SALLEN-KEY FILTERS USING OPERATIONAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER

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1 International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Technology (IJECET) Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2017, pp , Article ID: IJECET_08_03_006 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication SALLEN-KEY FILTERS USING OPERATIONAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER Ravneet Sokhi Student, Department of Electronics and Communication, College of Engineering and Technology, Mody University of Science and Technology Lakshmangarh, India Anshu Gupta Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication College of Engineering and Technology, Mody University of Science and Technology Lakshmangarh, India ABSTRACT Operational amplifier serves as an essential component in any mixed signal circuitry for the amplification of signals. Filters using operational amplifiers act as an important signal processing element in any analogue base band circuitry. In this paper, a Three-Stage Operational Transconductance Amplifier(OTA) using active single Miller capacitor along with Inner half feed-forward technique is used for the designing of a Sallen Key Low Pass Filter as well as Sallen-Key High Pass Filter. The proposed filters are implemented to work on a power supply of 1.8 V. Key words: Slew Rate, non-dominant complex poles, zeros, quality factor. Cite this Article: Ravneet Sokhi and Anshu Gupta, Sallen-Key Filters Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION Filters are essential building blocks in multi-standard transceivers since they are needed to filter out the undesired channels and interferences. Therefore, these filters need to have tunable cutoff frequency (fc) to cover multiple standards [1]. Active filters are those filters which use op amps along with resistors and capacitors in their feedback loops, to synthesize the desired filter characteristics. The proposed Sallen-key filters exploits an OTA for the designing. As OTA s have larger bandwidth [1] and consumes less power compared to voltage op-amps. OTA s transconductance gain (Gm) can be changed for tuning the filter s cutoff frequency. Therefore, operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) can be used to realize tunable filters [1] editor@iaeme.com

2 Sallen-Key Filters Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier Sallen- key Filters are designed using Three Stage Operational Transconductance Amplifier(OTA) with active single Miller Inner half feed-forward technique. With this configuration, a sharp value of Q is attained along with a 40db/decade roll-off. The Sallen- Key Configuration requires minimum number of components to generate better results. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Firstly, the section II consists of the brief outline of Three-stage OTA using ASMIHF Technique and a novel Slew Rate Enhancer Technique. Section III describes the Sallen- key low pass and high pass filter using Three Stage OTA with inner half feedforward technique. The simulated results are listed in Section IV. Concluding remarks are drawn in Section V. 2. BRIEF OUTLINE OF THREE STAGE ASMIHF OTA The Active Single Miller Capacitor and Inner Half-Feed Forward (ASMIHF) technique [2] allows a generic three-stage amplifier to be stabilized by a small feedback compensation capacitor for driving very large capacitive loads. ASMIHF network takes an advantage of two left half-plane zeros for achieving an optimized compensation strategy. Also, it allows the non-dominant complex poles to be pushed to high frequencies upon low-power constraints. Moreover, a novel Class-B slew-rate enhancement technique further improves the driving capabilities of multistage amplifiers without significantly increasing the power consumption. Figure 1 The three-stage ASMIHF amplifier with Slew Rate Enhancer The implementation at the transistor level of the three-stage amplifier adopting ASMIHF compensation technique is shown in Figure 1. A folded-cascode OTA consisting of transistors M1 M10 realizes the input gain stage, elicits a PMOS differential pair, M1 M2, and a lowvoltage cascode current mirror, M7 M10. The differential pair transistors M1 M2 determines first-stage transconductance gm1. The common-source transistors M12 and M13 implement the second and third gain stages, gm2, and gm3. The transistors of the basic amplifier are exploited to realize all the other transconductance stages. Explicitly, the gate of M11 is connected to the source of M8 which realizes the inner half-feedforward transconductance gmf1, thus implementing an embedded current buffer stage gmc1. Similarly, the gate of the load transistor of the last stage M14 is connected to the gate of M10 to realize the other feedforward transconductance gmf2. Thus, this configuration leads to the implementation of a class AB output stage which is capable of driving the load with a current much higher than the quiescent one. Also, the transistors M13 M14 and M11 M12, implement push-pull gain stages. Hence, the feedforward transconductances gmf1 and gmf2 can be dimensioned such that gmf1 gm2 and gmf2 gm3 so as to provide class-ab operation for the second and third 53 editor@iaeme.com

