Specifying, predicting and testing:
|
|
- Agatha Smith
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Specifying, predicting and testing: Three steps to coverage confidence on your digital radio network
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY One of the most important properties of a radio network is coverage. Yet because radio waves are invisible, it can be difficult to understand what radio terminals are experiencing and how confident network operators and radio users can be, that their critical communications will be heard. Coverage prediction software applications rely on assumptions and specifications to predict coverage reliability, but these predictions have their limits. Beyond those limits, it is necessary to physically verify that the specified level of coverage is met. In this paper, we will look at reliability specifications, coverage prediction theory, and how physical, location signal measurements can verify it in a robust, repeatable and affordable way. Find out about: The limitation of coverage prediction Specifying network coverage reliability Verifying coverage Tait Limited
3 THE LIMITATIONS OF COVERAGE PREDICTION Coverage prediction software for wide area radio networks (such as a Tait LMR network) accurately models the propagation of a radio wave, allowing radio engineers to design and plan a radio network with confidence. It takes into account (among other things) the distance from transmitters, variations in topography, the curvature of the earth and changes in atmospheric density at altitude. Together, these variables give a good picture of the overall radio network coverage. But there are limits. No matter what the resolution of the data, it cannot perfectly represent the real world. Physical variations Coverage prediction tools represent the world via a finite number of points, each representing an area (typically 100 sqm) of the landscape. There can be many minor influences that are either too small to practically model in software, or that will change over the life of the network. Examples include: Small terrain variations A 20 square meter rocky outcrop won t be represented in the model, but it will have a small effect on coverage. Vegetation and buildings Trees grow and die; buildings are constructed or demolished, each impacting on real world coverage. It is impractical to model each and every building, tree and shrub in a wide area network data cannot reflect changes at this scale. Tait Limited
4 These objects (known as clutter ) are allowed for in the prediction model; areas are assigned different clutter classes (farmland, forest, suburban etc) which apply typical properties. Slow fading If you took a large number of measurements in the area shown in the diagram, you would find that actual signal levels vary around the predicted value (in this case - 90dBm) according to a normal distribution curve. Most values will lie close to - 90dBm (between -95dBm and -85dBm) with decreasing measurements at more extreme values. predicted signal level -90dBm So it is impossible to predict with confidence that the signal at a chosen point will be exactly -90dBm. It will be close, but a measured value will depend on exactly where and when the measurement was taken. (This is referred to as slow fading, lognormal fading, or shadowing.) However, you can confidently specify the probability that a measurement taken in that area will fall within a certain range. 68% of measured values fall within this range number of locations number of locations range of actual signal 5dBm 5dBm -95dBm -90dBm -85dBm predicted signal level signal level Tait Limited
5 From the example, if the predicted signal strength is -90dBm, and signal strength in this area has a standard deviation of 5dB, there is a 68% chance that a measured value will be between -95dBm and -85dBm. A more common approach to describe slow fading is that there is an 84% chance that the measured value is greater than -95dBm. 84% of measured values fall within this range number of locations 5dBm signal level -95dBm -90dBm predicted signal level Tait Limited
6 THE EDGE OF COVERAGE For radio users, the signal strength figure is simply not important - they just want to know that they will be able to hear and understand other users. Unfortunately, coverage prediction software alone cannot provide that guarantee computers are good at maths, but not much else. Bridging the gap between the user experience and the hard numbers that a computer can use is Delivered Audio Quality (DAQ). Delivered Audio Quality DAQ is a measure of how intelligible the communication is the proportion of speech that is intelligible, on a scale of seven tiers, from Unusable (DAQ 1) to Perfect (DAQ 5). (The downside, of course is that DAQ is subjective. Individual users may not agree that a given transmission was a certain DAQ - the boundaries are fuzzy.) Industry standard TSB-88 defines a signal level 1 that can be expected for each DAQ level. For digital technologies, an objective measure of quality (over and above signal strength) is Bit Error Rate (BER). So DAQ allows a subjective experience to be mapped to an objective number that can be both predicted (in coverage prediction software) and measured. TSB-88-1D maps DAQ to both BER and Signal to Noise Ratios. A DMR radio network is expected to provide DAQ3 ( Speech understandable with slight effort ) or better, with received Bit Error Rate 2.6% or less. The subjective value (DAQ 3) is not easily measured, but the objective value (BER = 2.6%) can be measured with instrumentation. Defining the edge of coverage Radio waves get progressively weaker as they travel away from the transmitter. So there is a clearly-defined edge of acceptable coverage, between the radio network meeting requirements on one side, and falling short (however narrowly) on the other. The edge of coverage is defined by: quality usually DAQ mapped to an objective signal strength or bit error rate, contour reliability how much of the coverage boundary must have the specified quality. So, a radio network could be specified as delivering DAQ3.4 with 95% reliability at the boundary. On one side Speech is understandable without repetition (DAQ3.4) along more than 95% of the boundary, and fewer than 95% on the other side. 1 This is a signal to noise ratio, from which a signal level can be calculated. Tait Limited
