Guided Projectiles Theory of Operation Chris Geswender - Raytheon

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1 Guided Projectiles Theory of Operation Chris Geswender - Raytheon spock@raytheon.com Page: 1

2 Report Documentation Page Report Date 9Apr21 Report Type N/A Dates Covered (from... to) - Title and Subtitle Guided Projectiles Theory of Operation Contract Number Grant Number Program Element Number Author(s) Geswender, Chris Project Number Task Number Work Unit Number Performing Organization Name(s) and Address(es) Raytheon Sponsoring/Monitoring Agency Name(s) and Address(es) NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association) 211 Wilson Blvd, STE. 4 Arlington, VA Performing Organization Report Number Sponsor/Monitor s Acronym(s) Sponsor/Monitor s Report Number(s) Distribution/Availability Statement Approved for public release, distribution unlimited Supplementary Notes Proceedings from the 36th Annual Gun & Ammunition Symposium & Exhibition 9-12 April 21 Sponsored by NDIA Abstract Subject Terms Report Classification unclassified Classification of Abstract unclassified Classification of this page unclassified Limitation of Abstract UU Number of Pages 16

3 Warfighting Capabilities Enhanced by Guided Projectiles Altitude (k ft) Improved Terminal Effects Crusader Paladin Kilometers Enhanced Range - Artillery Range Overmatch XM982 Crusader Kilometers Wide Attack Footprint X Baseline XM982 can hit any target in this area from one tube position! Kilometers Maximum Target Crusader Location Improved Effectiveness / Lethality Rounds (Weight) Transported No. of DPICM Rounds Required XM982 Paladin & LWH Current US Capability International Capability Kilometers: ,34 lbs M864 FAPP 4,392 lbs XM982 U-PAC 25km Range at 1%EFD M864 XM982 35km Range, Normalized, at 1%EFD Page: 2 Data from Public Released presentation

4 Potential Solutions for Projectile Guidance Configuration Range Accuracy Unguided ~ 1 M ~ 3 M 1-DOF Correction Controls X 2-DOF Correction Controls X, Y 7-DOF Correction Controls time, X, Y, Z, pitch, yaw, roll Page: 3 Data expanded from NDIA Web site

5 Various Guidance Options Ballistic CONTROL Aerodynamic Thruster None STABILIZATION Spin Fin Spin/Despin/Fin GUIDANCE IMU GPS Beacon None DATA LINK Radio None Comms Link to Ground Forces Target PROPULSION None Rocket Ram Jet SEEKER IR mmw TV None Spotter CALIBER Full Calibre Sub-Calibre PAYLOAD Lethal Non-Lethal Self Guided Ballistic Launch Phase Mid-Phase Guidance GPS Terminal Phase Guidance Follow Me CHICK CHICK CHICK CHICK CHICK Mother Hen Comms Link to Ground Forces Beacon Target Comms Link to Ground Forces Target Spotter Spotter Command Guided Ballistic Launch Phase Mid-Phase Guidance Tracking Uplink Data Link Capture Volume Tracking Uplink Tracking Terminal Guidance Air Asset Laser Guided Ballistic Launch Phase Mid-Phase Guidance Data Link Laser Tracking/ Illumination Coded Air Asset Capture Volume Comms Link to Ground Forces Target Comms Link to Ground Forces Target Laser Illumination Coded Spotter Spotter Page: 4 Data from NATO document

6 Tightly Integrated GPS/INS Guidance IMU provides very accurate body based rate and acceleration data V' s, θ ' s Inertial NAV [ V 's, θ' s] Correction GPS Pseudorange Deltarange x* + x + H(x*) + - Kalman x residual Filter measured Pseudorange Deltarange predicted [ V' s, θ' s] Correction GPS / IMS provides very accurate projectile inertial data GPS provides very accurate Earth based position and velocity data Page: 5 Data from GPS web site

7 Example - Rocket Assisted Design ~ 12 KG s ~ 18 msec Projectile In Bore Acceleration vs Time CHALLENGE - Build a projectile with all the functionality of a missile but robust enough to gun fired Page: 6 Data from Surface Warfare Web site

8 General Concept of Operations Baseline Capabilities On and off axis target attack (large downrange/ cross-range envelope) Trajectory optimized for aerodynamic efficiency Wind estimator to offset dispense for target area winds Moderate GPS jamming immunity / moderate effectiveness after jamout Adjustable dispense diameter, altitude and angle Payload Dispense Inertial Guidance Midcourse Guidance GPS Acquisition Window *Canards Deploy Battery On Fins Deploy Motor Burn DCI Page: 7 Data redrawn from Surface Warfare Web site