3 Ravneet Sokhi and Anshu Gupta stage while ensuring equal drive capability of the pull-up and pull-down transistors. Regarding the compensation capacitor, CC is connected between the output and the source of M5, which implements gmc1. The inverting gain path required by the Miller compensation is realized by M7- M10, although the second and third stages are both inverting. Slew-Rate Enhancer Slew rate (SR) is characteristically limited by both the lumped node capacitances and the maximum current available to drive such capacitances. In this circuit, the overall SR is limited by the internal SR, I1/CC, and external SR, I3/CL. In spite of the class AB operation, due to the presence of high load capacitor (in the order of a few nano-farads), the output stage might be a slew rate limiting one. In order to avoid this, an additional slew rate enhancer (SRE) section is adopted for three-stage amplifier. Thus, it enables three-stage amplifier to operate with a low output stage quiescent current without degrading its slewing performance. SRE does not cause a significant increase in the complexity of the circuit and is suitable for any multistage amplifier, irrespective of the particular stage topology and compensation network. 3. PROPOSED SALLEN KEY FILTERS Sallen-Key Low Pass Filter The second-order Sallen-Key low pass filter is used as a building block for higher order filters. A low-pass filter passes low frequency signals and rejects signals at frequencies above the filter's cutoff frequency. Higher-order low-pass filters are required to sharpen a desired filter characteristic. Therefore, the sallen key configuration is used to attain a 40db/decade roll-off. The proposed circuit uses a sallen-key configuration to attain second order filter while OTA is used to control the gain. This configuration is also known as Gm-C filters. The figure.2 illustrates the proposed structure. Figure 2 Schematic of Sallen- Key Low Pass Filter In figure 2, unity gain configuration is used and two resistors and two capacitors connected to the op amp's non-inverting input and to V IN, The value of resistors and capacitors determine the filter's cutoff frequency and quality factor Q. The value of R1 is equal to R2 and value of C2 is equal to C1 is selected for the design so as to attain both the poles at same frequency and thus, a 40 db/decade roll-off can be achieved. The two resistors connected to the inverting input determine the gain of the filter and also affect the Q. Since the components that determine gain and cutoff frequency also affect Q. Equation (2) illustrates the relation between Q and RC network and equation (3) illustrates the relation between cut-off frequency and RC network editor@iaeme.com

4 Sallen-Key Filters Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier (2) (3) The relation between the output and input signal is given by the transfer function. The transfer equation is given by equation (4) (4) / / Where, A vo is the gain of an OTA. Sallen-Key High Pass Filter The designed filter uses operational transconductance amplifier which provides amplification of the output signals and controls gain. The amount of attenuation or the pass band range will depend on the designing parameters of the filter. The filter is designed using Sallen- Key configuration which helps in attaining a 40db/decade roll-off. The cut-off frequency is the frequency at which the power gain has been reduced by 3dB and it is given by (5) Schematic of the proposed circuit is shown in figure 3.The arrangement of capacitors and resistors in the high pass filter configuration is reverse to that of a low pass filter configuration. In figure 3, the two resistors and two capacitors connected to the op amp's non-inverting input and to V IN, determine the filter's cut-off frequency and affect the Q; Figure 3 Schematic of Sallen-Key High Pass Filter The relation between the output and input signal for Sallen-Key High Pass Filter is given by the transfer function in equation (6) / / (6) 4. SIMULATION RESULTS The proposed OTA and its application as a filter can be fabricated using BCD6 technology, provided by STMicroelectonics, and is implemented using 0.18-µm CMOS Cadence Analog Design Environment. The OTA in figure.2 was designed for nominal target load capacitor and DC current consumption of 10 nf and 36 µa, respectively and supplied from 1.8 V. The external biasing circuit is used to provide extrapolated dc gain higher than 270 db without 55 editor@iaeme.com

