2018/5/23. YU Xiangyu
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1 2018/5/23 YU Xiangyu
2
3 Structure of Mobile Communication System Cell Handover/Handoff Roaming
4 Mobile Telephone Switching Office Public Switched Telephone Network Tomasi Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6e FIGURE Simplified cellular telephone system
5 Stallings
6 Mobile Switching Center Figure Cellular telephone system. Rappaport P14 Couch P608
7 Base Station (BS) includes an antenna, a controller, and a number of receivers Mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO) connects calls between mobile units Two types of channels available between mobile unit and BS Control channels used to exchange information having to do with setting up and maintaining calls Traffic channels carry voice or data connection between users Stallings P270
8 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller MC Still visible cause many discussions
9 Base Stations Cabling Microwave links Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller MC
10 Not visible, but comprise the major part of the network (also from an investment point of view ) Management Data bases Switching units Monitoring Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller MC
11
12 Use multiple low-power transmitters (100 W or less) Areas divided into cells Each served by its own antenna Served by base station consisting of transmitter, receiver, and control unit Band of frequencies allocated Cells set up such that antennas of all neighbors are equidistant (hexagonal pattern) Stallings P265
13 Implements space division multiplex base station covers a certain transmission area (cell) Mobile stations communicate only via the base station Advantages of cell structures higher capacity, higher number of users less transmission power needed more robust, decentralized base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally Problems fixed network needed for the base stations handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary interference with other cells Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on the country side (GSM) - even less for higher frequencies Schiller P62
14
15 Tomasi Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6e FIGURE Hexagonal cell grid superimposed over a metropolitan area
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18 18
19 Agrawal P58 R R R Cell (a) Ideal cell (b) Actual cell R R (c) Different cell models
20 Agrawal P59
21 Figure Idealized model of cellular radio. Haykin P530
22 Tomasi Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6e FIGURE (a) Center excited cell; (b) edge excited cell; (c) corner excited cell
23 Adjacent cells assigned different frequencies to avoid interference or crosstalk Objective is to reuse frequency in nearby cells 10 to 50 frequencies assigned to each cell Transmission power controlled to limit power at that frequency escaping to adjacent cells The issue is to determine how many cells must intervene between two cells using the same frequency
24 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F6 F7 F2 F1 F3 F3 F4 F5 F4 (a) Line Structure (b) Plan Structure Note: Fx is set of frequency, i.e., frequency group
25 Tomasi Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6e FIGURE Cellular frequency reuse concept Rappaport P59
26 Frequency reuse only with a certain distance between the base stations Standard model using 7 frequencies: Fixed frequency assignment: certain frequencies are assigned to a certain cell problem: different traffic load in different cells Dynamic frequency assignment: base station chooses frequencies depending on the frequencies already used in neighbor cells more capacity in cells with more traffic assignment can also be based on interference measurements f 4 f 5 f 1 f 3 f 2 f 3 f 2 f 6 f 7 f 4 f 5 f 1 Schiller P63
27 Schiller P62-63 f 3 f 1 f 2 f 3 f 2 f 1 f 3 f 3 f 2 f 1 f 2 f 3 f 3 f 1 f 1 f 3 f 2 3 cell cluster f 3 f 4 f 2 f 5 f 1 f 3 f 2 f 3 f 2 f 6 f 7 f 4 f 5 f 3 f 7 f 1 f 6 f 5 f 2 7 cell cluster f 2 f 2 f 2 f f 1 3 h f 3 h f 3 h 2 h 2 1 h g h 3 g 1 g 3 g 3 f 1 f 1 g 2 g g 2 1 g g cell cluster with 3 sector antennas
28 Figure Illustrating the determination of cochannel cells. Haykin P531
29 F7 F2 F7 F2 F6 F1 F3 F6 F1 F3 F5 F4 F7 F2 F5 F4 F7 F2 F6 F1 F3 F6 F1 F3 F5 F4 F5 F4 Fx: Set of frequency 7-cell reuse cluster Agrawal P66
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31 R F6 F7 F5 F1 F2 F4 F3 Cluster F7 F2 For hexagonal cells, the reuse distance is given by D 3N R where R is cell radius and N is the reuse pattern (the cluster size or the number of cells per cluster). F6 F1 F3 Reuse factor is F5 F4 q D R N Agrawal P66
32 d 4 d 7 4 frequency set scheme: :the distance of adjacent base stations with the same frequency is: d 4 2 3r 3. 46r 7 frequency set scheme: :the distance of adjacent base stations with the same frequency is: d7 4. 5r Fan P
33 Rappaport P69
34 The cluster size or the number of cells per cluster is given by N where i and j are positive integers, i.e. i 2 ij N = 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, 28,. The popular value of N being 4 and 7 j 2 0 i, j 60 j direction cells i cells i direction Agrawal P67
35
36 Figure Method of locating co-channel cells in a cellular system. In this example, N = 19 (i.e., I = 3, j = 2). Rappaport P60 (Adapted from [Oet83] IEEE.)
