CHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC COVERS ON THE PERFORMANCES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS 4.1. INTRODUCTION

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1 CHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC COVERS ON THE PERFORMANCES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS 4.1. INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter we have described effect of dielectric thickness on antenna performances. As mentioned the main objective of this chapter is to find the environmental impacts on the various patch antennas such as square and pentagonal patch with various dielectric covers which is linearly polarized having the resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz (with 1% bandwidth), using FR4 (epoxy), as the dielectric substrate material of.8 mm thickness. The relative permittivity of the dielectric material is 4.4. The main reason behind selecting this frequency range is that the antenna is used in WLAN (wireless-lan) systems. As there are many environmental factors which affect the normal working of the microstrip patch antennas. Hence it is important to study the performance variation of the microstrip patch antenna due to various climatic conditions such as snow, dust- particles and Plexiglas, NelTec, Glass PTFE and Rogers. As we know that in rainy conditions the water layer is formed due to adhesion and surface tension and its actual instantaneous thickness depends upon number of factors such as, exact orientation of patch surface (if patch surface is slightly inclined, the gravitational force will play its part accordingly), rate of precipitation, wind condition, humidity etc DESIGNING OF DIELECTRICS LOADED PATCH ANTENNAS In order to study the effect of dielectric loading of different dielectric constant on the performance behavior of square patch antenna, the optimum design parameters are selected to achieve the compact dimensions as well as the best possible characteristics such as high radiation efficiency, high gain, directivity and bandwidth. The proposed antenna structure is fed with 5 ohms coaxial cable for impedance matching and HFSS simulation tool has been used for the analysis, which offers multiple state-of the-art solver technologies, each 83

2 based on the finite element method. The obtained results reveal that dielectric loading do not change only the resonance frequency but also affects the other parameters; gain, directivity and bandwidth. In particular, the resonance frequency lowers and shift in resonant frequency increases with the dielectric constant of covers. In addition, it has also been observed that return loss and VSWR increases, however bandwidth and directivity decreases with the dielectric constant of dielectrics Design of Square Patch Antenna The patch antenna that introduces here has made of the conduction material copper (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1 Structure of square patch antenna The geometry of square patch antenna having a dielectric cover is shown in Figure 4.2. Figure 4.2 Structure of antenna with dielectric cover 84

3 Design Specifications The proposed square patch antenna was designed using following specifications: Relative permittivity of the substrate ε r = 2.33 Design frequency f = 2.4 GHz Loss tangent of substrate tanδ =.1 Height of the substrate h =1.575 mm Length of patch antenna L= mm Height of the dielectric h =1.575 mm Relative permittivity of the dielectrics ε r = 2.2, 2.5 and 3.2 Dielectric cover materials NelTec, Glass PTFE, Rogers In reality, the microstrip antenna attached to an electronic device will be protected by a dielectric cover (dielectric) that acts as a shield against hazardous environmental effects. These shielding materials normally plastics (lossy dielectric) will decrease the overall performances of the antenna operating characteristics such as resonant frequency, impedance bandwidth and radiating efficiency. A transmission line has the line capacitance C. Suppose all the dielectric layers are removed from this structure. The remaining conductor system has the line capacitance C, which is smaller than C. The theory of a distributed parameter transmission line gives a relation between the wavelength of an unloaded line λ and the guide wavelength of a capacitance-loaded line λ Similarly, it gives a relation between the characteristic impedance of the unloaded line Z and the characteristic impedance of the capacitance-loaded line Z As is well known in the TEM transmission theory, wavelength, and Z is given by is identical to the free-space 85

4 Where c is the velocity of light. Characteristic Impedance and Phase Velocity The characteristic impedance Z and the phase velocity v p of a TEM transmission line can be written as [1] Where C and C are the capacitances of the transmission line structure with and without dielectric, respectively, ε e is the effective dielectric constant which takes into account the effect of the fringing fields in the substrate, the sheet material, and the free space, and c is the velocity of light in free space. The mode considered here is a quasi-tem mode. The expression for the capacitance is obtained using the variational method. For a matched antenna, the change in the fractional resonant frequency relative to the unloaded case can be calculated using the following expression [2] The first-order change in the resonant frequency may be expressed as 86