9 Pre-Fire Timeline Primary Projectile Initialization requires very aggressive timelines to meet firing rates comparable to dumb projectiles Primary Secondary Power Power Shield Data / Timing ~ 3 seconds ~ 1 minutes Page: 8 Data from Web sited NSFS presentation

10 Navigation/Midcourse Timeline GPS Refinement of Attitude and IMU Error Calibration Continue Maximum GPS Acquisition Time Accurate Maneuvering Possible Terminal Jamming Provisioned Altitude FIRE! Initial Roll Finder Results Available Battery Start, Software Elaboration, Round Despin Roll Finder Algorithm Starts Dispense or Impact Down Range Page: 9

11 Terminal Time Line T t = T a - 3. Declare Terminal T a = T c - 1. Select Pattern Arm Payload, Zeroize T= T tof Monitor Estimated Range to Target T c = T e -.2 Command Sequence T e = T d -.5 Submunition Eject T d =T - (2 to 4) Submunition Dispense T Submunition Impact Page: 1

12 Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact Closed form TOA solutions from Fire Control do not work To supply MRSI, each projectile must both: accurate estimate time to target control it continuously T n T n+x Trajectory flown Possible trajectories to target Trajectory flown Biases error sources (errors which dominate the time of flight) Propellant performance Firing time errors Non standard Atmosphere Dominant wind direction Aerodynamic variations Colored noise sources (errors which confuse active time of arrival control) Wind shears GPS error shifts White noise sources (errors which just stimulate any control) Wind gusts Possible trajectories to target Page: 11

13 HOJ Operational Timeline No Target Acquisition * Inertial Guide to Pre-Brief * Will not return to GPS Dispense Command * Range Estimation for Timing - Algorithm based on Intensity * Angle Limited by Antenna FOV Establish Target Acquisition * Switch antennas to HOJ * Develop AOA estimate * Within DF limits of Pre-Brief Target - Jammer close to target Loss of Track * Will not return to GPS * Guide to Last Est. Target Location Page: 12

14 Off Axis Attack Capability provided The ability to fly (example assumes 7-DOF guidance solution) means a gun can execute many firings missions from a single surveyed site without repositioning barrel 5 4 Conventional 3 Unguided Projectile Footprint Cross range (KM) Potential Footprint of a constrained Guided Projectile -3-4 Potential Attack Footprint of a Guided Projectile -5 Downrange (KM) Page: 13

15 New requirement - Casualty function Most guided weapons were not designed to be fired over friendly forces (so provisions for operation as a failed weapons was not really considered in the design) BLUE trajectories represents the fact most guided weapons have been designed to be employed at or in advance of the battle front (called Forward Line Of Engagement or FLOE). Red trajectory represents the fact guided projectiles will operationally be employed such that they will be behind FLOE and will overfly all forces up to FLOE. AAMs AGMs Guided Projectiles ATMs For the first time, overhead safety for EXTENDED ranges must be considered Page: 14

16 Example - Safety Features Over a Mission Push-over (apogee) must be achieved to enable second arming environment Integrity checks confirm good guidance and Mission Computer operability S&A is not fully armed until projectile enters terminal phase of guidance Guided trajectory thwarts counterbattery fire Reverse Slope S&A Provides Safe Separation Distance Firing initiates battery and represents first arming environment No Rocket Motor Noise or Plume Shoot & Scoot! Off Boresight Extended Range Dispense based upon GPS/INS solution Submunitions equipped with Self-Destruct Feature Reduced Hazardous Dud Rate Page: 15 Data from Public Released Presentation

17 Summary - Guided Projectiles provides Altitude (k ft) Improved Terminal Effects Crusader Paladin Kilometers Enhanced Range - Artillery Range Overmatch XM982 Crusader Kilometers Wide Attack Footprint X Baseline XM982 can hit any target in this area from one tube position! Kilometers Maximum Target Crusader Location Improved Effectiveness / Lethality Rounds (Weight) Transported No. of DPICM Rounds Required XM982 Paladin & LWH Current US Capability International Capability Kilometers: ,34 lbs M864 FAPP 4,392 lbs XM982 U-PAC 25km Range at 1%EFD M864 XM982 35km Range, Normalized, at 1%EFD Page: 16 Data from Public Released Presentation

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