37 Tomasi Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6e FIGURE Locating first tier co-channel cells
38 j 2R D i 2R i=3 j=2 N=19 2 ' 2 D ' 2 ' ' D [ i (2 R )] 2 [ j (2 2 ' 3 D Qi ij j R2 3R N)] R2 i R(2 R ) j (2 R ) cos120 R 2 o
39 Second tier co-channel Base Station First tier co-channel Base Station D 5 D 6 R D 1 D 4 D 2 Mobile Station D 3 Serving Base Station (BS) Agrawal P70
40 Mobile Station Serving Base Station Co-channel Base Station Agrawal P71 Rappaport P71
41 Cochannel interference ratio is given by C I Carrier Interference M C k 1 I k where I is co-channel interference and M is the maximum number of co-channel interfering cells For M = 6, C/I is given by: C I M k 1 C Dk R g where g is the propagation path loss slope and g = 2 ~ 5 Agrawal P71
42 Adding new channels Frequency borrowing frequencies are taken from adjacent cells by congested cells Cell splitting cells in areas of high usage can be split into smaller cells Cell sectoring cells are divided into a number of wedge-shaped sectors, each with their own set of channels Stallings P
43 Network densification more cells and frequency reuse Microcells antennas move to buildings, hills, and lamp posts Femtocells antennas to create small cells in buildings Interference coordination tighter control of interference so frequencies can be reused closer to other base stations Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP)
44 Purpose of cell partition: to solve the problem where frequency resources are insufficient Methods for solving the problem: Micro-cell Fan-shaped sector r f a Micro-cell f a f a f a A B C Fan-shaped sector Fan P379
45 Large cell (low density) Small cell (high density) Smaller cell (higher density) Depending on traffic patterns the smaller cells may be activated/deactivated in order to efficiently use cell resources. Agrawal P72
46 FIGURE Cell splitting Emergency communication vehicle Tomasi Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6e
47 Tomasi Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6e FIGURE Sectoring: (a) 120-degree sectors; (b) 60-degree sectors Rappaport P90
48 c 120 o b a b c 120 o a (a). Omni d (b). 120 o sector f (c). 120 o sector (alternate) 90 o a e 60 o a c b d c b (d). 90 o sector (e). 60 o sector Agrawal P73
49 Placing directional transmitters at corners where three adjacent cells meet B C X A
50 Rappaport P91
51 BS D + 0.7R BS MS BS R D BS C I q q D/ C g q 0.7 g R where g is the propagation path loss slope and g = 2 ~ 5 Agrawal P73-74
52 BS D D BS MS BS R D BS C I q C g q 0.7 g q D/ R where g is the propagation path loss slope and g = 2 ~ 5 Agrawal P74
53 R BS MS D +0.7R BS C I q D q / C 0.7 R g where g is the propagation path loss slope and g = 2 ~ 5
54 CDM systems: cell size depends on current load Additional traffic appears as noise to other users If the noise level is too high users drop out of cells Schiller P64
55 Rappaport P67
56 Base station Mobile station Handover Hard handover Soft handover Roaming Vehical exchange center Telephone exchange center Fan P380
57 Rappaport P10
58 MS Base Station System BTS BTS BSC BTS VLR HLR AUC EIR MS: Mobile Station BS: Base Station BTS: Base transceiver system BSC: Base Station Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center HLR: Home location register VLR: Visiting location register AUC: Authentication center EIR: Equipment identity register MSC BTS MS BTS BTS BSC MSC Gateway MSC PSTN/ISDN Base Station System Agrawal P148
59 Rappaport P19
60 Rappaport P19
61 VLR contains information about all visiting MSs in that particular area of MSC VLR has pointers to the HLR s of visiting MS VLR helps in billing and access permission to the visiting MS AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters EIR contains identity of equipments that prevents service to unauthorized MSs
62 Wireless system needs to know whether MS is currently located in its home area or some other area (routing of incoming calls) This is done by periodically exchanging signals between BS and MS known as Beacons BS periodically broadcasts beacon signal (1 signal few second) to determine and test the MSs around Each MS listens to the beacon, if it has not heard it previously, then it adds it to the active beacon kernel table This information is used by the MS to locate the nearest BS Information carried by beacon signal: cellular network identifier, timestamp, gateway address ID of the paging area, etc.
