Lecture #3 BJT Transistors & DC Biasing

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1 November 2014 Ahmad El-Banna Integrated Technical Education Cluster At AlAmeeria J Electronic Principals Lecture #3 BJT Transistors & DC Biasing Instructor: Dr. Ahmad El-Banna

2 Agenda Transistor Construction & Operation Transistor Configurations Transistor Testing & Terminal Identification Transistor DC Bias Configurations Design Operations Various BJT Circuits &Troubleshooting Techniques Practical Applications 2

3 Transistor Construction Basic BJT Constructions Basic BJT symbols and Currents 3

4 Transistor Operation Basic Operation using pnp transistor. Biasing a transistor: (a) forward-bias (b) reverse-bias. Majority and minority carrier flow of a pnp transistor. J , Lec#3, Nov 2014 Ahmad El-Banna 4

5 Common Base Common Emitter Common Collector BJT CONFIGURATIONS 5

6 Configurations: Common Base Notation and symbols used with the common-base configuration: (a) pnp transistor; (b) npn transistor. Input or driving point characteristics for a common-base silicon transistor amplifier. Output or collector characteristics for a common-base transistor amplifier. J , Lec#3, Nov 2014 Ahmad El-Banna 6

7 Configurations: Common Base.. Formulas: Biasing of a CB pnp tr. in the active region: 7

8 Configurations: Common Emitter Notation and symbols used with the common-emitter configuration: (a) pnp transistor (b) npn transistor. Characteristics of a silicon transistor in the commonemitter configuration: (a) collector characteristics (b) base characteristics. 8

9 Configurations: Common Emitter.. Formulas: Biasing of a CE npn tr. in the active region: 9

10 Configurations: Common Collector Notation and symbols used with the common-collector configuration: (a) pnp transistor; (b) npn transistor. Common-collector configuration used for impedance-matching purposes. 10

11 Configurations: Common Collector.. Formulas: Defining the linear (undistorted) region of operation for a transistor. 11

12 Transistor Spec. Sheets Transistor Testing Transistor Casing and terminals identification Transistor Development PRACTICAL VIEW 12

13 Transistor Specification Sheets 13

14 Transistor Specification Sheets.. J , Lec#3, Nov 2014 Ahmad El-Banna 14

15 Transistor Testing using Curve Tracer Curve tracer response to 2N3904 npn transistor. Check the beta value: 15

16 Transistor Testing using Transistor Tester Transistor testers: (a) digital meter (b) dedicated testers. 16

17 Transistor Testing using Ohmmeter Checking the forwardbiased base-to-emitter junction of an npn transistor. Checking the reversebiased base-to-collector junction of an npn transistor. 17

18 Transistor Casing Various types of general-purpose or switching transistors: (a) low power (b) medium power (c) medium to high power. 18

19 Terminal Identification Transistor terminal identification. Internal construction of a Fairchild transistor in a TO-92 package. Type Q2T2905 Texas Instruments quad pnp silicon transistor: (a) Appearance (b) pin connections. J , Lec#3, Nov 2014 Ahmad El-Banna 19

20 Fixed-Bias Configuration Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration Emitter-Follower Configuration TRANSISTOR DC BIAS CONFIGURATIONS Biasing means applying of dc voltages to establish a fixed level of current and voltage. >>> Q-Point 20

21 Fixed-Bias Configuration Fixed-bias circuit. DC equivalent ct. Base emitter loop. Collector emitter loop. 21

22 Fixed-Bias Configuration Example 22

23 Fixed-Bias Configuration... Load Line Analysis Saturation Current 23

24 Voltage-Divider Configuration Voltage-divider bias configuration. Exact Analysis DC components of the voltage-divider configuration. 24

25 Voltage-Divider Configuration Approximate Analysis Transistor Saturation Load-Line Analysis 25

26 Voltage-Divider Configuration Example 26

27 Emitter-Follower Configuration Common-collecter (emitter-follower) configuration. dc equivalent ct i/p ct o/p ct 27

28 Summary Table 28

29 Summary Table.. 29

30 DESIGN OPERATION 30 J , Lec#3, Nov 2014 Ahmad El-Banna

31 Design Operations The design process is one where a current and/or voltage may be specified and the elements required to establish the designated levels must be determined. The design sequence is obviously sensitive to the components that are already specified and the elements to be determined. If the transistor and supplies are specified, the design process will simply determine the required resistors for a particular design. Once the theoretical values of the resistors are determined, the nearest standard commercial values are normally chosen and any variations due to not using the exact resistance values are accepted as part of the design. 31

32 Design Operations Example 32

33 MULTIPLE BJT NETWORKS CURRENT MIRRORS CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS Bipolar Transistor Constant-Current Source Transistor/Zener Constant-Current Source PNP TRANSISTORS TRANSISTOR SWITCHING NETWORKS VARIOUS BJT CIRCUITS J , Lec#3, Nov 2014 Ahmad El-Banna 33

34 MULTIPLE BJT NETWORKS R C coupling Darlington configuration 34

35 CURRENT MIRRORS 35

36 CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS Bipolar Transistor Constant-Current Source Transistor/Zener Constant-Current Source 36

37 pnp TRANSISTORS TRANSISTOR SWITCHING NETWORKS J , Lec#3, Nov 2014 Ahmad El-Banna 37

38 TRANSISTOR SWITCHING NETWORKS.. 38

39 TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES 39 J , Lec#3, Nov 2014 Ahmad El-Banna

40 TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES For an on transistor, the voltage V BE should be in the neighborhood of 0.7 V. For the typical transistor amplifier in the active region, V CE is usually about 25% to 75% of V CC. 40

41 BJT Diode Usage and Protective Capabilities Relay Driver Alarm System with a CCS Voltage Level Indicator Logic Gates PRACTICAL APPLICATION 41

42 Practical Application BJT Diode Usage and Protective Capabilities Relay Driver 42

43 Practical Application Alarm System with a CCS Voltage Level Indicator 43

44 Practical Application. Logic Gates 44

45 For more details, refer to: Chapter 3 & 4, Electronic Devices and Circuits, Boylestad. The lecture is available online at: For inquires, send to: ahmad.elbanna@feng.bu.edu.eg 45

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