LISA and SMART2 Optical Work in Europe
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1 LISA and SMART2 Optical Work in Europe David Robertson University of Glasgow
2 Outline Overview of current optical system work Title Funded by Main focus Prime Phase Measuring System LISA SMART2 SEA (Bristol) Stable Laser Source LISA Astrium (Ottobrunn) Laser Characterisation DLR LISA SMART2 LZH/AEI Optical Bench SMART2 Astrium (Friedrichshafen) July 2002 LISA Symposium 2
3 Phase Measuring System ESA funded Technology Research Program (TRP) contract SEA Ltd.(Bristol) Birmingham University, Glasgow University Outputs: Software model of LISA Phase measuring System (PMS) Optimise the design of the LISA PMS Testing of individual hardware e.g. photodiodes Inform the design of the SMART2 PMS Hardware elegant breadboard of SMART2 PMS Use of space qualifiable components End: May 2003 LISA/SMART2 PMS July 2002 LISA Symposium 3
4 Phase Measuring System (PMS) Aim to measure, with sufficient precision, the phase of the beat signal(s) generated on the photodiode by the interferometric system Scope The system includes the photodiode, phase measurement electronics (filters, amplifiers, mixers, etc.) and the interface to the spacecraft bus (RS422)
5 Phase Measurement, LISA vs SMART-2 While the overall accuracies of the LISA and SMART-2 PMSs are similar there are significant differences between them Beat Frequencies LISA 11 frequencies SMART-2 1 frequency Maximum Frequency Frequency variability Phase measured with respect to 200 MHz 15 MHz USO ~10 khz Fixed 10 khz optical reference
6 Outline of Study Build a software simulation of the LISA PMS Develop a baseline concept for LISA and SMART-2 PMSs Build an elegant breadboard model of the SMART-2 PMS Build an optical test bench Test the SMART-2 breadboard PMS End Date: May 2003
7 LISA Software Simulation Provide an end-to-end simulation Assess the overall viability of the LISA PMS Laser and Clock φ Noise Laser Locking Doppler shifts Signal extraction algorithms Focus in on relevant areas where design can be aided Tradeoffs in the electronics (design & algorithms) Simple Optics tradeoffs
8 SMART2 PMS Elegant Breadboard Each quadrant photodiode will give 3 sub-channels: length, δθ and δφ (angular motion) Target accuracy better than 20pm/rtHz Readout will be via RS422 interface. Redundancy requirements will be addressed to allow the prototype to evolve readily into EM and FM versions Components which will allow ready migration to flight components will be used throughout. Derating of components will be to ESA PSS (iss2) DMH 12/3/02
9 Provide optical stimulus to allow testing of Phase Measurement System Laser λ= 1064nm Optical Test Bench Amplitude modulated to provide appropriate optical signals to completely exercise both the LISA and SMART-2 Phase Measurement Systems
10 Summary The main outputs of the Phase measuring system contract are: Software model of the LISA PMS Elegant breadboard of the SMART-2 PMS Optical test bench
11 High Stability Laser for Space Interferometry ESA funded TRP contract Astrium (Ottobrunn) AEI(Hannover), Alenia, Contraves, Innolight, LZH (Hannover) Outputs: Breadboard model of a stabilised Monolithic Nd:YAG laser Fibre coupled diode laser pump light Fibre coupled output beam Not directly space qualifiable End: September 2002 High Stability Laser July 2002 LISA Symposium 4
12 Content Nd:YAG laser breadboard Design and realization Results Active frequency stabilization Thermally shielded room temperature ULE resonators Beat experiment with two independent lasers Results Summary LZH
13 Design of integrated laser breadboard Based on monolithic nonplanar Nd:YAG ring laser Fiber-coupled pump source and laser output Integrated isolator and electro-optical modulator LZH
14 Realization of integrated laser breadboard LZH
15 Single frequency laser power Fiber coupled parameters: 3 Single frequency operation 3 Transverse mode: TEM 00 3 Output power: >1.2 W 3 Slope efficiency: 42.0 % 3 Threshold: 1.36 W Output power [W] 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 Crystal output Fiber output 3 Polarization: linear 3 Polarization extinction ratio: > 30 db 0, Pump power [W] 3 Requirements for the unstabilized LISA laser fulfilled! LZH
16 Frequency stabilization for LISA (1/2) Concept: Monolithic Nd:YAG ring 1064 nm Frequency stabilized to ULE cavities at room temperature 12 mm Requirements: 1% armlength difference expected during 1 orbital period Measurement accuracy: 5 pm Frequency stability goal: 30 Hz/ Hz for 0.1 mhz < f < 1Hz Absolute frequency reference not necessary Thermal environment in satellites: room temperature LZH
