Determination of Available Transfer Capability (ATC) Considering Integral Square Generator Angle (ISGA)

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1 6th WSEAS Int. Conference on Computatonal Intellgence, Man-Machne Systems and Cybernetcs, Tenerfe, Span, December 14-16, Determnaton of Avalable Transfer Capablty (ATC) Consderng Integral Square Generator Angle (ISGA) N. MAT*, M.M. OTHMAN*,с, I. MUSIRIN*, A. MOHAMED** and A. HUSSAIN** *Faculty of Electrcal Engneerng Unverst Teknolog MARA 445 Shah Alam, Selangor MALAYSIA **Department of Electrcal, Electronc and Systems Engneerng Faculty of Engneerng Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa 436 UKM, Bang, Selangor MALAYSIA Abstract: - Ths paper presents the determnaton of power transfer between two buses that takes nto account the dynamc securty constrant. The dynamc securty constrant based transent stablty has been found to be one of the lmtng factors n determnng the power transfer so-called as the avalable transfer capablty (ATC). The multmachne ntegral square generator angle (ISGA) ndex s used to measure the severty of stable and unstable transent events durng the occurrence of lne outage that s consdered n the ATC assessment. The determnaton of ATC consderng dynamc securty constrant has been performed on a case study of 6 bus system. Key-Words: - Integral square generator angle, avalable transfer capablty and lne outage. 1 Introducton In the transton to a more compettve electrc power market, transmsson provders are requred to produce commercally vable nformaton of avalable transfer capablty (ATC) so that such nformaton can help power marketers, sellers, and buyers n plannng, operaton and reservng transmsson servces. A predetermned set of ATC values are usually accessed by electrcty market partcpants and system operators through an open access same-tme nformaton system. Avalable transfer capablty (ATC) s the measure of the ablty of nterconnected electrc power systems to relably move or transfer the addtonal amount of power from one bus to another over all the transmsson lnes [1]. Mathematcally, ATC s the total transfer capablty (TTC) less the transmsson relablty margn (TRM), less the capacty beneft margn (CBM) and less the base case power transfer [2]. By defnton, TTC represents the maxmum amount of power transfer that can be transferred over the transmsson network whle meetng all of a specfc set of defned preand post-contngency systems condton. CBM s defned as the amount of transmsson transfer capablty reserved by load servng enttes to meet the generaton system relablty requrements. However, TRM s the amount of transmsson capablty necessary to ensure that the transmsson network s secure under a reasonable range of uncertantes n systems condtons. At present, there are many papers dscussed on the determnaton of ATC that takes nto account the steady-state securty constrants such as the voltage and transmsson lne lmts. Nevertheless, dynamc securty constrant should be consdered n the ATC assessment. Ths s due to the fact that a large amount of power transfer may sometme causes nstablty n a system subjected to the occurrence of a dsturbance [3]. The dynamc securty constrants are often referrng to the assessment of voltage and transent stabltes. Transent stablty s the ablty of the power system to mantan synchronsm when subjected to large dsturbances [4]. On the other hand, voltage stablty s the ablty of the power system to mantan acceptable voltages at all buses n the system under normal operatng condtons and after beng subjected to dsturbances [4]. Rossales et al. [5] uses the optmal power flow (OPF) soluton to compute the ATC that takes nto

