ECE Sound Reinforcement System Design Spring Loudspeaker Active Spectral Divider Design Project

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1 Loudspeaker Active Spectral Divider Design Project

2 Project Report Evaluation Team ID: Team 1 Team Member App Tech* TOTAL Maximum Points Possible * technical content, writing style, professionalism, clarity, completeness Instructor comments:

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i 1.0 Introduction Spectral Divider Design Project Summary 8 Appendix A: Activity Logs 9 Appendix B: Schematic (Analog) or Code Listing (DSP) 14 Appendix C: Frequency Response and Distortion Measurements 16 Abstract Your job is to design an active 3-way spectral divider (crossover network) for a stock 3-way (tri-amplified) labyrinth loudspeaker system. Both the loudspeaker system and class D amplifier modules (4 x 100W) with power supply will be provided. Your spectral divider can either be analog (op amp based) or digital (DSP based, implemented using a stock microcontroller development board). Level controls should be provided for each loudspeaker output drive. Primary goals including optimizing frequency response (target ±3 db over the range of 40 Hz to 16,000 Hz) and minimizing THD (total harmonic distortion). For bonus credit an (add-on) subwoofer can be designed and constructed, which will require a 4-way spectral divider

4 1.0 Introduction Logan Miller My name is Logan Miller and I am a senior studying Electrical Engineering. I wanted to take this course because it was a change of pace from some of the other ECE courses I ve taken and the audio/acoustics field was one I had little experience in but was intrigued by. The large-scale venue audio production process interested me after attending many music festivals and observing the complexities of their setups. From this project, I learned the basics of what a crossover is and how it works. I also learned how to better collaborate on different areas of a project and make it come together collectively. Currently, I don t have any set goals to enter an acoustics related field upon graduation, but the possibility is always there as I enjoyed the course and have been opened up to what the field has to offer. Yuhang Zhu First I was curious when I saw the loudspeakers in the room. Then I learned that the room is for which is a course about sound reinforcement. I love to DIY HiFi equipment. I want to get more knowledge about the HiFi device and it became the motivation for why I took this class. In this class, I learned many basic principles of designing the sound reinforcement equipment and a very useful designing tool, EASE. I am an ECE student and I have a rich background of music and recording experience. I want to get a job which is related to the HiFi stuff. For example, my dream career is the analog system engineer in Shure. Thomas Hickey My name is Thomas Hickey. I have been interested in music my whole life and have recently started getting into audio design. I have worked on creating an inverse RIAA filter pre-amplifier for my turntable. This among my love for music is what really got me interested to take this course. This is kind of what I thought I would be learning more of is the design of different audio components and such. Although I was not disappointed with what I learned in this class, I ve just realized audio engineering just isn t particularly my thing. In this class we have learned how to choose loudspeakers, and manage how to set up the loudspeakers when it comes to coming and combining and other things of the sort. We have also learned to accommodate venues to our - 2 -

5 selections and how to choose other parts of our audio network based upon these loudspeaker choices. As I mentioned, I do not plan on going into audio engineering in the future. I have become more interested in computer security after this semester. Jordan Perks My name is Jordan Perks and I am a senior in electrical engineering. I became motivated to take this course after learning that my next work assignment would be in the audio engineering group at General Motors. This group is responsible for the design and validation of the audio systems implemented in every GM vehicle. I felt that it would be very valuable to have some first-hand experience with sound system modeling tools. After completing this project I have learned how complex the world of audio engineering is. I had a relatively good understanding of the electrical components to a sound system but I had no idea how complex the acoustic listening space could be. As far as future goals are concerned I hope to work in human-machine interfacing and audio engineering is a critical component to this

