or structure being assessed. The structure or facility will be a stand-alone structure in most cases. The structure facility could also encompass a building and its associated outbuildings or equipment support structures. One must then determine all relevant physical, environmental, and service installation factors applicable to the structure. The second step is to identify all the types of loss relevant to the structure or facility. For each type of loss relevant to the structure, the relevant loss factors should be chosen and associated probability is to be selected. Next, the risk for each relevant type of loss for the structure should be is determined by identifying the components (RX) that make up the risk, calculate calculating the identified components of risk, and adding these to calculate the total risk due to lightning (R) using the following relationships: R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 R1 = RA + RB + RC* + RM*, + RU + RV + RW* + RZ* R2 = RB + RC + RM + RV + RW + RZ R3 = RB + RV R4 = RA** + RB + RC + RM + RU** + RV + RW + RZ * R C, RM, RW, and RZ in R1 are applicable only for structures with risk of explosion, for structures with life-critical electrical equipment (such as hospitals), or for other structures where the failure of internal systems immediately endangers human life. ** R A and RU in R4 are applicable only for structures where animals might be injured. Risk factors are defined in L.6.6. Compare the total risk (R) with the maximum tolerable risk (RT) for each type of loss relevant to the structure. If R < RT for each type of loss relevant to the structure, then lightning protection might not be needed. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 14:46:01 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Editorial changes include changing "should be" to "is" as the text is identifying a procedure to be used and not a choice that may be selected by the user. It also confirms the nature of assessing a facility versus a single structure. 127 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM

128 128 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Public Input No. 234-NFPA [Section No. L.6.5]

129 129 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 125-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L The annual threat of occurrence due to strikes near a structure (NM) is given by the following equation (see Figure L ): where: NG = lightning ground flash density in flashes/km 2 /year (see Section L.2) AM = collection area of flashes near the structure (m 2 ) (see Figure L ) AD = equivalent collection area of the structure (m 2 ) (see Figure L ) CD = environmental coefficient (see Table L.4.2) [L ] The collection area ( A M ) for flashes near the structure ( A M ) includes the area extending a distance of 500 m (1640 ft) around the perimeter of the structure. For cases where NM is negative, a value of 0 is assigned to NM. Figure L Collection Areas (AD, AM, AL, ADJ, AI). (Source: IEC.) Supplemental Information File Name Description Approved staff_use_only_fr-125_modified_figure.docx modified figure for SR 48

130 130 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Committee Statement Committee AM is the collection area for flashes near the structure so the symbol should appear after the Statement: description, not in the middle of the description. Submittal Date: The arrow Tue Oct showing 24 14:50:06 the dimension EDT 2017 of AM should originate at the structure. The value of AM is reduced from 500 to 350 measured from the corner of the structure to compensate for the overlap with AD. Response Message: Public Input No. 235-NFPA [Section No. L ] Public Input No. 237-NFPA [Section No. L ]

131 131 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 126-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L The annual threat of occurrence due to a strike to an incoming service (NL) is characterized by the following formula: where: NG = lightning ground flash density in flashes/km 2 /year (see Section L.2) [L ] AL = collection area of flashes striking the service (m 2 ) (see Figure L ) CD E = environmental coefficient of the 9+ incoming service (same as for structures per Table L.4.2 ) (see Table L.6.7.1) CT = correction factor for the presence of an HV/LV transformer located between the point of strike and the structure Where the value of LL (used in the determination of AL) is not known, a value of 1 km is assumed for the assessment. A default value of 500 Ωm can be used for soil resistivity (ρ) where this value cannot be determined. If the installation incorporates underground cables run underneath a ground mesh, AI could be assumed to be 0 for that cable set (NL = 0). CT applies to line sections between the transformer and the structure. A value of 0.2 is applicable for installations having a transformer located between the strike and the structure. Otherwise, a value of 1 is assigned to this variable. Where: AL = 40 LL LL = the length of the incoming service (see Figure L ) Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 14:55:23 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: The descriptor designation for the environmental coefficient for incoming lines has been changed to CE. The correct table to identify the values for the coefficient has been added. The typographical error "9+." has been deleted. Public Input No. 239-NFPA [Section No. L ]

132 132 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 127-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L The factors associated with the probability of injury (PA) due to a direct strike to a structure are primarily related to touch and step potentials. Default values for (PA) are given in Table L Table L Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:00:47 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Table L provides the Service Environmental Coefficient, CE, not default values for (PA). Reference is corrected to Table L Public Input No. 243-NFPA [Section No. L ]