5 ReturnLoss (db) Where ε e is the effective dielectric constant without cover. The reason behind alteration of performance of the antenna is that, due to dielectric loading the characteristic impedance and phase-velocity are modified as mentioned earlier Result of Square Patch Antenna with Various Dielectric Covers In order to observe the effects of dielectric covers on the antenna characteristics, the proposed antenna has been analyzed using dielectric cover of dielectric constant 2.2, 2.5 and 3.2. The obtained characteristics are shown in Figures ; however the corresponding data are tabulated in Table 4.1[3-4] Neltec Glass PTFE Rogers Frequency (GHz) Figure 4.3 S-parameter of square patch antenna with various dielectric covers 87

6 Directivity Directivity Directivity Gain(dB) VSWR Neltec Glass PTFE Rogers Frequency(GHz) 2.4 Figure 4.4 VSWR with various dielectric covers Angle,Degree Neltec Glass PTFE Rogers Figure 4.5 Gain with various dielectric covers Angle,Degree Angle,Degree Angle,Degree (ε r = 2.2) (ε r = 2.5) (ε r = 3.2) Figure 4.6 Directivity with various dielectric covers 88

7 Impedance(Ohm) Impedance(Ohm) Impedance(Ohm) (ε r = 2.2) (ε r = 2.5) (ε r = 3.2) Figure 4.7 Radiation patterns with various dielectric covers (ε r = 2.2) (ε r = 2.5) (ε r = 3.2) Figure 4.8 Smith chart with various dielectric cover Frequency(GHz) Frequency(GHz) Frequency(GHz) (ε r = 2.2) (ε r = 2.5) (ε r = 3.2) Figure 4.9 Impedance with various dielectric cover 89

8 Table 4.1 Antenna parameters with dielectric loadings Dielectric material Dielectric constant (ɛ r ) Frequency (GHz) Return loss (db) Impedance (Ω) Gain (db) VSWR BW (%) Directivity (db) NelTec Glass PTFE Rogers SQUARE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA: DESIGN ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Design Specifications Feeding technique : Coaxial feed Substrate material : FR-4 Relative permittivity of the substrate ( ) : 4.4 Design frequency : GHz (ISM band) Thickness of dielectric substrate :.8 mm Elemental side : mm Feed location : mm Coaxial cable dimensions Inner radius a :.635 mm Outer radius b : mm Simulated Results In order to present the design procedure of achieving impedance matching for this case, dimension of sides of square patch is selected initially be mm. After optimization we met the design challenges such as return losses should be less than -1 db, VSWR< 2 and low spurious feed radiation. 9

9 Return loss [db] Snow as Dielectric Cover Apart from rain, many other environmental factors also affect the working of the microstrip patch antenna installed at any working location. The accumulation of these environmental factors may degrade the performance of the antenna. The other factors may include snow accumulation, dust particles accumulation etc. Now we use the snow as the dielectric cover the antenna patch surface with ε r = 1.35 and tanδ =.9. We also observed that at higher substrate thickness, resonance frequency does not shift significantly. Return Loss As shown in the Figure 4.1, with the accumulation of the snow over the patch, the resonance frequency shifts towards lower value and the return loss increases db(s11) at t='.mm' db(s11) at t='.1mm' Figure 4.1 Return loss variations with accumulation of snow on square patch antenna Impedance As shown in the Figure 4.11, with the accumulation of the snow over the patch, the input impedance of the antenna will shifts towards lower values. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed. 91

10 VSWR Impedance [Ω] 6 5 impedance at t='.mm' 4 3 impedance at t='.1mm' Figure 4.11 Input impedance variations with accumulation of snow on square patch antenna VSWR As shown in the Figure 4.12, with the accumulation of the snow over the patch, the VSWR of the antenna will increases. Thus the antenna performance may get disturbed. 1 8 VSWR at t='.mm' 6 4 VSWR at t='.1mm' Figure 4.12 VSWR variations with accumulation of snow on square patch antenna Dust Particles as Dielectric Cover 92

