Safety earthing. Sector Energy PTI NC. Copyright Siemens AG All rights reserved. Theodor Connor

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1 Safety earthing Sector Energy PTI NC Theodor Connor Copyright Siemens AG All rights reserved.

2 Content Introduction Theoretical background Soil Analysis Design of earthing system Measurements on earthing systems Page

3 Design of earthing systems Why? Where? How much? Page

4 Current flow in the soil I Streamlines of current Equipotential lines Incremental resistors Page

5 Principle of current and potential distribution I Equipotential lines and streamlines of current G I Top view of surface potential Diagram of surface potential along horizontal axis Page

6 Example High voltage substation Earthwire Lamp post Metal structure Building Transformer Fence Earthing system U E = R E I Page

7 Ground potential rise and touch voltage Touch voltage Touch voltage Ground potential rise Surface potential Transformer Potential control Page

8 Effect of current on heart activity IEC: 1994 Vulnerable phase ECG Ventricular fibrillation Blood pressure Page

9 Tolerable touch voltage V U tzul = 650 V Touch voltage U TP U tzul = 85 V 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0, Duration of current flow s Source: HD 637 t = 0.1 s t = 3 s Page

10 Development of earthing standards Past Today Future National Germany DIN VDE 0141 Austria ÖN Great Britain BS Europe pr EN HD 637 DIN VDE 0101 America ANSI IEEE 80 International IEC TC 99 Page

11 Main steps for earthing system design Start of project Start of operation Measurement of specific soil resistivity time Data collection Design Erection Current injection test Page

12 Importance of specific soil resistivity 1m R E E = ρ 2 D 1m 1m Definition : ρ E in Ω m Typical figures : Marshy soil 5 to 40 Ωm Loam, clay, humus 20 to 200 Ωm Sand 200 to 2500 Ωm Gravel, rock 2000 to 3000 Ωm Page

13 Measurement of soil resistivity Current source R Electrode spacing a Wenner method with four electrodes ρ=2πar Page

14 Apparent soil resistivity Upper layer Bottom layer Thickness Page

15 Example Measurement of specific soil resistivity Analysis by Rashid Seq Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq 4 Soil resistivity in Ohm.m Seq 5 Seq 6 Seq 7 Seq 8 Seq 9 Seq 10 Seq 11 Seq 12 Analysis by Siemens Seq 13 Seq Seq Probe spacing in m Seq average S1 S Probe spacing in m Page

16 Example Measurement of specific soil resistivity Measurement by unexperienced Company S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 rho ( ohm*m) Soil Resistivity Measurement by Siemens Expert electrode spacing (m) 600 rho ( ohm*m) S2 S3 S electrode spacing (m) Page

17 Streamlines of current homogenous soil Page

18 Streamlines of current: higher resistivity of top layer Page

19 Streamlines of current: higher resistivity of upper layer Page

20 Measurement of specific soil resistivity Practice: Measurement line 1 Area of planned site spez. Erdwiderstand [ohm m] Sondenabstand [m] Page

21 Measurement of specific soil resistivity Practice: Measurement line 1,2,3 Meas. line 1 Area of planned site Meas. line 2 Specific soil resistivity [ohm m] Meas. line Spacing [m] Page

22 Specific soil resistivity Determination of average value ρ E = N 1 N 1 n = 1 1 ρ n Specific soil resistivity [ohm m] Seq 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Average Spacing [m] Page

23 Specific soil resistivity Determination of parameter of two layer model measured calculated rho [Ohm*m] Spacing measured calculated a [m] ρ [Ω*m] 20 ρ [Ω*m] a [m] ρ top ρ bottom h Deviation factor 160,00 90,00 3,50 7,05E-02 Page

24 Determination of equivalent specific soil resistivity for homogenous soil Input: Size of site Length L = 200 m Width W = 120 m Specific soil resistivity top layer ρ t = 160 Ω * m Specific soil resistivity bottom layer ρ b = 90 Ω * m Thickness of top layer h = 3,5 m Result: L L W W h ρ t ρ res ρ b R E1 R E2 Specific soil resistivity For homogenous equivalent soil ρ res = 94 Ω * m Page R E1 = R E2

25 Practice of resistivity measurements Page

26 Design of earthing system Basic data collection Rated voltage Frequency Type of neutral earthing Data of overhead lines and cables Specific soil resistivity Layout of site and surrounding Data of generator and transformer Fault duration Determination of relevant fault currents Design according to thermal and mechanical requirements Selection of material and cross section Design to meet touch voltage requirements Determination of impedance to earth Determination of ground potential rise Selection of mesh width Selection of equivalent measures Page

