Laser Development at Q-Peak for Remote Sensing. Peter Moulton Q-Peak, Inc. MRS Spring Meeting March 29, 2005 Paper FF1.1

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1 Laser Development at Q-Peak for Remote Sensing Peter Moulton Q-Peak, Inc. MRS Spring Meeting March 29, 2005 Paper FF1.1

2 Outline Introduction to Q-Peak Early systems: lamp-pumped (mostly) High-energy Ti:sapphire lasers High-energy eyesafe parametric oscillators Recent systems: diode-pumped Basic lasers Parametric oscillators for IR coverage Amplified microchip laser for precision ranging Single-frequency UV laser for direct-detection wind sensing Under development: High-energy pump for ozone lidar QCL-seeded IR parametric oscillator Fiber-laser-pumped Ho:YLF/ZGP OPO

3 Q-Peak History Previously Research Division of SEO, founded 1985 Established to provide SEO with the latest in solid state laser technology, leveraging outside funding as much as possible Conducted Government, commercial and internally funded R&D Developed multi-wavelength, lamp-pumped lasers and Ti:sapphire lasers as scientific and OEM products SBIR s (> 22 Phase II programs) a large component Developed key technology for BSDS $40 million Government contract in Orlando Developed high-power, diode-pumped solid state laser as basis for new product line Accumulated contract R&D sales through 1998: > $25 million Spun out as Q-Peak, July 1, 1998, a subsidiary of SEO Continued Government and commercial Contract R&D work and further developed a commercial business in diode-pumped lasers Acquired by Physical Sciences Inc. (Andover, MA) on October 15, 2001 Continuing contract R&D work, custom product sales, limited production and developing partners for large-scale production of commercial lasers Establishing synergies with PSI in photonics areas

4 High-Energy Ti:sapphire Lasers

5 Ti:sapphire laser is pumped with blue-green wavelengths and lases in near-ir ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT (arb. units) ,000 WAVELENGTH (nm) FLUORESCENCE INTESITY (arb. units)

6 Fluorescence and gain in Ti:sapphire spans a large wavelength region 1 INTENSITY (arb. units) PI GAIN 0.2 SIGMA WAVELENGTH (nm)

7 Laser-pumped, high-energy Ti:sapphire laser design uses unstable resonator Pump #1 Ti:sapphire crystals Output Prisms Pump #2 GRM HR Developed with NASA Langley, DARPA support, Continuing to build systems for specialized sensing applications in the near-ir and UV

8 Pulsed Ti:sapphire input-output, nm Ti:sapphire output energy (mj) nm 727 nm 911 nm 960 nm Green pump energy (mj)

9 LASE system with Ti:sapphire laser has measured global water-vapor profiles The seed source is a single-frequency diode laser operating around 815 nm The pump laser produces two pulses spaced less than a msec apart, to provide on-line, off-line data for a frozen atmosphere LASE has flown > 30 times on an ER-2 and on a P-3 aircraft since Now being adapted for DC-8

10 DARPA/ONR SLC Ti:sapphire achieved 250 mj, 455-nm, narrow-linewidth power But, program cancelled

11 Harmonic conversion of Ti:sapphire lasers: applied to DIAL, fluorescence lidar Harmonic 4th NO 3rd Benzene Toluene Ozone Cl2 Hg SO2 2nd NO Wavelength (nm)

12 50 mj at 253 nm, 28 MHz linewidth source for Hg resonance filter Frequency-doubled, Flash lamp-pumped, Nd:YAG laser Ti:sapphire seed laser Flashlamp Trigger Photodiode Ramp & Lock electronics Pulsed Ti:sapphire laser PZT High voltage Op-amp 10Hz Master clock

13 Pulses from seeded lasers

14 50 mj, 290-nm source used solid state green laser to pump cw Ti:sapphire seed laser 5 W, 532 nm 532-nm CW Pump Laser 900 mw, 870 nm CW Ti:Sapphire Laser 290 nm 50 mj BBO crystals 200 mj, 870 nm Output THG Module SHG Module Pulsed Ti:Sapphire Laser Isolator 1 J, two beam lines Cooler SHG Module Nd:YLF Pump Laser 1.75 J, two beam lines Lamp Driver

15 Ozone lidar transmitter for NASA Langley used diode-laser seed sources SLM Diode Laser - On-Line Seeder SLM Diode Laser - Off-Line Seeder Dichroic Mirror Isolator Double-Pulse Lamp Driver BBO- or LBO-based Passive SHG Module Pulsed Ti:sapphire Unstable-Resonator Laser CLH Nd:YLF Pump Laser Passive THG Module Double-Pulse UV Output 1996, Phase II NASA SBIR

16 THG efficiency and energy exceeded 45% and 30 mj THG Efficiency Input Energy (mj) THG Output Energy (mj)

17 Photo of NASA ozone Ti:sapphire system

18 Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAE Large Atmospheric Research Aircraft G-LUXE FAAM is the result of a collaboration between the Met Office(TM) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) to provide an aircraft measurement platform for use by all the UK atmospheric research community. The aircraft is owned by BAE Systems and operated for them by Directflight. The Home Base is at Cranfield University, Bedfordshire.