7 Area reliability As a radio user travels inwards from the edge of coverage, the radio signals get increasingly stronger. Reliability will approach 100% 2 when they are close to the radio tower. Area reliability is the average across an area, which is always higher than contour reliability. Any network that is subject to a coverage guarantee (where the network vendor guarantees a certain level of coverage) should have its coverage specified as area reliability. There are two types of area reliability that are commonly specified: Service area reliability This is the average reliability over a defined service area. This service area could be political (such as a county), or operational (such as a 500m buffer around an electricity transmission network). If the service area reliability is 98%, there is a 98% chance that users anywhere in that area will have the desired level of service. Covered area reliability This the average reliability within the predicted coverage boundary. This might fall partially within, and partially outside the service area. For example if the covered area reliability is 98% and all we know is that a user is within the coverage boundary, they have a 98% chance of experiencing the desired level of service. Both definitions describe the average reliability of the network, but they do not describe how the network behaves at specific points. Some locations within the area may have very low reliability ( black spots ), but these are offset mathematically by locations with very high reliability. 2 It never precisely reaches 100%, but for all practical purposes, % is the same thing. Tait Limited
8 Bounded Area Percentage Coverage (BAPC) Coverage is sometimes specified as needing to cover a percentage of the service area at a certain reliability. For example, The network shall cover 92% of the service area at a minimum reliability of 95%. This is Bounded Area Percentage Coverage (BAPC). BAPC merely describes what a coverage map will look like in this example, all the locations that are predicted to have 95% reliability (or better) will make up 92% (or more) of the service area. This may not represent actual coverage. Unfortunately, BAPC cannot not be practically tested. It would require sampling at every single location in the service area to demonstrate that the required amount of the service area has the required amount of reliability. BAPC must be translated into area reliability before a practical test can be performed. Where coverage design must rely solely on BAPC as a specification, it must be split into two separate requirements: coverage prediction across the specified percentage of the service area, to be verified during detailed design, covered area reliability that meets or exceeds a value calculated from the coverage prediction, to be verified during a Coverage Verification Test (CVT) after the network is installed and commissioned. Translating contour reliability to area reliability There is no simple mathematical relationship between contour reliability (reliability at the edge of coverage) and area reliability (average reliability inside the coverage area). This is because a real-world coverage boundary is almost certainly a very complex shape, due to variable terrain, and features and objects on top of the terrain. Some coverage prediction software (for example, EDX Signal Pro) can perform a probability simulation on a coverage prediction to calculate area reliability subject to some assumptions. During design, this can show that the proposed radio network is predicted to meet the required area reliability, or to translate specified contour reliability to testable, verifiable, area reliability. Specifying network coverage reliability Area reliability can be practically tested and verified, while contour reliabilities cannot. The table gives a quick overview of the different coverage specifications. Specification Description Testing? Contour reliability Average reliability at the edge of coverage Cannot be practically tested. Bounded area percentage coverage Service area reliability Covered area reliability Proportion of a map predicted to be covered at specified reliability. Proportion of all locations within the service area where service can be expected. Proportion of all the locations that fall within the predicted coverage boundary where service can be expected. Cannot be practically tested. Can be tested Can be tested. Tait Limited
9 VERIFYING COVERAGE To verify that your installed network meets coverage requirements, your coverage must be specified as either: covered area reliability - the proportion of randomly-selected locations within the predicted coverage boundary where service can be expected, service area reliability - the proportion of all locations within the service area where service can be expected. The level of service you require also needs to be defined. Where possible, the service threshold should be a single, measurable, objective value. Common coverage design thresholds are signal strength (RSSI) and Bit Error Rate (BER), which may have been derived from a specified DAQ requirement. Coverage Verification Testing (CVT) physically measures area reliability in a robust, repeatable and affordable way. In this situation, reliability refers to the proportion of locations that meet or exceed the coverage design threshold. Where to sample Statistical sampling requires each sample to be randomly and independently selected. Obviously, if all samples were taken right next to radio sites, the test would not be valid. Nor would taking all samples in deep valleys at the edge of coverage. Neither example would provide an accurate measure of reliability. If time and money were no object, every possible location could be tested, and a very precise reliability measure could be achieved. Clearly this is impractical; another approach is needed, to balance precision and affordability. This requires a controlled randomisation approach, that balances random sampling and even distribution, by spreading sufficient samples evenly across the service area. To distribute samples across the service area in an unbiased way, coverage engineers create a test grid, which divides the service area into evenly-sized test tiles, typically oneto-two kilometres square. A random sample is taken within each test tile. A common misunderstanding is that each test tile is tested; the tiles are simply a device to distribute samples. So, while not random in the strictest sense, sampling is randomized within a test tile. When designing the coverage verification test, the coverage engineer can adjust the tile size, to ensure that enough samples are taken to meet specified confidence levels, while keeping the sampling as evenly-spread as possible. As the actual sampling is performed by vehicles on public roads (which conveniently replicates actual mobile radio network use), any tiles on the grid that do not have full (or partial) road access are excluded. Tait Limited