2 6th WSEAS Int. Conference on Computatonal Intellgence, Man-Machne Systems and Cybernetcs, Tenerfe, Span, December 14-16, account the dynamc securty constrant whch s based on the on-lne transent stablty assessment (TSA). Tugle et al. [3] proposed an approach to determne the ATC that uses the optmzaton technque ncorporatng wth the Lagrange multplers. The steady-state voltage and thermal lmts and, rotor angle stablty lmt are taken nto account as the constrants of the optmzaton technque. Cu et al. [6] presents an approach usng generaton reallocaton to maxmze the ATC under dynamc securty constrants. The tool for dynamc securty assessment s a normalzed transent energy functon (TEF). The power reallocated to each generator s determned by the senstvty of transent stablty margn and lnear programmng. The TEF has also been used by Momoh et al. [7] to determne the amount of ATC that flows through the nterconnected lnes. Specfcally, the senstvtes of TEF wth respect to the changes n generaton and also the generaton shft dstrbuton factor (GSDF) are used to estmate the change n power generaton whlst concernng on the transent stablty and transmsson lne lmts, respectvely. Therefore, reallocatng the power generaton may ncrease the amount of ATC whch flows through the nterconnected lnes. Bettol et al. [8] utlzes an approach for reallocatng the power generaton n order to allevate the ATC va the te-lnes. The transent stablty constrant s consdered n the computaton of ATC. The power generaton s decreased for the crtcal machnes that that are dentfed by a set of contngences. Ths s performed n order to satsfy the transent stablty constrant based rotor angle of a generator. On the other hand, the power generaton s ncreased for the non-crtcal machnes so that the ATC that flows through the te-lnes s maxmzed whlst complyng wth the transent stablty constrant. Yuan et al. [9] mplement the optmzaton methodology based on prmal-dual Newton nteror pont method (IPM) for nonlnear programmng (NLP) problems that used to compute the ATC. The power generaton, voltage magntude, transmsson lne, voltage stablty and angle stablty lmts are consdered as the constrant n the transfer capablty computaton. The ntegral square generator angle (ISGA) ndex s consdered as one of the methods that used to estmates the severty of stable and unstable transent events [1]. Ths paper presents a new approach whch computes the ATC by consderng the ISGA as the dynamc securty constrant. The ISGA measures the total dfferences of generator angles durng both transent and equlbrum condtons [1]. The ATC s referred to as the largest amount of power transfer that causes the generator to experence the commencement of angle nstablty whch s ndcated by the maxmum value of ISGA. The repettve AC power flow method s used to determne the ATC that takes nto account the mpact of transmsson lne outage. A 6 bus system s used as a case study n the determnaton of ATC whch consders the dynamc securty constrant of angle stablty. 2 Problem Formulaton The mult-machne ntegral square generator angle (ISGA) ndex s used to verfy the severty of stable and unstable transent events that occur n the ATC assessment durng the ncdence of transmsson lne outage. The ISGA s gven by equaton (1) [1]. T [ () t () t ] dt ISGA = M δ δ (1) where, δ (t) : generator rotor angle as a functon of tme M : machne nerta : number of generator T : smulaton tme and M () t coa δ δ coa () t = (2) M The ISGA measures the total dfferences of generator angles durng both of the transent and equlbrum condtons. The transent events that adversely affect on the generator angle dvergence may yeld to the largest value of ISGA. Durng the non-occurrence of outage events n a power system, any changes n system topology, generaton, load and ATC whch results to a large steady-state angle dfferences wll ncrease the value of ISGA. Hence, the ISGA could also be determned by consderng each generator s equlbrum condton that refers to δ(t) nstead of δ coa (t) and t s gven by equaton (3). ISGA = lm T T M [ () t δ ( T )] 2 δ (3) The ISGA ndex s normalzed by T and the sum of generator nertas (M total ) whch s used n ths paper. 2

3 6th WSEAS Int. Conference on Computatonal Intellgence, Man-Machne Systems and Cybernetcs, Tenerfe, Span, December 14-16, T 1 ISGA= M [ δ () t δcoa () t ] dt (4) M T total Normalzaton by T causes the ISGA to be ndependent from the tme nterval n stuatons where the ndex s calculated durng equlbrum condtons [1]. Normalzaton by M total makes the ndex less senstve to dsconnected generators, unless the generators are losng synchronsm [1]. 2 START Solve the base case ac power flow Perform the lne outage smulaton Specfy the ponts of transfer 3 Methodology The ATC s obtaned by performng the recursve AC power flow method under a specfc set of operatng condtons. Among the operatng condtons that are usually consdered are the projected customer demand, generaton dspatch, system confguratons and based scheduled transfers. In general, the procedure n determnng the ATC nvolves the defnton of a base case, determnaton of network response and fndng the maxmum transfer or ATC. The determnaton of ATC usng the repettve AC power flow method s descrbed n the followng procedures [11]. a) Establsh a solved base case power flow soluton. b) Perform lne outage smulaton of one of the specfed crtcal lnes. c) Specfy the ponts of transfer. The pont-to-pont transfer consders partcpaton of a generator n the specfed sellng bus and a load n the specfed buyng bus. d) Smultaneously, ncrease the power njecton and extracton at both sdes of the selected buses untl the maxmum ISGA s reached whch gves the commencement of angle nstablty. The angle nstablty s referred to as the dfference of generator rotor angle that exceeds the angle stablty lmt of 18 o. The smulaton tme (T) consdered n the ISGA calculaton s 3 and 8 seconds. At every power njecton and extracton, equal power ncrements of generaton and demand are consdered and smultaneously, the AC power flow soluton s calculated. e) Calculate the ATC that s gven by the dfference between the maxmum power transfer at the lmtng case and the transfer at the base case. The procedure of recursve AC power flow method that used to determne the ATC s summarzed n terms of flowchart as shown n Fgure 1. Increase the power njecton and extracton at both buses untl the maxmum ISGA s reached Determne the ATC END Fg. 1 Flowchart of ATC determnaton usng recursve AC power flow method 4 Results and Dscusson A 6 bus system s used as a case study to demonstrate the determnaton of ATC consderng the dynamc securty constrant of ISGA. The 6 bus system conssts of 3 generator buses, 3 load buses and 5 transmsson lnes as shown n Fgure 2. Fg. 2 A 6 bus system In the ATC determnaton, the mpact of lne outage to the rotor angle stablty s analyzed by referrng to the ISGA ndex estmated at T = 3 seconds and T = 8 seconds and t s shown n Table 1. Table 1 shows that the outage at lne 4-6 causes severty to the rotor angle stablty that refers to the hghest ISGA of and at T = 3 seconds and T = 8 seconds, respectvely. The mnmum ISGA value s and at T = 3 seconds and T = 8 seconds, respectvely n whch t s obtaned due to the occurrence of lne outage at 1-4. Ths shows that the outage of lne 1-4 s less senstve to ntate the volaton of rotor angle