17 Frequency stabilization for LISA (2/2) Expected thermal stability in satellites: 10-6 K/ Hz Thermal low-pass filter required to achieve 10-6 K/ Hz in laboratory 3 Convection 3 Conduction 3 Radiation eliminated reduced reduced 500 mm Heat transport mechanisms: Thermal low-pass filter Gold coated steel cylinders act as thermal capacitors Ceramic spacers act as resistors LZH
18 Beat note: frequency noise spectrum 1e+10 1e+09 free running locked Frequency noise [Hz/ Hz] 1e+08 1e+07 1e Frequency [Hz] LZH
19 Summary Fiber coupled Nd:YAG laser breadboard Compact and robust design > 1.2 W output power, single frequency operation,tem00 Potential for space applications LISA s frequency stabilization Two monolithic Nd:YAG laser independently locked to thermal isolated room temperature cavities Beat note of two lasers, locked to two cavities Frequency fluctuations suppressed by up to 5 orders of magnitude Future work Integration of amplitude stabilization for pump light Lock integrated laser system to reference cavity This work is done in co-operation with Astríum Germany and funded by ESA. LZH
20 Laser Characterisation DLR funded research LZH (Hannover), AEI (Hannover) Outputs: Characterisation of the TESAT (formerly Bosch) space qualified Monolithic Nd:YAG laser Amplitude and frequency noise levels Cross-couplings between e.g. pump diode current vs output frequency noise Investigate manufacture of a vacuum compatible version of the high stability laser End: April 2004 July 2002 LISA Symposium 5
21 SMART2 Optical Bench ESA funded TRP contract Astrium (Friedrichshafen) AEI (Hannover), Contraves, Glasgow University, RAL, TNO Outputs: Engineering model of the SMART2 optical bench Interferometry Construction techniques strength, stability, alignment Mounting of Inertial Sensors End: October 2003 pre-experiments July 2002 LISA Symposium 6
22 Pre-experiments in Glasgow Test the displacement stability of a rigid interferometer at as close to the SMART-2 goal as possible Fixed interferometer with no moveable mirrors Heterodyne interferometry Simplest possible layout Zerodur baseplate Mirrors and beamsplitters will be fixed using hydroxy-catalysis bonding 1
23 Interferometric Layout Simple Heterodyne interferometer Fibre Photodiodes Reference Frequency noise Measurement Fibre 2
24 CAD Drawing of Layout 3
25 Baseplate Baseplate is 400*400*25 mm Zerodur Polished flat to λ/10 over 30mm and λ/4 per 100mm 4
26 Alignment of Components For efficient interference the two beams should be parallel to better than 10-4 radians (20 arc minutes) λ/10 over 1mm Out of plane alignment For components bonded to the optical bench the out of plane alignment is achieved by manufacturing of the bench and the components. Mirrors and beamsplitters (Spectrosil) have been ordered with an angle between the reflecting surface and base of 90 o to within 3 arc seconds In plane alignment Most components mounted using a reference jig The last 2 components for each interference are aligned using the optical interference and adjustable jigs and then bonded in place 5
27 Alignment Template Adjustable aligners for the final 2 components for each interference point Template for aligning components 6
28 Zerodur baseplate will distort under gravitational load Model effect using ALGOR Find optimal position for supports Distortion of Baseplate 7
29 Temperature Stability Thermally driven path length changes can enter in a number of ways dn/dt in beamsplitters Thermal expansion of optical bench Thermal expansion of beamsplitters Aim for a thermally driven path length change of less than 10pm/ Hz dn/dt gives the most severe constraint of 0.05 mk/ Hz However this does not allow for any common mode effects which should relax the constraint Temperature data opposite were taken inside the vacuum tank, temperature (C) Temperature (K/rt(Hz)) Air Vacuum tank time (Hours) Air Vacuum tank Sensor Noise but the tank was not evacuated Frequency (Hz)
30 Heterodyne interferometry requires 2 laser beams with a frequency difference of 10 khz Laser split and frequency shifted by 2 Acousto-optic modulators one at MHz one at MHz Launched into fibres (not shown) to couple to the optical bench Beam Preparation Bench 9
31 Summary There are 4 main activities: Phase Measuring System EM of SMART2 PMS High Stability Laser Breadboard of laser concept Laser Characterisation Characterisation of space qualified laser Optical bench EM of SMART2 optical bench July 2002 LISA Symposium 7
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