6 2.0 Spectral Divider Design 2.1 Circuit Description This is an analog crossover circuit designed for provided three-way loudspeakers. The woofer signal path includes a low-pass shelving circuit for baffle step compensation and a 4 -order Sallen Key low-pass filter. A 4 -order multiple-feedback butterworth band-pass filter for the mid-range. On the tweeter path, there is a 4 -order multiple-feedback Gaussian high-pass filter. 2.2 System Block Diagram Baffle Step Compensation Low-Pass Filter Woofer Output Audio Signal Input Buffer Band-Pass Filter Midrange output High-Pass Filter Tweeter Output 2.3 Theory of Operation The goal for designing this crossover is to split the incoming audio signal into three frequency bands that are passed to the speakers best matched and finally achieves a flat frequency response from the loudspeakers

7 Figure Woofer Frequency Response Figure Mid-range Frequency Response Figure Tweeter Frequency Response According to the frequency responses of the woofer, midrange and tweeter seen above, the crossover frequencies that we chose are: - 5 -

8 Lower Crossover Frequency: 850Hz Higher Crossover Frequency: 4kHz The frequency response plot of the woofer shows that the low frequency decays linearly before 60 Hz.To achieve flat frequency in wider range, we put baffle step compensation, which is a low-pass shelving circuit in the woofer path. The low-pass shelving circuit can amplify the low frequency signal. The gain is larger when frequency goes lower so that comprising the decay of the low frequency form the woofer, we achieved flat frequency in wider range. Figure Low-pass Filter Design - 6 -

9 Figure High-pass Filter Design Figure Band-pass Filter Design - 7 -

10 3.0 Project Summary Overall, our spectral divider design performed very well and was effective in delivering the sound desired. There was one issue with our design that hindered its ability to fully perform as we hoped it would. The problem is the oscillating that occurs and can be heard as a shrill, whining noise that gradually picks up. The sound was comparable to an aircraft engine powering up. We believe the imaginary pole is dominating the circuit so the system is not stable. To fix this, there may be a couple of solutions. One solution is to improve the power supply which will reduce the possibility of the oscillation occurring, but the circuit itself may still be unstable. Another solution is to adjust the value of the capacitors and resistors by lowering the capacitors and using larger resistance values. An RC load could be used in parallel at the output. When the unexpected noise was not present through the loudspeaker during the Sound Off competition, we believe our design delivered the fullest and clearest sound over all frequencies. The sub-woofer design of the winning group was impressive and fun to listen to, but we believe the booming bass may have masked the true clarity of their design. But because of the whining noise present when showcasing our design, we have to accept that our design ultimately did not result in the best sound

11 Appendix A: Activity Logs - 9 -

12 Activity Log for: <Yuhang Zhu> Role: <Crossover Designer> Activity Date Start Time End Time Time Spent Crossover topology research 4/20 15:30 16:30 1 hr Circuits Design 4/24 18:00 22:00 4 hrs Build the prototype and debugging 4/26 13:20 15:20 2 hrs Testing the prototype 4/27 14:30 15:30 2 hrs Adjust the design 4/28 19:00 20:00 1 hr 4/28 20:30 21:30 1 hr Test the prototype Test the prototype on the loudspeakers 5/1 19:30 20: hr Test the prototype on the loudspeakers 5/2 19:30 20: hr

13 Activity Log for: <Logan Miller> Role: <Crossover Report Assistant> Activity Date Start Time End Time Time Spent Crossover report 4/31/16 2 pm 5:30 pm 3.5 hrs 5/5/16 10:30 pm 12 am 1.5 hrs Crossover report

14 Activity Log for: <Thomas Hickey> Role: <High Freq. Response Help> Activity Date Start Time End Time Time Spent Helped out with HF response 4/28 5pm 6pm 1 hr

15 Activity Log for: <Jordan Perks> Role: <Manager> Activity Date Start Time End Time Time Spent

16 Appendix B: Schematic (Analog) -or- Code Listing (DSP)

17 Figure B1 Complete Crossover Schematic Figure B2 Crossover PCB 3D View

18 Appendix C: Frequency Response and Distortion Measurements

19 Figure C1: Low Frequency Response and Distortion Measurements Figure C2: Midrange Frequency Response and Distortion Measurements

20 Figure C3: High Frequency Response and Distortion Measurements

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