10 The method If random signal quality samples are taken, you can estimate the percentage of locations that meet or exceed the coverage design threshold. The associated degree of confidence will depend on the number of samples taken. For example: A radio network specifies area reliability of 90%, and coverage design threshold is -100dBm signal strength. We require a typical confidence level of 99%. Let s look at some possible outcomes, based on different numbers of samples. The number of samples will depend on the reliability specification and predicted reliability the smaller the gap between them, the more samples are required. there is a clearlydefined edge of acceptable coverage, between the radio network meeting requirements on one side, and falling short (however narrowly) on the other. Samples - 100dBm < - 100dBm Measured reliability Confidence* Acceptable? % 50% No % 77% No % 99.5% Yes % 99.0% Yes *using estimate of proportions technique Looking at the table, the first two examples fall well short in terms of confidence, due to their very small sample numbers. The third example exceeds both reliability and confidence, suggesting that the system may in fact have more radio sites than necessary to meet the specified criteria. The final example with 900 samples and measured reliability around 92% - meets the confidence criteria, and best represents a realistic, well-executed CVT. What happens if we increase the confidence figure further? Diminishing returns set in quite quickly: 99.9% confidence requires 2150 samples. That is a significantly greater sampling overhead, so the sampling cost can get out of hand quite quickly. Tait Limited
11 SUMMARY Physical, location signal measurements from a well-designed and executed coverage verification test can verify it in a robust, repeatable and affordable way. Coverage predictions are statistical by nature; the theoretical nature of coverage prediction can provide only part of the story. They can only provide a statistical likelihood that, in any given location, a certain signal level will be equalled or exceeded. You cannot be 100% confident that a specific signal level will occur at a given time and place. Averaged out across your entire service area, predictions define the mathematical likelihood that a randomly-selected location will have a signal strength equal to, or greater than your specified threshold. However, if you require a coverage guarantee, your network coverage requirement must be specified as area reliability. Coverage Verification Testing gives a specified confidence (usually 99%) that your network is delivering its specified area reliability, by randomly sampling the network s coverage across its service area. Tait Limited
12 GLOSSARY BAPC (Bounded Area Percentage Coverage) BER (Bit Error Rate) dbm Clutter Confidence level Confidence window Contour reliability Covered Area Covered Area Reliability CVT (Coverage Verification Test) DAQ (Delivered Audio Quality) Estimate of proportions LMR (Land Mobile Radio) Reliability Service area Service area reliability TIA TSB-88 How much of a service area falls within the predicted coverage boundary. This is not a testable coverage measure, but is useful for comparing coverage predictions. A measure of how much information is received incorrectly. High values of BER lead to gaps and distortion in the audio. Voice networks usually specify less than 2.6%. Measure of signal strength ratio between decibels and one milliwatt of power. Radio coverage values can range from < -110dBm (very low) to > -60dBm (very high). Land cover (trees, building etc) in a radio coverage area. Likelihood that proportion of reliability lies within the confidence window. CVTs typically use 99%. The range that the reliability is likely to fall within. In CVTs, the window may be all reliabilities, equal to or greater than specified reliability. So, We are 99% confident that true reliability is equal to, or greater than the specified reliability of 90% Reliability at the edge of coverage. Theoretical geographic area within the coverage boundary. (May be constrained by service area. Reliability of a radio network, averaged across all locations in the covered area. Statistical test to determine if a radio network meets coverage specifications. Subjective scale of audio quality as perceived by a radio user. Statistical method that estimates true proportion from a number of samples. Confidence levels and confidence windows are associated with this estimate. Wireless communications used in vehicles (mobiles) or on foot (portables). Percentage of locations that have required signal level. Geographic area of operation, usually a political boundary (city or county limit). Reliability of a radio network averaged across all locations in the service area. Industry recommendations for radio coverage prediction, design and verification. + Stay updated with our latest contents Follow Us About the author: Stephen Bunting is a System Engineer at Tait Communication, specializing in coverage prediction and verification. Stephen has twelve years telecommunications experience. Tait Limited
13 Tait Limited COPYRIGHT General terms of use for Tait technical documentation. While Tait has taken every care to ensure that the information and contents are correct and up-to-date at the time of printing, the information may contain technical inaccuracies and/or printing errors. Tait does not guarantee the accuracy or correctness of the information. Tait cannot be held liable or responsible for errors or omissions in the contents of the technical documentation. All information contained in the technical documentation is given without warranties or representations, expressed or implied. Disclaimer. Tait Limited marketed under the Tait Communications brand. Tait Limited expressly disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties as to the accuracy of the contents of this document. In no event shall Tait Limited be liable for any injury, expenses, profits, loss or damage, direct, incidental, or consequential, or any other pecuniary loss arising out of the use of or reliance on the information described in this document. Copyright 2012 Tait Limited.
Which Dispatch Solution?
White Paper Which Dispatch Solution? Revision 1.0 www.omnitronicsworld.com Radio Dispatch is a term used to describe the carrying out of business operations over a radio network from one or more locations.
More informationWhy VPEAK is the Most Critical Aperture Tuner Parameter
APPLICATION NOTE Why VPEAK is the Most Critical Aperture Tuner Parameter VPEAK and Voltage Handling: Selecting an Aperture Tuner with Insufficient VPEAK May Result in Degraded TRP, TIS and Phone Certification
More informationWireless Communications for California High-Speed Rail An Update, OR Vision hits Reality.
