Analog Circuits EC / EE / IN. For

Transcription

1 Analog Circuis For EC / EE / IN By

2 Syllabus Syllabus for Analog Circuis Small Signal Equivalen Circuis of Diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and Analog CMOS. Simple Diode Circuis, Clipping, Clamping, Recifier. BIASING and Bias Sabiliy of Transisor and FET Amplifiers. Amplifiers, Single-and Muli-Sage, Differenial and Operaional, Feedback, and Power. Frequency Response of Amplifiers. Simple Op-Amp Circuis. Filers. Sinusoidal Oscillaors, Crierion for Oscillaion, Single-Transisor and Op-Amp Configuraions. Funcion Generaors and Wave-Shaping Circuis, 555 Timers. Power Supplies. Analysis of GATE Papers Year ECE EE IN Over All Percenage 0.38% 7.6% 4.% : , Copyrigh reserved. Web:

3 Conens Conens Chapers Page No. #. Diode Circuis-Anaylsis & Applicaion 3 Wave Shaping Circui Linear Wave Shaping Circuis 9 Non Linear Wave Shaping Circuis 9 3 Recifiers and Power Supplies 4 7 Zener olage Regulaor 8 Solved Examples 8 20 Assignmen 2 25 Assignmen Answer Keys & Explanaions 28 3 #2. AC & DC Biasing-BJTs & FET Inroducion Operaing Poin BIAS Sabilizaion Compensaion Techniques Assignmen Assignmen Answer Keys & Explanaions #3. Small Signal Modeling Of BJT & FET Inroducion 68 BJT Transisor Modeling The Hybrid Equivalen Model Characerisics of Amplifiers FET Small Signal Model Solved Examples Assignmen Assignmen Answer Keys & Explanaions 0 06 #4. BJT & JFET Frequency Response Inroducion Low Frequency Response BJT Amplifier 09 2 Low frequency Response FET Amplifier 3 7 : , info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web: i

4 High Frequency Response BJT Applfier 7 9 High Frequency Response -FET Amplifier 9 23 Assignmen Assignmen Answer Keys & Explanaions Conens #5. Feedback & Oscillaor Circuis Classificaion of Amplifier Feedback Amplifiers Feedback Connecion Types arious Types of Oscillaors Tuned Oscillaor Circui Solved Examples Assignmen Assignmen Answer Keys & Explanaions 6 63 #6. Operaional Amplifiers & Is Applicaions Differenial Amplifiers Analysis of Differenial Amplifier Common Mode Rejecion Raio (CMRR) Pracical Op-Amp Circuis Asable Mulivibraor (Square Wave Generaor) Zero-Crossing Deecor The 555 Timer Solved Examples Assignmen Assignmen Answer Keys & Explanaions #7. Power Amplifiers Inroducion Series Fed Class Amplifer 229 DC Bias Operaion 230 AC Operaion Transformer Coupled Amplifier Push Pull Amplifier Transformer Coupled Push Pull Circui : , info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web: ii

5 Complemenary Symmery Circui Toal Hormonic Disrion Assignmen Assignmen Answer Keys & Explanaions Conens Module Tes Tes Quesions Answer Keys & Explanaions Reference Books 264 : , info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web: iii

6 Live as if you were o die omorrow. Learn as if you were o live forever.. M. K. Gandhi CHAPTER Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion Learning Objecives Afer reading his chaper, you will know. Wave Shaping Circui 2. Clippers and Champers 3. Recifiers and Power Supplies 4. Efficiency, Regulaion, Ripple Frequency, Form Facor, Ripple Facor Wave Shaping Circuis Wave shaping circuis are of wo ypes (A) Linear wave shaping circuis (B) Non linear wave shaping circuis Linear Wave Shaping Circuis The process by which he wave form of non-sinusoidal signal is alered by passing i hrough he linear nework is called he linear wave shaping. High Pass Circui C + + i R o High Pass Circui This circui is called he high pass filer because i passes he high frequency componens and aenuaes he low frequency componens. For low frequency, he reacance of he capaciance is large. (a) Sinusoidal Inpu: o R = i R + /jωc = j ωrc : , info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:

7 o i = j ( f f ) Where, f = 2π RC o i =, + ( f f ) 2 o i = an ( f /f) = an (f /f) o / i Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion (b) Sep Inpu: Gain-Frequency Plo of High Pass Circui i () f f Sep Inpu i () = c () + o (),... () i () = /C i d + o () = ir,.. (2) So i () =/RC o () d + o () = u().. (3) For sep inpu i () = { for 0 0 oher wise I is a single ime consan circui and a firs order equaion is obained. The general soluion of any single ime consan circui can be wrien as, o () = f + ( i f )e /τ,... (4) Here, f = 0; i =, o () = e τ Where τ = /RC For he circui in high pass circui fig, f = 0 and i = subsiuing in E.q., (4), we have o () 0 Oupu olage of High Pass Circui When Inpu is a Sep olage : , info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web: 2

8 Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion (c) Pulse Inpu: i () = [u() u( p )]. o = e /τ, p = e p/τ 2. o = 2 e ( p)/τ, 2 = p i () O p Pulse Inpu Signal τ large Slow response and τ small Fas response e /RC p = e p/rc o () o i p p (a) ( p )e ( p)/rc (b) o () i o p (c) Oupu of High Pass Filer, When Inpu is a Pulse For a low ime consan he peak o peak ampliudes will be double. The process of convering pulses ino spikes by means of a low ime consan is called peaking. In high pass RC circui, he average level of he oupu is always zero. The area above he zero axis should be equal o he area below he zero axis, A = A 2. : , info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web: 3

9 Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion (d) Square Wave Inpu: i ϕ T T 2 T (a) Square Wave Inpu dc A square wave is a waveform as shown in fig (a) which is periodic wih ime period T such ha i mainains a level for ime T and for ime T 2 where T = T + T 2. Figure (b) (c) (d) and (e) show oupu wave forms of he high pass RC circui under seady-sae condiions for he cases (i) RC>>T (ii) RC>T (iii) RC=T and (iv) RC<<T Case (i): For arbirarily large ime consan value, he oupu is same as ha of inpu bu wih zero dc level. i, o o 0 A A 2 Zero olage T T 2 T (b) Oupu When RC is ery Large Case (ii): When RC>T, he oupu is in he form of a il. e /RC e ( T ) / RC T T 2 (c) Oupu When RC>T : , info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web: 4

10 Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion Case (iii): When RC is comparable o T, he oupu rises and falls exponenially. e /RC i o 2 2 e ( T )/RC T T 2 T (d) Oupu When RC is Comparable o T Case (iv): When RC<<T, he oupu consiss of alernaive posiive and negaive spikes. o i T T T 2 (e) Oupu When RC <<T More generally he response o a square wave mus have he appearance shown below: The four levels,, 2, 2 can be deermined from (refer below figure) = e T /τ, 2 = 2 = 2 e T 2/τ, 2 = For symmerical square wave T = T 2 = T/2 = 2, = 2 and he response is shown below in Fig. (b) Percenage il P is defined by P = /2 00 T 2τ 00 % = πf f Where f = 00 % 2πτ and f = T : , info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web: 5