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1 x w z t h l g Figure 10.1 Photoconductive switch in microstrip transmission-line geometry: (a) top view; (b) side view. Adapted from [579]. Copyright 1983, IEEE.

2 I g G t C g V g V i V r t x u V t Z 0 Z 0 t x u t x u Figure 10.2 Analysis framework for photoconductive switch: (a) lumped-circuit-element model of photoconducting gap; (b) transmission-line model with embedded gap.

3 G t g s t V b Q s G t V b g s t Q s Figure 10.3 Representative circuit geometries for photoconductive electrical generation and sampling. Such setups yield a correlation measurement of the electrical response of the two photoconducting gaps. (a) In-line generation and measurement (the box labeled T represents a matched attenuator to prevent reflections and leakage of the bias onto the sampling gap); (b) in-line generation with sampling by a side gap. Adapted from [579]. Copyright 1983, IEEE.

4 Figure 10.4 (a) Sliding contact geometry for photoconductive electrical generation and measurement; (b) electrical autocorrelation data (symbols) and theoretical autocorrelation (solid line), assuming 130-fs excitation pulse and 600-fs carrier lifetime; (c) electrical pulse calculated based on a theoretical model with parameters as in (b). Adapted from [585]. Copyright 1988, IEEE.

5 Figure 10.5 Representative geometries for electro-optic sampling of voltage transients in circuits: (a) an external electro-optic probe tip is brought into proximity with the circuit; (b) for certain materials the electro-optic response of the substrate itself may be exploited for electro-optic sampling.

6 V b Figure 10.6 (a) Apparatus for observation of THz radiation freely propagating between a pair of photoconducting dipole antennas; (b) expanded view of dipole antenna with photoconducting gap. (a) Adapted from [591]. Copyright 1988, IEEE.

7 Figure 10.7 THz radiation data from apparatus of Fig. 10.6: (a) time-domain trace for 200 m dipole antennas; (b) time-domain trace for 50- m dipole antennas (the peak average current is about ninefold less than in the 200- m case); (c) frequency response (spectral amplitude) obtained by Fourier transforming the time-domain traces. Adapted from [591]. Copyright 1988, IEEE.

8 Figure 10.8 (a) Focusing optics for pulsed terahertz radiation. A terahertz pulse is generated from a biased coplanar transmission line (not shown) on the surface of a silicon-on-sapphire chip. The radiated terahertz field is collected by a spherical reflector and refocused onto a photoconductive gap detector (also not shown). (b) Measured electrical pulse on the transmission line. (c) Measured terahertz radiation waveform after collimation and refocusing. Adapted from [592], with permission. Copyright 1988, American Institute of Physics.

9 V b t r Figure 10.9 Large-aperture terahertz photoconductive antenna.

10 x z y Figure Geometry for plane-wave analysis of a large-aperture terahertz photoconductive antenna.

11 Figure Setup for free-space electro-optic sampling. BS, beamsplitter; EO, electro-optic crystal; C, compensator; P, polarization splitter.

12 Figure Calculated electro-optic sampling spectral amplitude response for 13- m-thick GaP sensor crystal (amplitude units are arbitrary): (a) spectral response assuming frequency-independent electro-optic coefficient; (b) frequency-dependent amplitude of the electro-optic coefficient; (c) overall EO sampling response plotted on a logarithmic frequency axis. In the language of eq. (10.32), parts (a), (b), and (c) correspond to t( )H( ), r( ), and R( ), respectively. Adapted from [604] with permission. Copyright 1999, American Institute of Physics.

13 Figure Setup for terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Photoconductive antennas for generation and measurement of pulsed terahertz electric fields are fabricated onto the source chip and detector chip, respectively. Adapted from [608].

14 signal Figure Measured terahertz electrical waveforms after propagation in (a) dry nitrogen and (b) with addition of 1.5 torr of water vapor. Insets show waveforms (a) on an expanded time scale and (b) on a 20 expanded vertical scale, respectively. From [606].

15 1 (a) (b) 1 Amplitude 1 Absorption Phase (rad) 0 (c) Frequency (THz) Frequency (THz) Frequency (THz) Figure (a) Spectral amplitudes obtained by Fourier-transforming terahertz waveforms of Fig , corresponding to propagation in nitrogen and in nitrogen water vapor mixture, respectively. Resulting amplitude absorption spectrum (b) and phase spectrum (c) of water vapor. Adapted from [606].

16 Figure Experimental setup for terahertz transmission imaging. Generated terahertz radiation is collimated, focused onto the sample, recollimated, and finally focused onto the terahertz detector using substrate lenses and a series of paraboloidal mirrors. An image is acquired by scanning the beam across the sample. Adapted from [612]. Copyright 1996, IEEE.

17 Figure Examples of terahertz transmission images: (a) image of packaged integrated circuit; (b) image of a leaf. (a) From [611]. (b) From [612]. Copyright 1996, IEEE.

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