Wireless Communications for California High-Speed Rail An Update, OR Vision hits Reality. Lee Castellion Parsons Brinckerhoff Senior Communications Engineer Denver, CO David Turner Turner Engineering Corporation
More informationWyoming Radio Coverage Analysis
Wyoming Radio Coverage Analysis Presented to: Federal Engineering, Inc. Prepared by: Science Applications International Corporation TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION... 3 II. DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS...
More informationSimulcasting Project 25
ATLAS Simulcasting Project 25 2013 April Copyright 2012-2013 by EFJohnson Technologies, Inc. The EFJohnson Technologies logo, ATLAS, and StarGate are trademarks of EFJohnson Technologies, Inc. All other
More informationUNIT-II 1. Explain the concept of frequency reuse channels. Answer:
UNIT-II 1. Explain the concept of frequency reuse channels. Concept of Frequency Reuse Channels: A radio channel consists of a pair of frequencies one for each direction of transmission that is used for
More informationPropagation Modelling White Paper
Propagation Modelling White Paper Propagation Modelling White Paper Abstract: One of the key determinants of a radio link s received signal strength, whether wanted or interfering, is how the radio waves
More informationWireless Signal Propagation Concepts
Wireless Signal Propagation Concepts NARUC 2017 Presented as part of: Mobile Broadband, Wireless Propagation, and the 706 NOI Presented by Adam Nelson Senior Consultant Federal Engineering, Inc. November
More informationProtection Ratio Calculation Methods for Fixed Radiocommunications Links
Protection Ratio Calculation Methods for Fixed Radiocommunications Links C.D.Squires, E. S. Lensson, A. J. Kerans Spectrum Engineering Australian Communications and Media Authority Canberra, Australia
More informationChapter- 5. Performance Evaluation of Conventional Handoff
Chapter- 5 Performance Evaluation of Conventional Handoff Chapter Overview This chapter immensely compares the different mobile phone technologies (GSM, UMTS and CDMA). It also presents the related results
More informationCharacterizing High-Speed Oscilloscope Distortion A comparison of Agilent and Tektronix high-speed, real-time oscilloscopes
Characterizing High-Speed Oscilloscope Distortion A comparison of Agilent and Tektronix high-speed, real-time oscilloscopes Application Note 1493 Table of Contents Introduction........................
More informationCoverage Impact of Implementing Narrowband Equipment. Bernie Olson Chair TIA TR8.18
Coverage Impact of Implementing Narrowband Equipment Bernie Olson Chair TIA TR8.18 It Depends ON Lots of variables to take into consideration Migration process Link Budget Tradeoff of sensitivity and interference
More informationECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 3: Cellular Fundamentals
ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2004 Lecture 3: Cellular Fundamentals Chapter 3 - The Cellular Concept - System Design Fundamentals I. Introduction Goals of a Cellular System
More informationManaging Encryption. A guide for public safety decision makers. White Paper.
Managing Encryption A guide for public safety decision makers White Paper Contents Introduction...03 System security...03 Level of Security...03 Encryption considerations... 04 End to end... 04 Managing
More informationSharing Considerations Between Small Cells and Geostationary Satellite Networks in the Fixed-Satellite Service in the GHz Frequency Band
Sharing Considerations Between Small Cells and Geostationary Satellite Networks in the Fixed-Satellite Service in the 3.4-4.2 GHz Frequency Band Executive Summary The Satellite Industry Association ( SIA
More informationDAB Coverage Plan: Inverness Local Multiplex
DAB Coverage Plan: Inverness Local Multiplex Publication date: January 2015 Proposed increases to coverage In December 2013, the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed Vaizey
More informationSudden Valley RF Documentation
Network Engineering Verizon Wireless 3305 160th Ave. SE M/S 231 Bellevue, WA 98008 Sudden Valley RF Documentation Overview: Verizon Wireless strives to provide excellent wireless service for our customers
More informationTechnical Annex. This criterion corresponds to the aggregate interference from a co-primary allocation for month.
RKF Engineering Solutions, LLC 1229 19 th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036 Phone 202.463.1567 Fax 202.463.0344 www.rkf-eng.com 1. Protection of In-band FSS Earth Stations Technical Annex 1.1 In-band Interference
More informationNoise Figure: What is it and why does it matter?