63 Application Frequency band Information carried Cellular networks Wireless LANs (discussed in Chapter 15) Ad hoc networks (discussed in Chapter 13) MHz (AMPS/CDPD), 1,850-1,910 MHz (GSM) MHz (industrial, scientific, and medical band for analog and mixed signals) GHz (ISM band for digital signals) MHz (ISM band for analog and mixed signals) GHz (ISM band for digital signals) Cellular IP network identifier, Gateway IP address, Paging area ID, Timestamp Traffic indication map Network node identify GPS (discussed in Chapter 12) MHz Timestamped orbital map and astronomical information Search and rescue 406 and MHz Registration country and ID of vessel or aircraft in distress Mobile robotics 100 KHz - 1 MHz Position of pallet or payload Location tracking 300 GHz THz (infrared) Digitally encoded signal to identify user's location Aid to the impaired 176 MHz Digitally coded signal uniquely identifying physical locations Agrawal P152
64 Signal strength (in db) Cell i Cell j Select cell i on left of boundary Select cell j on right of boundary Ideal boundary Agrawal P60
65 Signal strength (in db) Cell i Cell j Signal strength contours indicating actual cell tiling. This happens because of terrain, presence of obstacles and signal attenuation in the atmosphere. Agrawal P60
66 Received power P(x) Distance x of MS from BS Agrawal P60
67 Tomasi Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6e FIGURE Handoff
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75 Change of radio resources from one cell to an adjacent one Handoff depends on cell size, boundary length, signal strength, fading, reflection, etc. Handoff can be initiated by MS or BS and could be due to: Radio link Network management Service issues Agrawal P153
76 Radio link handoff is due to mobility of MS It depends on: Number of MSs in the cell Number of MSs that have left the cell Number of calls generated in the cell Number of calls transferred from the neighboring cells Number and duration of calls terminated in the cell Number of calls that were handoff to neighboring cells Cell dwell time Agrawal P153
77 Network management may cause handoff if there is drastic imbalance of traffic in adjacent cells and optimal balance of resources is required Service related handoff is due to the degradation of QoS (quality of service) Agrawal P154
78 Signal strength due to BS i Signal strength due to BS j P i (x) P j (x) E P min BS i X 1 MS BS X j 3 X th X 4 X 2 X 5 By looking at the variation of signal strength from either base station it is possible to decide on the optimum area where handoff can take place Agrawal P61
79 Region X3-X4 indicates the handoff area, where depending on other factors, the handoff needs to be performed One option is to do handoff at X5 where the two signal strengths are equal If MS moves back and forth around X5, it will result in too frequent handoffs (ping-pong effect) Therefore MS is allowed to continue with the existing BS till the signal strength decreases by a threshold value E Different cellular systems follow different handoff procedure
80 Factors deciding right time for handoff: Signal strength Signal phase Combination of above two Bit error rate (BER) Distance Need for Handoff is determined by: Signal strength CIR (carrier to interference ratio) Agrawal P154
81 Relative signal strength Relative signal strength with threshold Relative signal strength with hysteresis Relative signal strength with hysteresis and threshold Prediction techniques Stallings P
82 Base station A Received signal at base station A, S A Received signal at base station B, S B Base station B Assignment Th 1 B Assigned to B Th 2 Th 3 H Handoff to A Handoff to B Assigned to A L A L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 L B H H Car is moving from base station A at location L A to base station B at L B Relative signal strength (P B P A ) (a) Handoff decision as a function of handoff scheme (b) Hysteresis mechanism
83 Hard Handoff (break before make) Releasing current resources from the prior BS before acquiring resources from the next BS FDMA,TDMA follow this type of handoff Soft Handoff (make before break) In CDMA, since the same channel is used, we can use the same if the code in the next BS is orthogonal Therefore, it is possible for the MS to communicate simultaneously with the prior BS as Agrawal P154 well as the new BS
84 Break-before-make Make-before-break
85 BS 1 MS BS 2 (a). Before handoff BS BS 1 MS BS 2 1 (c). After handoff BS 1 MS BS 2 (b). During handoff (No connection) Agrawal P155
86 BS 1 MS BS 2 (a). Before handoff BS 1 MS BS 2 (c). After handoff BS 1 MS BS 2 (b). During handoff Agrawal P155
87 Cell blocking probability probability of a new call being blocked Call dropping probability probability that a call is terminated due to a handoff Call completion probability probability that an admitted call is not dropped before it terminates Probability of unsuccessful handoff probability that a handoff is executed while the reception conditions are inadequate Stallings P274
