Safety earthing. Sector Energy PTI NC. Copyright Siemens AG All rights reserved. Theodor Connor
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1 Safety earthing Sector Energy PTI NC Theodor Connor Copyright Siemens AG All rights reserved.
2 Content Introduction Theoretical background Soil Analysis Design of earthing system Measurements on earthing systems Page
3 Design of earthing systems Why? Where? How much? Page
4 Current flow in the soil I Streamlines of current Equipotential lines Incremental resistors Page
5 Principle of current and potential distribution I Equipotential lines and streamlines of current G I Top view of surface potential Diagram of surface potential along horizontal axis Page
6 Example High voltage substation Earthwire Lamp post Metal structure Building Transformer Fence Earthing system U E = R E I Page
7 Ground potential rise and touch voltage Touch voltage Touch voltage Ground potential rise Surface potential Transformer Potential control Page
8 Effect of current on heart activity IEC: 1994 Vulnerable phase ECG Ventricular fibrillation Blood pressure Page
9 Tolerable touch voltage V U tzul = 650 V Touch voltage U TP U tzul = 85 V 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0, Duration of current flow s Source: HD 637 t = 0.1 s t = 3 s Page
10 Development of earthing standards Past Today Future National Germany DIN VDE 0141 Austria ÖN Great Britain BS Europe pr EN HD 637 DIN VDE 0101 America ANSI IEEE 80 International IEC TC 99 Page
11 Main steps for earthing system design Start of project Start of operation Measurement of specific soil resistivity time Data collection Design Erection Current injection test Page
12 Importance of specific soil resistivity 1m R E E = ρ 2 D 1m 1m Definition : ρ E in Ω m Typical figures : Marshy soil 5 to 40 Ωm Loam, clay, humus 20 to 200 Ωm Sand 200 to 2500 Ωm Gravel, rock 2000 to 3000 Ωm Page
13 Measurement of soil resistivity Current source R Electrode spacing a Wenner method with four electrodes ρ=2πar Page
14 Apparent soil resistivity Upper layer Bottom layer Thickness Page
15 Example Measurement of specific soil resistivity Analysis by Rashid Seq Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq 4 Soil resistivity in Ohm.m Seq 5 Seq 6 Seq 7 Seq 8 Seq 9 Seq 10 Seq 11 Seq 12 Analysis by Siemens Seq 13 Seq Seq Probe spacing in m Seq average S1 S Probe spacing in m Page
16 Example Measurement of specific soil resistivity Measurement by unexperienced Company S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 rho ( ohm*m) Soil Resistivity Measurement by Siemens Expert electrode spacing (m) 600 rho ( ohm*m) S2 S3 S electrode spacing (m) Page
17 Streamlines of current homogenous soil Page
18 Streamlines of current: higher resistivity of top layer Page
19 Streamlines of current: higher resistivity of upper layer Page
20 Measurement of specific soil resistivity Practice: Measurement line 1 Area of planned site spez. Erdwiderstand [ohm m] Sondenabstand [m] Page
21 Measurement of specific soil resistivity Practice: Measurement line 1,2,3 Meas. line 1 Area of planned site Meas. line 2 Specific soil resistivity [ohm m] Meas. line Spacing [m] Page
22 Specific soil resistivity Determination of average value ρ E = N 1 N 1 n = 1 1 ρ n Specific soil resistivity [ohm m] Seq 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Average Spacing [m] Page
23 Specific soil resistivity Determination of parameter of two layer model measured calculated rho [Ohm*m] Spacing measured calculated a [m] ρ [Ω*m] 20 ρ [Ω*m] a [m] ρ top ρ bottom h Deviation factor 160,00 90,00 3,50 7,05E-02 Page
24 Determination of equivalent specific soil resistivity for homogenous soil Input: Size of site Length L = 200 m Width W = 120 m Specific soil resistivity top layer ρ t = 160 Ω * m Specific soil resistivity bottom layer ρ b = 90 Ω * m Thickness of top layer h = 3,5 m Result: L L W W h ρ t ρ res ρ b R E1 R E2 Specific soil resistivity For homogenous equivalent soil ρ res = 94 Ω * m Page R E1 = R E2
25 Practice of resistivity measurements Page
26 Design of earthing system Basic data collection Rated voltage Frequency Type of neutral earthing Data of overhead lines and cables Specific soil resistivity Layout of site and surrounding Data of generator and transformer Fault duration Determination of relevant fault currents Design according to thermal and mechanical requirements Selection of material and cross section Design to meet touch voltage requirements Determination of impedance to earth Determination of ground potential rise Selection of mesh width Selection of equivalent measures Page