Noise Figure: What is it and why does it matter? White Paper Noise Figure: What is it and why does it matter? Introduction Noise figure is one of the key parameters for quantifying receiver performance,
More informationULTRASONIC SIGNAL PROCESSING TOOLBOX User Manual v1.0
ULTRASONIC SIGNAL PROCESSING TOOLBOX User Manual v1.0 Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of European Commission within the project FIKS-CT-2000-00065 copyright Lars
More informationLecture - 06 Large Scale Propagation Models Path Loss
Fundamentals of MIMO Wireless Communication Prof. Suvra Sekhar Das Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 06 Large Scale Propagation
More informationSimulcast Radio Network Design. Jay M. Jacobsmeyer, P.E. Pericle Communications Co Vindicator Drive, Suite 100 Colorado Springs, CO 80919
Simulcast Radio Network Design Jay M. Jacobsmeyer, P.E. Pericle Communications Co. 1910 Vindicator Drive, Suite 100 Colorado Springs, CO 80919 Outline Company Overview Background Information Needs Analysis
More informationDAB Coverage Plan: Tayside Local Multiplex
DAB Coverage Plan: Tayside Local Multiplex Publication date: January 2015 Proposed increases to coverage In December 2013, the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed Vaizey MP,
More informationBreaking Through RF Clutter
Breaking Through RF Clutter A Guide to Reliable Data Communications in Saturated 900 MHz Environments Your M2M Expert Introduction Today, there are many mission-critical applications in industries such
More informationApplication Note No. 7 Radio Link Calculations (Link_Calc.xls)
TIL-TEK Application Note No. 7 Radio Link Calculations (Link_Calc.xls) The following application note describes the application and utilization of the Link_Calc.xls worksheet. Link_Calc.xls is an interactive
More informationInformation on the Evaluation of VHF and UHF Terrestrial Cross-Border Frequency Coordination Requests
Issue 1 May 2013 Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Technical Bulletin Information on the Evaluation of VHF and UHF Terrestrial Cross-Border Frequency Coordination Requests Aussi disponible en
More informationDigital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Lancashire Block 12A Local DAB Multiplex
Digital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Lancashire Block 12A Local DAB Multiplex Publication date: August 2018 DAB coverage maps All local digital radio (DAB) services have a specified licence
More informationDAB Coverage Plan: Aberdeen Local Multiplex
DAB Coverage Plan: Aberdeen Local Multiplex Publication date: January 2015 Proposed increases to coverage In December 2013, the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed Vaizey MP,
More informationRadio Coverage Studies for DMR Simulcast Systems
Radio Coverage Studies for DMR Simulcast Systems Workshop: Digital Mobile Radio Association DMR Alessandro Guido DMR System Design, Leonardo S.p.A. Augusto Colombo DMR Sales Technical Support, Leonardo
More informationDME, DMF, DMJ Series: Silicon Beam-Lead Schottky Mixer Diode (Singles, Pairs, and Quads) Bondable Beam-Lead Devices
DATA SHEET DME, DMF, DMJ Series: Silicon Beam-Lead Schottky Mixer Diode (Singles, Pairs, and Quads) Bondable Beam-Lead Devices Applications Microwave Integrated Circuits Mixers Detectors Features Low 1/f
More informationWHITEPAPER IMPRovIng THE safety And EFFEcTIvEnEss of TETRA RAdIo users THRougH IncREAsEd RAdIo sensitivity And PoWER
MAY 2012 IMPROVING THE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF TETRA RADIO USERS THROUGH INCREASED RADIO SENSITIVITY AND POWER 2dB or not 2dB, that is the question * *Hamlet s guide to radio planning Introduction
More informationExploitability and Game Theory Optimal Play in Poker
Boletín de Matemáticas 0(0) 1 11 (2018) 1 Exploitability and Game Theory Optimal Play in Poker Jen (Jingyu) Li 1,a Abstract. When first learning to play poker, players are told to avoid betting outside
More informationAN0509 swarm API Country Settings
1.0 NA-15-0356-0002-1.0 Version:1.0 Author: MLA Document Information Document Title: Document Version: 1.0 Current Date: 2015-04-16 Print Date: 2015-04-16 Document ID: Document Author: Disclaimer NA-15-0356-0002-1.0
More informationSIR-WRR1. User's Guide SIRIUS Echo Antenna. Signal Repeater System Accessory
SIR-WRR1 User's Guide SIRIUS Echo Antenna Signal Repeater System Accessory Desktop SIRIUS Docking Echo Station Antenna FCC NOTICE: This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS-210 of
More informationDAB Coverage Plan: North Yorkshire Local Multiplex
DAB Coverage Plan: North Yorkshire Local Multiplex Publication date: January 2015 Proposed increases to coverage In December 2013, the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed Vaizey
More informationModelling Small Cell Deployments within a Macrocell
Modelling Small Cell Deployments within a Macrocell Professor William Webb MBA, PhD, DSc, DTech, FREng, FIET, FIEEE 1 Abstract Small cells, or microcells, are often seen as a way to substantially enhance
More informationECMA TR/105. A Shaped Noise File Representative of Speech. 1 st Edition / December Reference number ECMA TR/12:2009
ECMA TR/105 1 st Edition / December 2012 A Shaped Noise File Representative of Speech Reference number ECMA TR/12:2009 Ecma International 2009 COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT Ecma International 2012 Contents
More informationClark County Fire Prevention Las Vegas Nevada
Clark County Fire Prevention Las Vegas Nevada PUBLIC SAFETY/FIRST RESPONDER RADIO AMPLIFICATION SYSTEMS SCOPE: This guideline sets forth requirements for the design, installation and testing of Public
More informationUrban WiMAX response to Ofcom s Spectrum Commons Classes for licence exemption consultation
Urban WiMAX response to Ofcom s Spectrum Commons Classes for licence exemption consultation July 2008 Urban WiMAX welcomes the opportunity to respond to this consultation on Spectrum Commons Classes for