19 Detailed block diagram of NIR/UV Lidar source for FAAM Master Control Seed Laser Control/Drive Wavemeter Computer ECDL SEED ECDL SEED ECDL SEED Wavemeter Pulsed Ti:sapphire Laser Harmonic Generation Ramp /Lock Electronics UV Output NIR Output Pump Laser Lamp Drivers ECDL SEED ECDL SEED Big Sky Pump Lasers Lasers Cooling Switch Optical bench Electronics rack Optical Electrical Coolant

20 Toptica DL100 ECDL seed source with Laserscope accessory

21 High-energy eyesafe parametric oscillators

22 Test system for high-energy KTP OPO Q-switched Nd:YAG Osc / Amp 1064 nm, J, 10 ns, 10 Hz -or- Q-switched Nd:YLF 1053 nm, mj, 10 ns, Hz - or mj, 30 Hz KTP OPO Telescope Input Mirror Output Mirror OPO Signal Output

23 OPO resonator designs STANDING-WAVE pump M1 HT pump HR signal 20 mm KTP pump PR signal HR pump signal 450 mj, 10 Hz 41% conversion Limits: M1 damage Pump feedback RING pump signal TIR prism 240 mj, 30 Hz 34% conversion No feedback No damage at full power 4, 10-mm KTP (with KTA 330 mj, 100 Hz >30% conversion)

24 Compact, ruggedized lamp-pumped laser with internal OPO

25 Complete OPO-based lidar system built for NASA Langley

26 Complete CLEAR lidar system at UCLA used Q-Peak eyesafe OPO transmitter

27 Application of CLEAR lidar to urban areas

28 Army biological standoff detection system (LR-BSDS) used Q-Peak high-power OPO

29 Plot of KTP and KTA IR transmission T = 3297nm KTA 2cm KTP 2cm 60 %T T = 3297nm Wavelength (nm)

30 Design for high-power KTA OPO pump& idler out KTA x-cut pump in signal out CaF 2 prism Four KTA Crystals 1 x 1 x 2 cm each M.S. Webb et al. Opt.Lett. 23, 1161 (1998) Signal Power (Watts) Pump Power (Watts)

31 Detail of BSDS system mounted in UH-60

32 Recent systems: diode-pumped Basic lasers

33 SALTS 2-micron coherent lidar source built for for wind profiling off ships

34 Inside of SALTS hermetic-sealed laser head mirrors aligned and then hard-mounted

35 Q-Peak s DPSSL design obtains high efficiency and high beam quality with side-pumping Diode laser Cylinder lens Laser beam Pump beam Laser crystal Diode laser Multi-Pass Slab (MPS) US Patent 5,774,489 Applied to Nd:YLF, Nd:YVO 4, Nd:YAG Yb:S-FAP, Yb:YAG, Tm:YLF, Er:YLF, Cr:LiSAF Gain Module

36 MPS Tm:YLF cw laser operation provides tunable IR output 6 5 Output power, W T=3 % T=13% Wavelength, nm Wavelength tuning of Tm:YLF laser with a 2-plate birefringent filter (TEM oo operation) for two values of output coupler transmission.

37 Technology of efficient diode-pumped, conduction-cooled Nd:YLF rod laser Design concept CAD model

38 I/O curve for conduction-cooled rod laser 0.5 R = 70% 0.4 R = 60% Output Energy (J) No Pockels cell or polarizer in the resonator, cavity length 15 cm, rep rate 10Hz, pump pulsewidth 400ms 40% slope efficiency Pump Energy (J) Q-switched results: 110 mj/pulse in double-pulse format

39 Recent systems: Parametric oscillators for IR coverage Amplified microchip laser for precision ranging Single-frequency UV laser for direct-detection wind sensing

40 Tuning curve for MPS-driven KTA OPO Power (W) Wavelength (um)

41 Tandem OPO scheme Angle-tuned Pump-tuned, NCPM m Nd-doped, Q-switched laser KTA OPO CdSe OPO m Nd-doped seed laser IR seed source IR seed source Or: PPLN, other KTP isomorphs Or: AgGaSe 2 ZnGeP 2