11 Return loss [db] Now we use the dust as the dielectric cover over the antenna patch surface with r = 3. and tanδ =.62 and found that, it affects antenna performances. Return Loss As shown in the Figure 4.13, with the accumulation of the dust particles over the patch, the resonance frequency shifts towards lower value and the return loss increases (S11) at t='.mm' (S11) at t='.1mm' Figure 4.13 Return loss variations with accumulation of dust on square patch antenna Impedance As shown in the Figure 4.14, with the accumulation of the dust particles over the patch, the input impedance of the antenna will shifts towards lower values. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed. 93

12 VSWR Impedance [Ω] impedance at t='.mm' impedance at t='.1mm' Figure 4.14 Input impedance variations with accumulation of dust on square patch antenna VSWR As shown in the Figure 4.15, with the accumulation of the dust particles over the patch, the VSWR of the antenna will increases. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed VSWR at t='.mm' VSWR at t='.1mm' Figure 4.15 VSWR variations with accumulation of dust on square patch antenna Plexiglas as Dielectric Cover Now we use the Plexiglas as the dielectric cover over the antenna patch surface with = 3.4 and tanδ =.1. ε r 94

13 Impedance [Ω] Return loss [db] Return Loss As shown in the Figure 4.16, with the accumulation of the Plexiglas over the patch, the resonance frequency shifts towards lower value and the return loss increases (S11) at t='.mm' -25 (S11) at t='.1mm' Figure 4.16 Return loss variations with accumulation of Plexiglas on square patch antenna impedance at t='.mm' impedance at t='.1mm' Figure 4.17 Input impedance variations with accumulation of Plexiglas on square patch Impedance antenna As shown in the Figure 4.19, with the accumulation of the Plexiglas over the patch, the input impedance of the antenna will shifts towards lower values. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed. 95

14 VSWR VSWR As shown in the Figure 4.18, with the accumulation of the Plexiglas over the patch, the VSWR of the antenna will increases. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed VSWR at t='.mm' VSWR at t='.mm' Figure 4.18 VSWR variations with accumulation of Plexiglas on square patch antenna The simulated and measured results have also been tabulated in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3 respectively. Table 4.2 Antenna performance variation due to accumulation of different materials over square patch surface Materials Thickness (mm) Resonant Frequency (GHz) % Change in Resonant Frequency Return Loss (db) Bandwidth (MHz) VSWR Impedance (Ω) Rain Water Snow Dust Particles Plexiglas

15 Return Loss(dB) Measured Result Return Loss S11(dB) -15. S11_Dust Particle -2. S11_water -25. S11_Increased Water Level E+9 2.2E+9 2.5E+9 2.8E+9 Frequency (Hz) Figure 4.19 Return loss variations due to accumulation of water and dust on square patch antenna As shown in the Figure 4.19 measured result is in agreement with the simulated results. We also observed that with accumulation of water and dust particles over the patch the resonance frequency shifts towards lower value and the return loss increases. Table 4.3 Measured parameters of the square patch antenna Materials Resonant Frequency (GHz) % Change in Resonant Frequency Return Loss (db) Bandwidth (MHz) Normal antenna With dust particle With water level Increased water level

16 4.4. PENTAGONAL MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA: DESIGN ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Design Specifications Feeding technique : Coaxial feed Substrate material : FR-4 Relative permittivity of the substrate : 4.4 Design frequency : GHz (ISM band) Thickness of dielectric substrate :.8 mm Elemental side : mm Feed location : 8.21 mm Coaxial cable dimensions: Inner radius a :.635 mm Outer radius b : mm Simulated Results Initially each side of the pentagonal patch antenna was selected to be equal to 2.23 mm, which was calculated corresponding to 2.45 GHz (ISM band) but the design challenges were not met. After optimization and selecting the each side of the pentagon equal to mm we met the design challenges such as return loss less than -1 db, VSWR< 2 and low spurious feed radiation. Snow as Dielectric Cover Now we use the snow as the dielectric cover over the antenna patch surface with ε r = 1.35 and tanδ =.9. We observed that at higher substrate thickness, resonance frequency does not shift significantly. Return Loss As shown in the Figure 4.2, with the accumulation of the snow over the patch, the resonance frequency shifts towards lower value and the return loss increases. 98