27 Thermal design Earth electrodes and earthing conductors Short term design long term design Material Steel Copper bar / hot deep galvanized bar / tinned A= I K t f ln Θ Θ i + β + β 2000 A/mm G A I D ,06 0,08 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0, t F s A mm² Page

28 Determination of minimum cross-section I K1 = 40 ka I K1 = 25 ka q = 198 mm 2 copper q = 124 mm 2 copper q = 140 mm 2 copper q = 87 mm 2 copper q = 140 mm 2 copper q = 87 mm 2 copper 400 kv equipment q = 70 mm 2 copper 60 kv equipment q = 70 mm 2 copper Page

29 Thermal design and mechanical stress Type of connection clamped screwed welded Type of conductor rod tape stranded wire Mechanical stress Page

30 Thermal design and corrosion Electrochemical corrosion copper reinforced concrete hot deep galvanized steel Aggressive environment Page

31 Resistances to earth R Rod 1,5 ρ L E R Rod = 1,5 Ω R Strip 3 ρ L E R Strip = 3,0 Ω R Ring 3 ρe π D R Ring = 3,0 Ω R Mesh ρ E + 2 D ρ L E R Mesh = 2,1 Ω R Plate E = ρ 2 D R Plate = 1,6 Ω L=100 m D=32 m ρ E =100 Ωm R Sphere ρe = π D R Sphere = 1,0 Ω Page

32 Flow chart for earthgrid design Practial steps to fulfill touch voltage requirments Global Earthing System acc HD637 Page

33 Measures to keep touch voltages within limits R H R T R F Contact resistance RH high Local isolation RF high Equipotential bonding RT 0 R T Page Potential control RT small

34 Earthing system components Example switchgear building Lightning protection GIS Control cubical Potential control Further earth grid Main earthing conductor Earth rod Foundation earth electrode Page

35 Current distribution Page

36 Decisive currents, voltages and impedances (1 - r E ) 3 I 0 I Tr I F 3 I 0 R ET R ES U E I RS R ET Reference earth Equivalent circuit I Tr I F 3 I 0 (1 - r E ) 3 I 0 Phase conductor Earth wire I E Earthing system U E Z I RS R ES Z Reference earth I F = 3 I 0 + I Tr I E = r E. (I F - I Tr ) U E = I E. Z E 1 Z E = 1 + n 1 R ES Z For equal earth wire tower footing im pedances of the overhead lines Page

37 Practice: Earth electrodes Page

38 Practice: Gas insulated switchgear Page

39 Practice: Cable sealing end Page

40 Practice: Fence earthing Page

41 Practice: Substation in the dessert Page

42 Design according to IEEE Standard 80 Etouch Emesh = K m I L E tol = K i t Emesh E tol Page

43 Principle of fall of potential method A V Tested structure Remote rod Page

44 Practical results Measurement according to instruction manual 3 Tower south Influence of remote current electrode 2,5 apparent impedance (ohm) 2 1,5 1 0, a (m) Page

45 Principle of current injection test Earth wire Current source A V Tested substation Remote earthing Page

46 Earthing measurement with cable Page

47 Elimination of interference Polarity reversal method Test current A C B C A U A U CUTest U Test U B U Test = U 2 A + U 2 2 B U 2 C Page

48 Elimination of interference Beat frequency method U max U min U S U S U Test U S > U Test ( ) U min + U U max Test = 2 U Test = ( ) U min U max 2 Page

49 Elimination of interference Beat frequency method U Test U S U S U Test U min U min U max U max U S U Test U S > U Test Page

50 Elimination of interference Transformer or Emergency diesel generator Test Line Surge arrestor Switching device 230 V AC Page

51 Switching device Page

52 Example infeed at MV cable feeder Page

53 Example current source Page

54 Example: Earth potential rise, site layout Page

55 Measured earth potential rise Page

56 Example: Measured touch voltages and potential differences Page

57 Measured touch voltages Page

58 Measured potential differences Page

59 Example: Measured transferred potentials Page

60 Measured transferred potentials Page

61 Earthing system design tool Diagram of surface potential Page

62 Earthing system design tool Surface potential along horizontal line V V 900 V 900 V 800 V 800 V 700 V 700 V 600 V 600 V 500 V 500 V 400 V 400 V 300 V 300 V 200 V 200 V 100 V 100 V 0 V 0 Vm 20 m 40 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 120 m 140 m 160 m 0 m 20 m 40 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 120 m 140 m 160 m Page

63 Earthing system design tool Effectiveness of potential control V 900 V 800 V 700 V 600 V 500 V 400 V 300 V 200 V 100 V 0 V 0 m 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m Page

64 Thank you for your attention Are there any Questions left! Page

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