133 133 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 128-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L The factors associated with the probability of physical damage (PB) due to a direct strike to a structure are primarily related to the type of protection provided. Default values for (PB) are given in Table L Table L Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:01:51 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Table L provides Values of Probability (PA) that a flash to a structure will cause shock to living beings due to dangerous touch-and-step voltages, not default values for (PB). Reference is corrected to Table L Public Input No. 244-NFPA [Section No. L ]

134 134 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 129-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L The factors associated with the probability of failure of internal systems due to a direct strike (PC) are primarily related to the surge protection measures provided. Default values for PC are given in Table L Table L SPD protection is effective to reduce PC only in structures protected by a lightning protection system or in structures with a continuous metal or reinforced concrete frame. Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:03:02 EDT 2017 : The reference is corrected to Table L Response Message: Public Input No. 245-NFPA [Section No. L ]

135 135 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 130-NFPA [ Section No. L ]

136 L The probability that a strike near a structure will cause failure of internal systems (PM) depends on the lightning protection measures implemented. These measures are characterized by a factor, KS, that takes into consideration protective measures such as the shielding effectiveness of the structure, any internal shielding provided, characteristics of internal wiring, and the rated impulse withstand voltage level (i.e., withstand voltage) of the system to be protected. Where SPDs are not installed at utilization equipment, or the SPDs at the utilization equipment are not properly coordinated with those installed at the service entrances, the value of PM to be used in the equation for the risk of failure of internal systems due to a strike near a structure (PM) can be taken from Table L Where coordinated SPDs are installed at the utilization equipment, the value of PM used in the computation of PM is the lower value between PC and PM. For internal systems with equipment having rated impulse withstand voltage levels that are unknown or are less than 1.5 kv, a value of PM = 1 should be used in the assessment. The value of KS is calculated using the following equation: [L a] where: KS1 = factor relating to the shielding effectiveness of the structure, lightning protection system, or other shields at the exterior boundary of the structure KS2 = factor relating to the shielding effectiveness of shields internal to the structure KS3 = factor relating to the characteristics of the internal wiring KS4 = factor relating to the rated impulse withstand voltage level of the system to be protected For continuous metal shields with a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 mm, KS1 and KS2 should be assigned the value of to (scaled linearly). Where not otherwise known, the value of KS1 and KS2 can be evaluated by the following relationship as long as the equipment is located a distance, w W, from the boundary shield: where: WM = distance measured in meters and given by a mesh grid spacing, the spacing between down conductors, or the spacing between structural steel columns, or rebar spacing in reinforced concrete structures and/or footers [L b] In those structures where it is ensured that steel reinforcing bars are interconnected and terminated by approved grounding electrodes, W is the spacing between the reinforcing bars. If the equipment is located closer to the applicable boundary than the distance, WM, the values of KS1 and KS2 should be doubled. In those cases where multiple internal boundaries exist, the resulting value of KS2 is the product of each individual value of KS2. Table L provides values that can be selected for factor KS3 based on the configuration of internal wiring. For wiring contained in continuous metallic conduit that is properly bonded to the lightning protection grounding system, the selected value of KS3 from the table is multiplied by a factor of 0.1. The value of factor KS4 is evaluated by the following formula: where: UW = lowest rated impulse withstand voltage of the individual components in the system under consideration [L c] 136 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM

137 137 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:04:17 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Section L is revised to clarify intent and correct table references. The spacing between conductors (or mesh spacing) is a lower case w in italics for consistency with other lightning risk assessments that use the parameter. SPDs are not limited to those installed at utilization equipment for application of the determination of the value of PM. Response Message: Public Input No. 248-NFPA [Section No. L ]

138 138 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 133-NFPA [ Section No. L [Excluding any Sub- Sections] ] The value of LT, LF, and LO can be determined in terms of the relative number of victims from the following approximate relationship: where: LA = value for loss of human life nz = number of possible endangered persons (victims) nt = expected total number of persons (in the structure) tz = time in hours per year for which the persons are present in a dangerous place, outside of the structure (LT only) or inside the structure (LT, LF, and LO) [L.6.6.3] Typical mean values of LT, LF, and LO, for use when the determination of nz, nt, and tz is uncertain or difficult, are given in Table L Table L Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:17:05 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Table L is the Values of the Probability (PZ) as a function of the resistance of the cable shield and the Withstand Voltage (UW) of the Equipment. The proper reference is Table L Public Input No. 252-NFPA [Section No. L [Excluding any Sub-Sections]]

