Physics 116A Notes Fall 2004
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1 Physics 116A Notes Fall 2004 David E. Pellett Draft v.0.9 beta Notes Copyright 2004 David E. Pellett unless stated otherwise. References: Text for course: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, second edition, by Leonard S. Bobrow, published by Oxford University Press (1996) Others as noted 1
2 Physics 116A, 12/9/04 Last Class Quick Wrap-Up BJT amplifier large signal response quick overview: load lines and power dissipation Push-pull output stage to improve output power efficiency Negative feedback voltage amplifier improvements: Prob Some realistic op-amp details Why negative feedback can cause oscillation Dominant pole compensation and the 741 Gain-bandwidth product Maximum slew rate Input currents and offset voltage 2
3 BJT CE Large Signal Performance The maximum output voltage swing is set by BJT cutoff and saturation Start with the BJT curves of I C vs. V CE for various values of I B, locate Q point Draw straight line through Q point with slope di C /dv CE for midband AC signals (AC Load Line) to determine useful range For AC, v c = R C i c so AC load line slope = i c /v c = 1/R C in this case. Output voltage swing follows AC load line. 3
4 CE Amplifier: DC and AC Load Lines V CC 3.5 R C + R E IC (ma) I C vs V CE for 2N2222A npn BJT (SPICE simulation) AC Load Line DC Load Line Q Point I B = 16 µa I B = 12 µa I B = 8 µa I B = 4 µa I B = 0 µa V CC V CE (V) Max. symmetrical voltage swing when Q point centered on AC load line At Q, no input, BJT power dissipation p V CE I C = 4 V 2 ma = 8 mw If the Q point is centered, the average power dissipated by the BJT is max. with no AC input actually less when producing a signal. (See sec. 9.4 in text for details) 4
5 Push-Pull Emitter Follower Base bias chain keeps both BJTs just at cutoff (or slightly on ) at Q point No BJT power dissipated if no input signal. AC input causes one or the other BJT to provide the output. Maximum average BJT power now 0.1V CEQ i C(sat) much more efficient use of BJTs and power useful for driving low impedance loads at high power 5
6 Negative Feedback Example: Voltage Amplifier Review Negative Feedback Advantages Improved input impedance Improved output impedance Improved linearity Improved frequency response However, gain reduced, must avoid oscillation 6
7 See solution of assigned Prob for proof of relations. (I did A F general before. May do R if on board if time permits.) in Note R if is increased (improved) and R of is decreased (also improved). Example: If A = , R in = 2 MΩ, R o = 75 Ω and B = 1/20, then A = 20, R if = 20 GΩ and R of = 7.5 mω. 7
8 Voltage Amplifier: A F dependence on A B = 1/20, A F = A/(1 + AB) = [A 1 + B] 1 : A A F A Fmax = 20. If A >> A Fmax, A F is insensitive to A. A F is down 3 db from maximum when A = 50. Reduces distortion due to A nonlinearity, allows for variations in amplifier gain from device to device. (What Black wanted back in the 1920 s for his telephone long-distance line amplifiers) Suppose A is at low frequency (say 1 Hz) but falling with frequency like 1/f at high frequencies due to a built-in low-pass filter with f c = 5 Hz. With feedback, the -3 db bandwidth would be improved, since A F remains high until A has fallen many orders of magnitude. 8
9 Op Amp: LM741 Schematic Diagram c 2000 National Semiconductor Corp. Note C 1. It connects a high-gain CE amplifier output to its input, multiplying C 1 by (1+ gain ). This sets HF f c = 5 Hz and leads to a constant HF gain-bandwidth product of 1 Mhz. This dominates the HF response. Phase shift less than 90 degrees at 1 MHz (BW for A V F = 1). Can t oscillate with any choice of resistive feedback network B. Also limits usefulness at high frequencies. 9
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12 741 Specifications Input Bias Current 80 na Input Offset Current 20 na Input Offset Voltage 1 mv Max. Slew Rate 0.5 V/µs Open Loop Gain Gain-BW Product 1 MHz Input Resistance 2 MΩ Output Resistance 75 Ω CMRR typ db Output protected against short-circuits Input offset voltage can be balanced out with external pot See Sec for details 10
13 Bode Plot for µa702a Op-Amp No large C 1 : Could make amplifier with BW of several MHz. Considerable gain left when phase shift equals 180 degrees at 12.5 MHz. Not fool-proof: A unity gain voltage follower would oscillate. 11
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