4 6th WSEAS Int. Conference on Computatonal Intellgence, Man-Machne Systems and Cybernetcs, Tenerfe, Span, December 14-16, stablty. Table 1 ISGA ndex consderng sngle lne outage Lne outage ISGA T = 3 sec T = 8 sec Fgure 3 llustrates the dfferences of rotor angle at PV buses 2 and 3 whch respect to the slack generator. From the plotted graph, the dfferences of rotor angle s sad to be stable snce t does not exceeds 18 o. Hence a stable system s obtaned. Otherwse, the dfference of rotor angle s sad to be unstable when t exceeds 18 o as shown n Fgure 4. Therefore, ths causes the nstablty of the system. Fg. 3 Dfferences of rotor angle for generators 2 and 3 corresponds to generator 1. Delta, degree Delta, degree t, sec δ 2,1 δ3, t, sec Fg. 4. Dfferences of rotor angle durng unstable condton δ 2,1 δ 3,1 ATC can also be used to measure the ablty of nterconnected systems to relably move or transfer the power from one sellng bus to the other buyng bus. In ths case study, the ATC s determned by consderng the lne outage and dynamc securty constrant of ISGA. Tables 2 to 7 shows the results of ATC for dfferent transfer case whch are obtaned by consderng the lne outages. The ATC s obtaned based on the dynamc securty constrant of maxmum ISGA. In Tables 2 and 3, lne outage 4-6 gves the mnmum ATC value for both transfer cases, respectvely. The maxmum ATC value s 49 MW for the transfer case from sellng bus 2 to a buyng bus 5 wth the outage of lne 1-6. For the transfer case from sellng bus 2 to a buyng bus 6, the outage of lne 5-6 gves the maxmum ATC of 839 MW. Tables 4 and 5 llustrates that the outage of lne 5-6 that yelds to a mnmum ATC value of 512 MW and 496 MW for both transfer cases, respectvely. Subsequently, the maxmum ATC value of 656 MW s obtaned for both transfer cases whlst consderng the outage of lne 1-5. By referrng to Table 2 untl 5, the power transfer that exceeds the specfed value of ATC may agtate to system collapse due to the occurrence of nstable rotor angle. Hence, the utlty should consder a safety measure by not to transfer the power that causes the volaton of ISGA lmt. Table 2 ATC for transfer case from sellng bus 2 to buyng bus 5 wth lne outage Lne outage Maxmum ISGA T=3sec T=8sec ATC (MW) Table 3 ATC for transfer case from sellng bus 2 to buyng bus 6 wth lne outage Lne outage Maxmum ISGA ATC T=3sec T=8sec (MW)