More informationAntenna Selection Guide for the IA4420 ISM Band FSK Transceiver
IA ISM-AN6 Antenna Selection Guide for the IA4420 ISM Band FSK Transceiver Application Note Version 1.0r - PRELIMINARY IA ISM-AN6 Rev 1.0r 1205 2005, Silicon Laboratories, Inc. Silicon Labs, Inc. 400 West
More informationDAB Coverage Plan: North West Wales Local Multiplex
DAB Coverage Plan: North West Wales Local Multiplex Publication date: January 2015 Proposed increases to coverage In December 2013, the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed
More informationECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 6: Fading
ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2004 Lecture 6: Fading Last lecture: Large scale propagation properties of wireless systems - slowly varying properties that depend primarily
More informationECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 6: Fading
ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2005 Lecture 6: Fading Last lecture: Large scale propagation properties of wireless systems - slowly varying properties that depend primarily
More informationIf a fair coin is tossed 10 times, what will we see? 24.61% 20.51% 20.51% 11.72% 11.72% 4.39% 4.39% 0.98% 0.98% 0.098% 0.098%
Coin tosses If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, what will we see? 30% 25% 24.61% 20% 15% 10% Probability 20.51% 20.51% 11.72% 11.72% 5% 4.39% 4.39% 0.98% 0.98% 0.098% 0.098% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number
More informationDigital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage North East Wales and West Cheshire Local DAB Multiplex
Digital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage North East Wales and West Cheshire Local DAB Multiplex Publication date: August 2013 DAB coverage maps All local digital radio (DAB) services have a specified
More informationA Guide to Sampling for Community Health Assessments and Other Projects
A Guide to Sampling for Community Health Assessments and Other Projects Introduction Healthy Carolinians defines a community health assessment as a process by which community members gain an understanding
More informationUnit-1 The Cellular Concept
Unit-1 The Cellular Concept 1.1 Introduction to Cellular Systems Solves the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity. Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum without major technological
More informationDigital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Hereford & Worcestershire Block 12A Local DAB Multiplex
Digital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Hereford & Worcestershire Block 12A Local DAB Multiplex Publication date: July 2018 DAB coverage maps All local digital radio (DAB) services have a specified
More informationAppendix A Decibels. Definition of db
Appendix A Decibels Communication systems often consist of many different blocks, connected together in a chain so that a signal must travel through one after another. Fig. A-1 shows the block diagram
More informationRecent Developments in Indoor Radiowave Propagation
UBC WLAN Group Recent Developments in Indoor Radiowave Propagation David G. Michelson Background and Motivation 1-2 wireless local area networks have been the next great technology for over a decade the
More informationECC Report 276. Thresholds for the coordination of CDMA and LTE broadband systems in the 400 MHz band
ECC Report 276 Thresholds for the coordination of CDMA and LTE broadband systems in the 400 MHz band 27 April 2018 ECC REPORT 276 - Page 2 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Report provides technical background
More informationOrganisation: Microsoft Corporation. Summary
Organisation: Microsoft Corporation Summary Microsoft welcomes Ofcom s leadership in the discussion of how best to manage licence-exempt use of spectrum in the future. We believe that licenceexemption
More informationOfficial Journal of the European Union L 21/15 COMMISSION
25.1.2005 Official Journal of the European Union L 21/15 COMMISSION COMMISSION DECISION of 17 January 2005 on the harmonisation of the 24 GHz range radio spectrum band for the time-limited use by automotive
More informationDAB Coverage Plan: Lincolnshire Local Multiplex
DAB Coverage Plan: Lincolnshire Local Multiplex Publication date: January 2015 Proposed increases to coverage In December 2013, the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed Vaizey
More informationWireless LAN Planning Report. Indoor Demo 1
Wireless LAN Planning Report An AirTight Service For Indoor Demo 1 The Global Leader in Wireless Security Solutions AirTight Networks 339 N. Bernardo Avenue #200 Mountain View, CA 94043 www.airtightnetworks.com
More informationECE 476/ECE 501C/CS Wireless Communication Systems Winter Lecture 6: Fading
ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 - Wireless Communication Systems Winter 2003 Lecture 6: Fading Last lecture: Large scale propagation properties of wireless systems - slowly varying properties that depend primarily
More informationDigital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Southend and Chelmsford Local DAB multiplex
Digital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Southend and Chelmsford Local DAB multiplex Publication date: January 2013 DAB coverage maps All local digital radio (DAB) services have a specified licence
More informationAN12082 Capacitive Touch Sensor Design
Rev. 1.0 31 October 2017 Application note Document information Info Keywords Abstract Content LPC845, Cap Touch This application note describes how to design the Capacitive Touch Sensor for the LPC845
More informationAcu-Park TM. user s guide Directed Electronics, Inc. Vista, CA N9100T 09-04
Acu-Park TM user s guide 2004 Directed Electronics, Inc. Vista, CA N9100T 09-04 limited one year warranty Directed Electronics, Inc. (hereinafter "Directed") promises to the original purchaser that this
More informationNotice of aeronautical radar coordination. Coordination procedure for air traffic control radar - notice issued to 3.