27 Thermal design Earth electrodes and earthing conductors Short term design long term design Material Steel Copper bar / hot deep galvanized bar / tinned A= I K t f ln Θ Θ i + β + β 2000 A/mm G A I D ,06 0,08 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0, t F s A mm² Page
28 Determination of minimum cross-section I K1 = 40 ka I K1 = 25 ka q = 198 mm 2 copper q = 124 mm 2 copper q = 140 mm 2 copper q = 87 mm 2 copper q = 140 mm 2 copper q = 87 mm 2 copper 400 kv equipment q = 70 mm 2 copper 60 kv equipment q = 70 mm 2 copper Page
29 Thermal design and mechanical stress Type of connection clamped screwed welded Type of conductor rod tape stranded wire Mechanical stress Page
30 Thermal design and corrosion Electrochemical corrosion copper reinforced concrete hot deep galvanized steel Aggressive environment Page
31 Resistances to earth R Rod 1,5 ρ L E R Rod = 1,5 Ω R Strip 3 ρ L E R Strip = 3,0 Ω R Ring 3 ρe π D R Ring = 3,0 Ω R Mesh ρ E + 2 D ρ L E R Mesh = 2,1 Ω R Plate E = ρ 2 D R Plate = 1,6 Ω L=100 m D=32 m ρ E =100 Ωm R Sphere ρe = π D R Sphere = 1,0 Ω Page
32 Flow chart for earthgrid design Practial steps to fulfill touch voltage requirments Global Earthing System acc HD637 Page
33 Measures to keep touch voltages within limits R H R T R F Contact resistance RH high Local isolation RF high Equipotential bonding RT 0 R T Page Potential control RT small
34 Earthing system components Example switchgear building Lightning protection GIS Control cubical Potential control Further earth grid Main earthing conductor Earth rod Foundation earth electrode Page
35 Current distribution Page
36 Decisive currents, voltages and impedances (1 - r E ) 3 I 0 I Tr I F 3 I 0 R ET R ES U E I RS R ET Reference earth Equivalent circuit I Tr I F 3 I 0 (1 - r E ) 3 I 0 Phase conductor Earth wire I E Earthing system U E Z I RS R ES Z Reference earth I F = 3 I 0 + I Tr I E = r E. (I F - I Tr ) U E = I E. Z E 1 Z E = 1 + n 1 R ES Z For equal earth wire tower footing im pedances of the overhead lines Page
37 Practice: Earth electrodes Page
38 Practice: Gas insulated switchgear Page
39 Practice: Cable sealing end Page
40 Practice: Fence earthing Page
41 Practice: Substation in the dessert Page
42 Design according to IEEE Standard 80 Etouch Emesh = K m I L E tol = K i t Emesh E tol Page
43 Principle of fall of potential method A V Tested structure Remote rod Page
44 Practical results Measurement according to instruction manual 3 Tower south Influence of remote current electrode 2,5 apparent impedance (ohm) 2 1,5 1 0, a (m) Page
45 Principle of current injection test Earth wire Current source A V Tested substation Remote earthing Page
46 Earthing measurement with cable Page
47 Elimination of interference Polarity reversal method Test current A C B C A U A U CUTest U Test U B U Test = U 2 A + U 2 2 B U 2 C Page
48 Elimination of interference Beat frequency method U max U min U S U S U Test U S > U Test ( ) U min + U U max Test = 2 U Test = ( ) U min U max 2 Page
49 Elimination of interference Beat frequency method U Test U S U S U Test U min U min U max U max U S U Test U S > U Test Page
50 Elimination of interference Transformer or Emergency diesel generator Test Line Surge arrestor Switching device 230 V AC Page
51 Switching device Page
52 Example infeed at MV cable feeder Page
53 Example current source Page
54 Example: Earth potential rise, site layout Page
55 Measured earth potential rise Page
56 Example: Measured touch voltages and potential differences Page
57 Measured touch voltages Page
58 Measured potential differences Page
59 Example: Measured transferred potentials Page
60 Measured transferred potentials Page
61 Earthing system design tool Diagram of surface potential Page
62 Earthing system design tool Surface potential along horizontal line V V 900 V 900 V 800 V 800 V 700 V 700 V 600 V 600 V 500 V 500 V 400 V 400 V 300 V 300 V 200 V 200 V 100 V 100 V 0 V 0 Vm 20 m 40 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 120 m 140 m 160 m 0 m 20 m 40 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 120 m 140 m 160 m Page
63 Earthing system design tool Effectiveness of potential control V 900 V 800 V 700 V 600 V 500 V 400 V 300 V 200 V 100 V 0 V 0 m 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m Page
64 Thank you for your attention Are there any Questions left! Page
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