5 6th WSEAS Int. Conference on Computatonal Intellgence, Man-Machne Systems and Cybernetcs, Tenerfe, Span, December 14-16, Table 4 ATC for transfer case from sellng bus 3 to buyng bus 5 wth lne outage Lne outage Maxmum ISGA T=3sec T=8sec ATC (MW) Table 5 ATC for transfer case from sellng bus 3 to buyng bus 6 wth lne outage Lne outage Maxmum ISGA ATC T=3sec T=8sec (MW) Concluson Ths paper has presented the assessment of ATC that takes nto account the dynamc securty constrant of ISGA. The ISGA s consdered n the ATC computaton n order to ensure that the machne s rotor angle s stable durng the occurrence of transent phenomena due to the lne outage. On the other hand, power transfer that volates the ISGA lmt may yeld to a system collapse due to rotor angle nstablty. The future development for mprovng the approach s that the ATC should be computed based on the estmated maxmum ISGA. Hence, ths wll mprove the computatonal tme n determnng the ATC. References: [1] H. Sawhney and B. Jeyasurya, Applcaton of Unfed Power Flow Controller for Avalable Transfer Capablty Enhancement, Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Power Systems Research, Vol. 69, 24, pp [2] M.M. Othman, A. Mohamed and A. Hussan, Fast Evaluaton of Avalable Transfer Capablty Usng Cubc-Splne Interpolaton Technque, Internatonal Journal of Electrc Power Systems Research, Vol. 73, 25, pp [3] E.D. Tugle, M. Dcorato, M.L. Scala and P. Scarpelln, A Statc Optmzaton Approach to Assess Dynamc Avalable Transfer Capablty, Proceedngs of the 21 st IEEE Internatonal Conference of Power Industry Computer Applcatons, 1999, pp [4] V. Vttal, Consequence and Impact of Electrc Utlty Industry Restructurng on Transent Stablty and Small-Sgnal Stablty Analyss, Proceedngs of the IEEE, Vol. 88, No. 2, 2, pp [5] R.A. Rosales, D.R. Vega, D. Ernst, M. Pavella and J. Gr, On-Lne Transent Stablty Constraned ATC Calculatons, IEEE Power Engneerng Socety Summer Meetng, Vol. 2, 2, pp [6] K. Cu, D.Z. Fang and C.Y. Chung, Analyss of Power Transfer Lmt Under Dynamc Securty Constrants, Internatonal Conference on Power System Technology, Vol. 1, 24, pp [7] J.A. Momoh and C.B. Effong, Generaton Reschedulng for Dynamc Securty Enhancement for Mult-Area Power System, Vol. 4, 1997, pp [8] A.L. Bettol, L. Wehenkel and M. Pavella, Transent Stablty-Constraned Maxmum Allowable Transfer, IEEE Transactons on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1999, pp [9] Y. Yuan, J. Kubokawa, T. Nagata and H. Sasak, A Soluton of Dynamc Avalable Transfer Capablty by means of Stablty Constraned Optmal Power Flow, IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, Vol. 2, 23. [1] G. L and S.M. Rovnyak, Integral Square Generator Angle Index for Stablty Rankng and Conttrol, IEEE Transactons on Power Systems, Vol. 2, No. 2, 25, pp [11] M.M. Othman, A. Mohamed and A. Hussan, Avalable Transfer Capablty Assessment Usng Evolutonary Programmng Based Capacty Beneft Margn, Internatonal Journal of Electrcal Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 28, 26, pp Norzan Mat receved hs B.Eng. (Hons) of Electrcal Engneerng from Unverst Teknolog MARA n 27. He s currently workng n a prestgous prvate company that s the Tenaga Nasonal Berhad, Malaysa. Hs research nterest s n the area of power system. Muhammad Murtadha bn Othman receved hs B.Eng. (Hons) from Staffordshre Unversty, England n 1998; M.Sc. from Unverst Putra Malaysa n 2 and Ph.D. from Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa n 26. He receved the award of best Ph.D. thess 25/26 conferred by the Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa. He currently lectures at the Unverst Teknolog MARA, Malaysa. Hs area of research nterests are

6 6th WSEAS Int. Conference on Computatonal Intellgence, Man-Machne Systems and Cybernetcs, Tenerfe, Span, December 14-16, artfcal ntellgence, transfer capablty assessment and relablty studes n a deregulated power system. Ismal bn Musrn obtaned hs Dploma of Electrcal Power Engneerng n 1987, Bachelor of Electrcal Engneerng (Hons) n 199; both from Unverst Teknolog Malaysa, MSc n Pulsed Power Technology n 1992 from Unversty of Strathclyde, Unted Kngdom and PhD n Electrcal Engneerng from Unverst Teknolog MARA, Malaysa n 25. He s currently The Head of Programme, Dploma n Electrcal Power Engneerng, Faculty of Electrcal Engneerng, Unverst Teknolog MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor. Hs area of research nterests are artfcal ntellgence, voltage stablty studes, and applcaton of mcrogrd and dstrbuted generaton n power system. Azah Mohamed obtaned her B.Sc. (Eng.) degree from Unversty of London n She joned Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa n 1985 and obtaned her M.Sc. and PhD. degrees from Unversty of Malaya, Malaysa n 1988 and 1995, respectvely. She s currently a professor at the Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa. At present, she s the Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Engneerng at the Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa. Her research nterests are n the areas related to transmsson prcng, power qualty and power system securty. An Hussan obtaned her B.Sc. Electrcal Engneerng degree form Lousana Unversty, USA; M.Sc. degree n System and Control from UMIST, England and PhD. degree from Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa. She s currently a professor at the Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa. At present, she s the Head of Department of Electrcal, Electroncs and Systems Engneerng at the Unverst Kebangsaan Malaysa. Her area of research nterests ncludes sgnal processng and applcaton of artfcal ntellgence n power system. She s also a member of Tau Beta P.

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