Coordination procedure for air traffic control radar - notice issued to 3.4 GHz Licensees Publication Date: 12 April 2018 Contents Section 1. Introduction 1 2. The procedure 3 1. Introduction 1.1 This
More informationHeterogeneous Networks (HetNets) in HSPA
Qualcomm Incorporated February 2012 QUALCOMM is a registered trademark of QUALCOMM Incorporated in the United States and may be registered in other countries. Other product and brand names may be trademarks
More informationHex buffer with open-drain outputs
Rev. 1 19 December 2016 Product data sheet 1. General description The is a hex buffer with open-drain outputs. The outputs are open-drain and can be connected to other open-drain outputs to implement active-low
More informationIntroduction to Basic Reflective Multipath In Short-Path Wireless Systems
140 Knowles Drive, Los Gatos, CA 95032 Tel: 408-399-7771 Fax: 408-317-1777 http://www.firetide.com Introduction to Basic Reflective Multipath In Short-Path Wireless Systems DISCLAIMER - This document provides
More informationSheet Metal Design Guidelines
Sheet Metal Design Guidelines Curl and Lance Design Guidelines Issue X, May 2015 2 Copyright Notice Geometric Limited. All rights reserved. No part of this document (whether in hardcopy or electronic form)
More informationDigital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage London CE Digital Local DAB multiplex
Digital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage London CE Digital Local DAB multiplex Publication date: January 2013 DAB coverage maps All local digital radio (DAB) services have a specified licence
More informationHex non-inverting precision Schmitt-trigger
Rev. 4 26 November 2015 Product data sheet 1. General description The is a hex buffer with precision Schmitt-trigger inputs. The precisely defined trigger levels are lying in a window between 0.55 V CC
More informationDigital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Manchester Block 12C Local DAB Multiplex
Digital Broadcast Radio Predicted On-Air Coverage Manchester Block 12C Local DAB Multiplex Publication date: June 2017 DAB coverage maps All local digital radio (DAB) services have a specified licence
More informationRedline Communications Inc. Combining Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Networks Supporting the Advanced Communication Services of Tomorrow.
Redline Communications Inc. Combining Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Networks Supporting the Advanced Communication Services of Tomorrow WiMAX Whitepaper Author: Frank Rayal, Redline Communications Inc. Redline
More informationConsultation on assessment of future mobile competition and proposals for the award of 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz spectrum and related issues.
Consultation on assessment of future mobile competition and proposals for the award of 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz spectrum and related issues Annexes 7-13 Consultation Publication date: 22 March 2011 Closing
More informationAntenna Basics. Antennas. A guide to effective antenna use
A guide to effective antenna use Antennas Antennas transmit radio signals by converting radio frequency electrical currents into electromagnetic waves. Antennas receive the signals by converting the electromagnetic
More informationSimulations. 1 The Concept
Simulations In this lab you ll learn how to create simulations to provide approximate answers to probability questions. We ll make use of a particular kind of structure, called a box model, that can be
More informationEmpirical Path Loss Models
Empirical Path Loss Models 1 Free space and direct plus reflected path loss 2 Hata model 3 Lee model 4 Other models 5 Examples Levis, Johnson, Teixeira (ESL/OSU) Radiowave Propagation August 17, 2018 1
More informationA Mathematical Analysis of Oregon Lottery Win for Life
Introduction 2017 Ted Gruber This report provides a detailed mathematical analysis of the Win for Life SM draw game offered through the Oregon Lottery (https://www.oregonlottery.org/games/draw-games/win-for-life).
More informationNotice of coordination procedure required under spectrum access licences for the 2.6 GHz band
Notice of coordination procedure required under spectrum access licences for the 2.6 GHz band Coordination with aeronautical radionavigation radar in the 2.7 GHz band Notice Publication date: 1 March 2013
More informationVectaStar 3500 METHODS FOR SUCCESSFUL ANTENNA DEPLOYMENT
VectaStar 3500 METHODS FOR SUCCESSFUL ANTENNA DEPLOYMENT Cambridge Broadband Limited D000114 Issue A01 Mark Jackson 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 The purpose of antennas 3 2 ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS 4 2.1 Antenna
More informationADA1200: Linear Amplifier
DATA SHEET ADA1200: Linear Amplifier Applications Low-noise amplifier for CATV set-top boxes CATV drop amplifier Features 12 db gain 50 to 1000 MHz frequency range Noise figure: 2.3 db Single +5 V supply
More informationDAB Coverage Plan: Northern Ireland Local Multiplex
DAB Coverage Plan: Northern Ireland Local Multiplex Publication date: January 2015 Proposed increases to coverage In December 2013, the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed
More informationDAB Coverage Plan: London II Local Multiplex
DAB Coverage Plan: London II Local Multiplex Publication date: January 2015 Proposed increases to coverage In December 2013, the Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries, Ed Vaizey
More informationDual 4-bit static shift register
Rev. 9 21 March 2016 Product data sheet 1. General description 2. Features and benefits 3. Applications 4. Ordering information The is a dual edge-triggered 4-bit static shift register (serial-to-parallel
More informationThe BioBrick Public Agreement. DRAFT Version 1a. January For public distribution and comment
The BioBrick Public Agreement DRAFT Version 1a January 2010 For public distribution and comment Please send any comments or feedback to Drew Endy & David Grewal c/o endy@biobricks.org grewal@biobricks.org
More informationFree Card Trick No. 1
Free Card Trick No. 1 Skill Exercised - Peeking Copyright Notice Copyright 2010 by Nick Williams All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical
More information2.4GHz & 900MHz UNLICENSED SPECTRUM COMPARISON A WHITE PAPER BY INGENU
2.4GHz & 900MHz UNLICENSED SPECTRUM COMPARISON A WHITE PAPER BY INGENU 2.4 GHZ AND 900 MHZ UNLICENSED SPECTRUM COMPARISON Wireless connectivity providers have to make many choices when designing their
More informationUser s Manual. CONTROL STATION COMBINER Broad Band Short Haul MHz. Document Number: INS
User s Manual CONTROL STATION COMBINER Broad Band Short Haul 40-960MHz Document Number: INS40976-1 Company Overview RFI has been serving the needs of the wireless communications market for over 30 years.
