Wave Propagation and Antenna Engineering
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4 Wave Propagation and Antenna Engineering SANJAY KUMAR Air Commodore (Retd.) Former AOC, 9 BRD, IAF Pune and Former Principal Adviser Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE) DRDO, Bangalore SAURABH SHUKLA Scientist Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE) DRDO, Bangalore Delhi
5 WAVE PROPAGATION AND ANTENNA ENGINEERING Sanjay Kumar and Saurabh Shukla 2016 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi
6 Dedicated to Our Beloved Parents
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8 Contents Preface xvii 1. Fundamentals of Electromagnetics Introduction Spherical Coordinate System Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Some Important Vector Operations Time and Frequency Domain Representation Maxwell s Equations Helmholtz Equation or Vector Wave Equation Relationship between Decibels and Nepers Types of Medium Wave Equation in Free Space Wave Equation in Conductor (or Conducting Medium) Wave Equation in Good Conductor (or Good Conducting Medium) Wave Propagation in Lossless Dielectric (or Good Dielectric) Skin Depth Equation of Uniform Plane Wave Poynting Theorem and Poynting Vector Polarisation of Electromagnetic Wave Reflection and Transmission of EM Waves Transmission Lines Smith Chart 36 Summary 42 Review Questions 44 Multiple Choice Questions 44 Numerical Problems Wave Propagation-I: Ground and Space Wave Propagation Introduction Radio Wave Propagation 48 vii
9 viii Contents 2.3 Ground Wave (Surface Wave) Application Field Strength at Finite Distance due to Ground Waves Reflection from Flat Earth Reflection Coefficient of Horizontal Polarised Wave Reflection Coefficient of Vertical Polarised Wave Wave Tilt of Surface Wave Friis Free Space Equation Space Wave or Tropospheric Wave Propagation Space Wave Field Strength Normal Refraction Radio Horizon: Line of Sight (LOS) for Space Waves Equivalent Radius of Earth Factors Affecting Space Wave Propagation Effect of the Curvature of Earth s Surface Effect of Earth s Imperfections and Roughness Effect of Hills, Buildings and Other Obstacles Field Strength Variation with Height Effect of Polarisation of Space Wave Effect of Transition between Ground Wave and Space Wave Atmospheric Effects in Space Wave Propagation Refractive Index of Air Duct Propagation Tropospheric Scattering 88 Summary 89 Review Questions 91 Multiple Choice Questions 92 Numerical Problems Wave Propagation-II: Ionospheric Wave Propagation Introduction Earth s Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Ionosphere Sky Wave or Ionospheric Wave Propagation Refractive Index of Ionosphere Plasma and Plasma Frequency (f p ) Critical Frequency (f c ) Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) Maximum Usable Frequency (f MUF ) for Short Distance Communication Maximum Usable Frequency (f MUF ) for Long Distance Communication 107
10 Contents ix Optimum Working Frequency (OWF) Lowest Usable Frequency (LUF) Skip Distance Skip Zone (Dead Zone) Actual and Virtual Height Fading Multipath Fading Selective Fading Interference Fading Absorption Fading Polarisation Fading Skip Fading Diversity Schemes Time Diversity Frequency Diversity Space Diversity Polarisation Diversity Transmission Losses Effect of Earth s Magnetic Field Expression for Gyrofrequency Magneto-Ionic Theory Magneto-Ionic Splitting Faraday Rotation Variations in the Ionosphere Regular Variations Irregular Variations Energy Losses Due to Collisions in Ionosphere 132 Summary 133 Review Questions 134 Multiple Choice Questions 135 Numerical Problems Antenna Fundamentals Introduction Isotropic Radiator Average Power from an Isotropic Antenna Radiation Mechanism Types of Antenna Fundamental Antenna Parameters Antenna Input Impedance Antenna VSWR and Return Loss Antenna Bandwidth Radiation Pattern Antenna Radiation Lobes 155
11 Wave Propagation And Antenna Engineering 30% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : KUMAR, SANJAY, SHUKLA, SAURABH Type the URL : Get this ebook
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