5 Ravneet Sokhi and Anshu Gupta increasing the complexity of the circuit[7]. The simulated results of Sallen- Key filters designed using three stage OTA is shown in figure 4 and figure 5 respectively. The cut-off frequency for Sallen-Key Low Pass Filter is KHz and for Sallen-Key High Pass Filter using OTA is 1.43 KHz. The comparison between simulated results and conventional circuit results are tabulated in Table.1. Table 1 Comparison between Existing Circuit and Proposed Circuit Parameters Existing Circuit Proposed Low pass Filter Voltage - 1.8V Cut-off frequency 1KHz KHz A vo Power Dissipation(mW) Stop Band Frequency 111KHz >100KHz Figure 4 (a) Gain of Sallen-Key Low Pass Filter using OTA Figure 4 (b) Phase Margin of Sallen-Key Low Pass Filter using OTA 56 editor@iaeme.com

6 Sallen-Key Filters Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier Figure 5 (a) Gain of Sallen-Key High Pass Filter using OTA Figure 5 (b) Phase Margin of Sallen-Key High Pass Filter using OTA 5. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, comprehensive performance analysis for Filters using operational transconductance amplifier is presented. This configuration is beneficial as it employs less number of components, thus occupying lesser dia area. The synthesis result confirms that the proposed filter design using OTA methodology is suitable for low power and is capable of attaining a 40 db/decade roll-off. The cut-off frequency can be varied with the variation in Resistor and Capacitor. Improvement in the value of cut-off frequencies is achieved than the conventional filter circuit. The implementation results also show that the proposed methodology has superior performance compared to conventional Sallen-key filter design. The proposed circuit is suitable for filtering Audio Frequency Signals. REFERENCES [1] T. M. Hollis, D. J. Comer, and D. T. Comer, Optimization of MOS Amplifier Performance Through Channel Length And Inversion Level Selection, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, Vol. 52, No. 9, Pp , Sep [2] Davide Marano, Alfio Dario Grasso, Palumbo and Salvatore Pennisi, Optimized Active Single-Miller Capacitor Compensation with Inner Half-Feedforward Stage for Very High- Load Three-Stage OTAs, IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol. 63, No. 9, September editor@iaeme.com

7 Ravneet Sokhi and Anshu Gupta [3] Hsin-Wen Ting and Hung-Yu Wang, Improvement of Stop-Band Attenuation for the Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter, IEEE Conference, [4] Salvatore Omar Cannizzaro, Alfio Dario Grasso, Rosario Mita, Gaetano Palumbo and Salvatore Pennisi, Design Procedures for Three-Stage CMOS OTAs With Nested-Miller Compensation, IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems I: regular papers, vol. 54, no. 5, may [5] K. N. Leung and P. K. T. Mok, Analysis of multistage amplifier-frequency compensation, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl., vol. 48, no. 9, pp , Sep [6] H. Lee and P. K. T. Mok, Active-feedback frequency-compensation technique for lowpower multistage amplifiers, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, no. 3, pp , Mar [7] Ravneet Sokhi and Anshu Gupta, Low Voltage Operational Transconductance Amplifier, Special Issue of Online Joint Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering, pp. 1-5,April [8] Y. B. Kamath, R. G. Meyer, and P. R. Gray, Relationship between frequency response and settling time of operational amplifiers, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-9, no. 6, pp , Dec [9] R. G. H. Eschauzier, L. P. T. Kerklaan, and J. H. Huijsing, A 100-MHz 100-dB operational amplifier with multipath nested Miller compensation structure, IEEE J. Solid- State Circuits, vol. 27, no. 12, pp , Dec [10] Y.L. Li, K.F. Han, X. Tan, N. Yan and H. Min, Transconductance enhancement method for operational transconductance amplifiers. [11] Manjula V. Katageri, M. M. Mutsaddi and Rajeshwari S. Mathad. Band Pass Design with Floating Resistor Simulation Application as Feedback Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology, 6 (8), 2015, pp [12] Shivabhakt Mhalasakant Hanamant, Dr. S. D. Shirbahadurakar and Dr. D. Y.Patil Ambi, A3-6 GHZ Current Reuse Noise Cancelling Low Noise Amplifier for WLAN and WPAN Application, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology, 7 (3), 2016, pp editor@iaeme.com

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