More informationSingle Schmitt trigger buffer
Rev. 11 2 December 2016 Product data sheet 1. General description The provides a buffer function with Schmitt trigger input. It is capable of transforming slowly changing input signals into sharply defined
More informationStatistical Pulse Measurements using USB Power Sensors
Statistical Pulse Measurements using USB Power Sensors Today s modern USB Power Sensors are capable of many advanced power measurements. These Power Sensors are capable of demodulating the signal and processing
More informationINTEGRATED CIRCUITS DATA SHEET. TDA2611A 5 W audio power amplifier
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS DATA SHEET TDA611A W audio power amplifier November 198 The TDA611A is a monolithic integrated circuit in a 9-lead single in-line (SIL) plastic package with a high supply voltage audio
More informationStat472/572 Sampling: Theory and Practice Instructor: Yan Lu Albuquerque, UNM
Stat472/572 Sampling: Theory and Practice Instructor: Yan Lu Albuquerque, UNM 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Three Elements of Statistical Study: Collecting Data: observational data, experimental data, survey
More informationHEF4014B. 1. General description. 2. Features and benefits. 3. Applications. 4. Ordering information. 8-bit static shift register
Rev. 9 21 March 2016 Product data sheet 1. General description 2. Features and benefits 3. Applications 4. Ordering information The is a fully synchronous edge-triggered with eight synchronous parallel
More informationColubris Networks. Antenna Guide
Colubris Networks Antenna Guide Creation Date: February 10, 2006 Revision: 1.0 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 2. ANTENNA TYPES... 3 2.1. OMNI-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA... 3 2.2. DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA...
More informationMemorandum 1.0 Highway Traffic Noise
Memorandum Date: September 18, 2009 To: Chris Hiniker, SEH From: Stephen B. Platisha, P.E. Re: Updated CSAH 14 Noise Analysis The purpose of this memorandum is to provide the results of the revised traffic
More informationDocument Version 1.2
Document Version 1.2 INTRODUCTION The X-LOAD LB-2 Reactive Load Box is a high-quality passive load box from Fractal Audio Systems. It offers a range of great features including front-panel output level
More informationComments of Shared Spectrum Company
Before the DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION Washington, D.C. 20230 In the Matter of ) ) Developing a Sustainable Spectrum ) Docket No. 181130999 8999 01
More informationQuad single-pole single-throw analog switch
Rev. 9 19 April 2016 Product data sheet 1. General description The provides four single-pole, single-throw analog switch functions. Each switch has two input/output terminals (ny and nz) and an active
More informationAN Thermal considerations BGA3131. Document information. Keywords Abstract
Thermal considerations BGA3131 Rev. 2 23 March 2017 Application note Document information Info Keywords Abstract Content BGA3131, DOCSIS 3.1, upstream amplifier, thermal management This document provides
More informationPlanning and Installing the EnergyAxis System Starter Kit. Introduction. Related Documents
November 003 IL4-4030A Planning and Installing the EnergyAxis System Starter Kit Introduction This instructional leaflet provides guidelines for installing the EnergyAxis System starter kit, composed of
More informationTwo-Tone vs. Single-Tone Measurement of 2nd-Order Non-linearity and IP2 Performance. Likewise for f4:
CX7407 Two-Tone vs. Single-Tone Measurement of nd-order Non-linearity and IP Performance This paper covers the subject of how to correctly find IP from -tone and -tone tests, and then presents measurement
More informationSKY65120: WCDMA PA Bias Method For Lower Junction Temperature
application note SKY6120: WCDMA PA Bias Method For Lower Junction Temperature Introduction This application note describes how SKY6120 may be used with reduced bias control to obtain better thermal performance.
More informationLow-power configurable multiple function gate
Rev. 8 7 December 2016 Product data sheet 1. General description The provides configurable multiple functions. The output state is determined by eight patterns of 3-bit input. The user can choose the logic
More informationLMS4000 & NCL MHz Radio Propagation
LMS4000 & NCL1900 900-MHz Radio Propagation This application note is an update to the previous LMS3000/LMS3100 900 MHz Radio Propagation note. It provides general guidelines to estimate CCU3000 & NCL1900
More informationDual non-inverting Schmitt trigger with 5 V tolerant input
Rev. 9 15 December 2016 Product data sheet 1. General description The provides two non-inverting buffers with Schmitt trigger input. It is capable of transforming slowly changing input signals into sharply
More information