17 Impedance [Ω] Return loss [db] (S11) at t='.mm' (S11) at t='.1mm' Figure 4.2 Return loss variations with accumulation of snow on pentagonal patch antenna Impedance As shown in the Figure 4.21, with the accumulation of the snow over the patch the input impedance of the antenna will shifts towards lower values. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed. 6 5 impedance at t='.mm' 4 3 impedance at t='.1mm' Figure 4.21 Input impedance variations with accumulation of snow on pentagonal patch antenna 99

18 Return loss [db] VSWR VSWR As shown in the Figure 4.22, with the accumulation of the snow over the patch, the VSWR of the antenna will increases. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed (VSWR at t='.mm' (VSWR at t='.1mm' Figure 4.22 VSWR variations with accumulation of snow on pentagonal patch antenna Dust Particles as dielectric cover Now we use the dust as the dielectric cover over the antenna patch surface with = 3. and tanδ =.62. ε r Return Loss As shown in the Figure 4.23, with the accumulation of the dust particles over the patch, the resonance frequency shifts towards lower value and the return loss increases (S11) at t='.mm' -25 (S11) at t='.1mm' Figure 4.23 Return Loss variations with accumulation of dust on pentagonal patch antenna 1

19 VSWR Impedance [Ω] Impedance As shown in the Figure 4.24, with the accumulation of the dust particles over the patch, the input impedance of the antenna will shifts towards lower values. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed. 6 5 impedance at t='.mm' 4 3 impedance at t='.1mm' Figure 4.24 Input Impedance variations with accumulation of dust on pentagonal patch antenna VSWR As shown in the Figure 4.25, with the accumulation of the dust particles over the patch, the VSWR of the antenna will increases. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed VSWR at t='.mm' VSWR at t='.1mm' Figure 4.25 VSWR variations with accumulation of dust on pentagonal patch antenna 11

20 Return loss [db] Plexiglas as Dielectric Cover Now we use the Plexiglas as the dielectric cover over the antenna patch surface with = 3.4 and loss tanδ =.1. ε r Return Loss As shown in the Figure 4.26, with the accumulation of the Plexiglas over the patch, the resonance frequency shifts towards lower value and the return loss increases (S11) at t='.mm' (S11) at t='.1mm' Figure 4.26 Return loss variations with accumulation of Plexiglas on pentagonal patch antenna Impedance As shown in the Figure 4.27, with the accumulation of the Plexiglas over the patch, the input impedance of the antenna will shifts towards lower values. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed. 12

21 VSWR Impedance [Ω] impedance at t='.mm' impedance at t='.1mm' Figure 4.27 Input impedance variations with accumulation of Plexiglas on pentagonal patch antenna VSWR As shown in the Figure 4.28, with the accumulation of the Plexiglas over the patch, the VSWR of the antenna will increases. Thus the antenna performance will get disturbed VSWR at t='.mm' VSWR at t='.1mm' Figure 4.28 VSWR variations with accumulation of Plexiglas on pentagonal patch antenna 13

22 S11(dB) The simulated and measured results are tabulated in Tables 4.4 and 4.5 respectively. Table 4.4 Antenna performance variation due to accumulation of different materials over pentagonal patch surface Materials Thickness (mm) Resonant Frequency (GHz) % Change in Resonant Frequency Return Loss (db) Bandwidth (MHz) VSWR Impedance (Ω) Rain Water Snow Dust Particles Plexiglas Measured Result Return loss S11(dB) S11(dB)_with Dust S11(dB)_Water E+9 2.2E+9 2.4E+9 2.6E+9 Frequency S11(dB)_Increased Water Level Figure 4.29 Return loss variations with accumulation of dust and water on pentagonal patch antenna 14