88 Handoff blocking probability probability that a handoff cannot be successfully completed Handoff probability probability that a handoff occurs before call termination Rate of handoff number of handoffs per unit time Interruption duration duration of time during a handoff in which a mobile is not connected to either base station Handoff delay distance the mobile moves from the point at which the handoff should occur to the point at which it does occur Stallings P
89 PSTN MSC 1 MSC 2 MSC 3 MSC 4 S a b c d e Paging Area 1 Paging Area 2
90 Assume MSC1 to be the home of the MS for registration, billing, authentication, etc. When handoff is from position a to b, the routing can be done by MSC1 itself When handoff is from position b to c, then bidirectional pointers are set up to link the HLR of MSC1 to VLR of MSC2 When handoff occurs at d or e, routing of information using HLR-VLR may not be adequate ( d is in a different paging area) Concept of Backbone network Agrawal P
91 Information to MS being sent Initial path of information transfer MSC 1 HLR Connection Path after handoff MSC 2 VLR MS a b c
92 Washington, DC Microwave Tower Cell Cincinnati Maintaining the telephone number across geographical areas in a wireless and mobile system
93 Through backbone 3 Authentication request 4 Authentication response MS Visiting BS (Visiting MSC) Home BS (Home MSC) Agrawal P150
94 MS listens to a new beacon, if it s a new one, MS adds it to the active beacon kernel table If MS decides that it has to communicate through a new BS, kernel modulation initiates handoff process MS locates the nearest BS via user level processing The visiting BS performs user level processing and decides: Who the user is? What are its access permissions? Keeping track of billing Home site sends appropriate authentication response to the current serving BS The BS approves/disapproves the user access Agrawal P
95 Cincinnati MS HLR 1 2 Home network Home Mobile Switching Center VLR Update location Info. sent to HLR Visiting Mobile Switching Center PSTN Caller MS Washington, DC Visiting area Location update request Using Becon Signals Agrawal P149
96 Cincinnati HLR Home Network Caller Home MSC checks HLR; gets current location of MS in visiting area 2 home Mobile Switching Center MS Washington, DC 4 VLR Mobile Switching Center Visiting Area 3 PSTN Home MSC forwards call to visiting MSC MSC in visiting area sends call to BS and connects MS Agrawal P150
97 Home MSC Another MSC Call routed as per called number to MS Home MSC HLR Visiting MSC VLR Cell where MS is currently located BS MS Cincinnati Through backbone Washington, DC Agrawal P150
98 To move from a cell controlled by one MSC area to a cell connected to another MSC Beacon signals and the use of HLR-VLR allow the MS to roam anywhere provided the same service provider using that particular frequency band, is there in that region
99 Home MSC Visiting MSC Home MSC Visiting MSC BS 1 MS BS 2 MS moves BS 1 MS BS 2
100 Shanghai HLR PSTN (1) (2) Beijing GMSC (3) (4) (5) VLR Guangzhou (6) MSC
101 Mobile unit initialization Mobile-originated call Paging Call accepted Ongoing call Handoff Stallings P
102
103 Call blocking Call termination Call drop Calls to/from fixed and remote mobile subscriber Stallings P272
104 Ideally, available channels would equal number of subscribers active at one time In practice, not feasible to have capacity handle all possible load For N simultaneous user capacity and L subscribers L < N nonblocking system L > N blocking system Stallings P278
105
106 Probability that call request is blocked? What capacity is needed to achieve a certain upper bound on probability of blocking? What is the average delay? What capacity is needed to achieve a certain average delay? Stallings P278
107 Stallings P278 Load presented to a system: A h = mean rate of calls attempted per unit time h = mean holding time per successful call A = average number of calls arriving during average holding period, for normalized
108 Manner in which blocked calls are handled Lost calls delayed (LCD) blocked calls put in a queue awaiting a free channel Blocked calls rejected and dropped Lost calls cleared (LCC) user waits before another attempt Lost calls held (LCH) user repeatedly attempts calling Number of traffic sources Whether number of users is assumed to be finite or infinite
109 Structure of Mobile Communication System Cell Handover/Handoff Roaming
110 Stallings P314 Review Problem 10.1 a b
111
2016/10/14. YU Xiangyu
2016/10/14 YU Xiangyu yuxy@scut.edu.cn Structure of Mobile Communication System Cell Handover/Handoff Roaming Mobile Telephone Switching Office Public Switched Telephone Network Tomasi Advanced Electronic
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