139 139 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 132-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L Physical Damage. The following equations calculates the value of loss from physical damage to the structure: [L a] where: LB = value of loss due to direct strike to the structure L V = value of loss due to strike to incoming service rp = reduction factor for provisions taken to reduce consequences of fire (see Table L Table L ) rf = reduction factor for risk of fire to structure (see Table L Table L ) hz = factor for the kinds of hazard in the structure (see Table L Table L ) LF = mean value of physical damage loss (see Table L Table L ) where: L V = value of loss due to strike to incoming service r p = reduction factor for provisions taken to reduce consequences of fire (see Table L ) r f = reduction factor for risk of fire to structure (see Table L ) h Z = factor for the kinds of hazard in the structure (see Table L ) L F = mean value of physical damage loss (see Table L ) [L b] Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:13:47 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: The references to tables are corrected. Two equations have been created since LB is not identical to LV as could be inferred by the presentation of the equation. Even though they have the same equation, the values of the variables may not be the same. Response Message: Public Input No. 254-NFPA [Section No. L ]

140 140 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 135-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L Failure of Internal Systems. The following equation calculates the value of loss due to failure of internal systems: [L ] where: LC = value of loss due to direct strike to the structure LM = value of loss due to a strike near the structure LW = value of loss due to a strike to a service connected to the structure LZ = value of loss due to a strike near a service connected to the structure LO = mean value of loss of internal system (see Table L.6.7.8) Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:25:04 EDT 2017 : This editorial change puts Loss L in key in italics to be consistent with the equation. Response Message: Public Input No. 256-NFPA [Section No. L ]

141 141 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 134-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L Table L provides values for the probability PC of failure of internal systems as a function SPD protection. Table L Values of Probability (PC) as a Function of SPD Protection Provided SPD Protection Provided PC No SPD protection 1 SPDs provided in accordance with Section Notes: (1) SPD protection is effective to reduce PC only in structures protected by an LPS or in structures with a continuous metal or reinforced concrete frame where bonding and grounding requirements of Section 4.20 are met. (2) Shielded internal systems fed by wiring in lightning protective cable ducts or metallic conduits can be used in lieu of SPD protection. (3) Smaller values of PC can be used where SPDs above and beyond those required by Section 4.20 and SPDs having better protection characteristics (e.g., higher current withstand capability, lower protective level, etc. ) than the minimum specified in Section (See Annex B of IEC , Protection Against Lightning Part 2: Risk Management, for additional information). (4) For PV applications, the reduction in the value of P C must comply with the requirements of and/or Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:22:33 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Section 4.20 does not address surge protection for PV arrays. New Note 4 provides the proper link to Chapter 12 for the assessment of PV arrays. Public Input No. 255-NFPA [Section No. L.6.7.4]

142 142 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 136-NFPA [ Section No. L ] L Table L provides values of probability PZ of failure of internal systems due to a strike near a service to a structure. PZ is a function of the resistance of the cable shield and the withstand voltage (UW) of the equipment. Table L Values of the Probability (PZ) as a Function of the Resistance of the Cable Shield and the Withstand Voltage (UW) of the Equipment Withstand Voltage Uw (kv) Line Type Power lines Telecom lines Note: Values for UW can be obtained from manufacturers and equipment suppliers. If the actual values are not readily available from other sources, the following typical values can be utilized: For structures containing computer equipment: UW = 1.5 kv For a typical residential structure: UW = 2.5 kv For a typical nonresidential structure (e.g., business, hotel, hospital, etc., structure ): UW = 2.5 kv For a typical light industrial structure: UW = 4.0 kv For a typical heavy industrial structure: UW = 6.0 kv Default value: UW = 1.5 kv Submittal Date: Tue Oct 24 15:26:59 EDT 2017 Committee Statement: Response Message: Editorial correction to change UW in table heading to subscript w to be consistent with the rest of the table. Public Input No. 303-NFPA [Section No. L.6.7.8]

143 143 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM First Revision No. 120-NFPA [ Section No. L.6.8 ] Global FR-141

144 144 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM L.6.8

145 145 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM Figure L.6.8 provides a worksheet for detailed risk assessment. Figure L.6.8 Detailed Risk Assessment Worksheet.

146 146 of 161 2/8/2018, 2:49 PM