23 As shown in the Figure 4.29 measured result is in agreement with the simulated results. We also observed that with accumulation of water and dust particles over the patch the resonance frequency shifts towards lower value. Table 4.5 Measured parameters of the pentagonal patch antenna Materials Resonant Frequency (GHz) % Change in Resonant Frequency Return Loss (db) Bandwidth (MHz) Normal antenna With dust particle With water level Increased water level CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the effect of dielectric loading of different constant on the behavior of square and pentagonal patch antenna reveals that dielectric loading do not change only the resonance frequency but also affects its other parameters; VSWR, return loss, gain, directivity and bandwidth. In particular, the resonance frequency lowers to; 2.26 GHz, 2.24 GHz, and 2.14 GHz for dielectrics of ε r = 2.2, 2.5 and 3.2 respectively and corresponding shift in frequency are found to be.24 GHz,.26 GHz and.36 GHz respectively [5]. That is dielectric with lowest dielectric constant (ε r = 2.2) provide better impedance matching, hence has nominal effects and do not disturb much the performance characteristics of the antennas. The obtained results also indicate that return loss and VSWR increases, however 1-dB return loss, BW and directivity decreases with the dielectric constant of dielectrics. The value of impedance, return loss and VSWR are minimum, whereas BW and directivity are maximum for dielectric having dielectric constant (ε r = 2.2) and vice-versa for ε r = 3.2. The obtained results are found true that low ε r material induced less capacitance during loading on the patch antenna, hence could be preferred to use as protective layers for 15

24 antenna systems. The antenna performance has also been studied under the different conditions, accumulating snow, dust, particle and Plexiglas on the antenna and found that: Accumulation of snow on square microstrip patch antenna reduces the resonant frequency from 2.45 GHz to GHz. For snow, accumulation is confined to height of.1 mm. This results in 2.55% change in the resonant frequency. Similarly in case of dust particles and Plexiglas, whereas in dust particle slight change in resonant frequency is observed, it deviates from 2.45 GHz to GHz, with a percentage change of just 1.2%. Plexiglas affects resonant frequency the most, i.e., from 2.45 GHz to GHz. This leads to a 12.75% change in the resonant frequency. Also, accumulation of snow on pentagonal microstrip patch antenna doesn t affect the resonant frequency. For snow, accumulation is confined to height of.1 mm. Similarly it is considered in case of dust particles and Plexiglas, where as in dust particle slight change in resonant frequency is observed, it deviates from GHz to GHz, with a percentage change of just 1.2%. Plexiglas affects resonant frequency the most, i.e., from GHz to GHz. This leads to a 1.2 % change in the resonant frequency. The measured results are in agreement with the simulated results. In order to study the performances of the microstrip antenna under various temperature variations, the chapter FIVE focuses to describe the effects of temperature changes on the patch antennas. 16

25 REFERENCES 1. I. J. Bahl and S. S. Stuchly, Analysis of a microstrip covered with a lossy dielectric, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Vol. MTT-28. No.2, pp , Feb I. J. Bahl, P. Bhartia and S.S. Stuchly, Design of a microstrip antenna covered with a dielectric layer, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-3, No.2, pp , March R. Mittra,Y. Li and K. Yoo, A comparative study of directivity enhancement of microstrip patch antennas with using three different superstrates, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 52, No. 2 pp , February R. R. Wakodkar, S. Chakraborty and B. Gupta, Investigation of water loading effect on broadband planar array antenna for vehicular communication link, IEMCON 211, IEM in collaboration with IEEE on 5th and 6th January, pp.64-67, R. K. Yadav & R. L. Yadava, "Performance analysis of superstrate loaded patch antenna and abstain from environmental effects, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Vol. 3 No. 8, pp , August

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