42 Tandem OPO tuning with x- and y-cut KTA Wavelength (um) CdSe signal and idler y-cut KTA x-cut KTA KTA signal and idler KTA Phasematch angle (degrees)

43 Overall design of SBCCOM, rapidly tunable, 1-kHz PRR Tandem OPO Mid IR output Rotary stages OSC AMP 1 AMP 2 AMP 3 AOBD MPL RF Synthesizer (rapid tuning) Rotation control (slow tuning) External burst PC 2 PC 1 Legend: Laser diode current MPL control (current settings, burst mode) AOBD control (RF, burst mode) Rotation control (angle) Trigger pulse Burst pulse

44 Microchip laser schematic and performance Pump optics Dielectric coating HR laser HT pump Dielectric coating PR laser 1.5 mm Microchip laser output Nd:YAG (laser) Cr:YAG (Q-switch) Fiber-coupled diode laser 0.7 W pump power at nm 440 ps pulse duration

45 SLR2000 transmitter for precision satellite ranging based on amplified microchip Nd:YVO 4 Multipass Amplifier Cylindrical lens HR Mirror SHG Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG Microlaser 532-nm beam Fiber Design: MPV-amplified microchip laser Pulse duration: ps Pulse energy: 200 uj at 532 nm Pulse rate: 2 khz plate Isolator /2 plate Telescope Diode laser Photograph of hardware designed for remote, autonomous operation

46 4 mj, 1 khz PRR single-frequency source at 349 nm for incoherent-detection wind-sensing Optical Isolator 1 Amplifier Gain Module w/ 90-W Lightstone diodes 1 1 UV-Contoller Photodetector SLM Seed Laser , nm output 1047-nm output 8 Seeder Electronics Photodetector Oscillator Gain Module w/ 40-W diodes NCPM LBO CPM LBO (SHG) crystal (THG) crystal 16 Beam dump G-5398

47 Under Development

48 100 W, 1-kHz IR source for ozone lidar Required Pump Laser Parameter Units Wavelength 1047 nm Linewidth <500 MHz SLM (no multimode permitted) Average Power 100 W combined Main leg Secondary leg ** after OPO isolator 70 W 30 W ** Pulse width 6-8 ns (critical not to exceed) Beam diameter < 2 mm 1/e^2 points Beam quality M^2 < 1.3 in both axis Beam shape Near circular > 90% Pulse shape >95 % gaussian, no after pulsing Final stage amplifier Pre-final amplifier 100 mj, 6-9 ns 1 khz mj Results to date: 28 mj at 1 khz from a single crystal Retro-mirror Double-pass preamplifier Tandem optical isolator Nd:YLF oscillator mj, 6-9 ns 1 khz

49 Quantum-cascade-laser (QCL) seeded OPO for atmospheric sensing 2.05-um pump laser QCL seeder MIR OPO 2.2 to 4.0 um signal output 4.0 to 22 um idler output Design goal: 200 mj/pulse >50-Hz PRR pump laser Photograph of Phase I ZGP OPO demonstration

50 Scale-up of Ho:YLF-driven ZGP OPO will use 350 W of Tm-fiber-laser pumping Tm-fiber laser PBS /2 DM DM HR OC AOM Ho:YLF Ho:YLF

51 Results to date: 40 W of cw power 40 mj of Q-switched energy in 17-ns pulse Ho:YLF energy per pulse, mj Hz 400 Hz 200 Hz Total Tm-pump power, W

52 Tuning curve for Ho:YLF-pumped ZGP OPO 9 Signal, idler wavelengths (um) Angle (degrees)

53 ZGP OPO operation pulse energy at 3200 nm 14 OPO pulse energy, mj Hz 200 Hz 400 Hz Slope efficiency: 50 Hz 60% 200 Hz 56% 400 Hz 63% Pump pulse energy, mj

54 Conclusions Advances in solid state laser and nonlinear optical materials have allowed development of new sources for active remote sensing Tunable Ti:sapphire lasers with nonlinear conversion generate tunable IR, visible and UV wavelengths for a variety of species detection Large-aperture KTP and KTA crystals can shift the output of Nddoped lasers into the eyesafe wavelength region, for groundbased aerosol sensing Diode-pumped laser extend the performance of solid state lasers and provide the basis for satellite-based active remote sensors Nonlinear optics based on improved nonlinear crystals provide extended, tunable wavelength coverage from LWIR to the UV

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