Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment
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1 Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Hiro Onishi (Alpine Electronics Research of America, Inc.) Fanny Mlinarsky (octoscope, Inc.) 2014 Alpine Electronics, Inc. Not for commercial distribution. 1
2 INDEX 1. Introduction Various multi antenna solutions 2. Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Contributions in vehicle environment Factors affecting multi antenna performance Advantages and challenges Multi antenna performance in vehicle environment 3. Advanced Multi Antenna Solutions Multi User MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output) ) CoMP(Cooperative Multi Points) 4. Next Steps 2
3 1. Introduction + How can we utilize advanced wireless technologies to automotive/its applications? + What is the challengefortheirimplementation? Pictures: Courtesy of Dept. of Transportation 3
4 1. Introduction MIMO concept exists long time ago, but it wasn t being implemented till the 90 s. ~ B. Sklar, lecture, (Mar , at CA state Univ. Long Beach) 4
5 1. Introduction Multi antenna solutions are keys for modern wireless technologies, such as, n/ac, LTE and WiMax. a) Improve transmission reliability against channel impairments, i.e. fading, multi path or interference. a Tx a a a a Rx b) Increase transmission rate by using multi channels, without using additional wireless spectrum. ba Tx a b a + b b + a Rx ba Reference: L. Wang, Advances in Coordinated Multi Cell Multi User MIMO system, IEEE web seminar 5
6 1. Introduction Solutions Rx diversity * Tx diversity * Combination of Tx and Rx diversity * Various multi antenna solutions Explanation Combine multiple received versions of the same signal in order to minimize PER(Packet Error Rate). Transmit different versions of the same signal in order to optimize reception of at least one of these versions. Use Tx diversity at the transmitting device in combination with Rx diversity at the receiving device. MIMO(Multi Input Multi Output) Transmit two or more data streams in the same channel. Spatial Multiplexing * MIMO Beamforming * Create a focused beam, thereby extending the range of the link or enabling SM(Spatial Multiplexing). Closed loop ** Feedback channel information from receiver to transmitter. (cf. Open loop) Pilot Signal (Antenna) *** Transmit pilot signal from receiver to transmitter before data transmission. Transmitter adjust transmission parameter by using pilot signal. Reference: *: F. Mlinarsky, Testing MIMO Radios, Digi Key web seminar, (Jan 27 31, 14 ) **: Y. Hara, et al., Basic Algorithm of Multi Antenna Technologies, Japan IEEE conference ( 10) ***: D. Phan Huy, et al., Adaptive Large MISO Downlink with Predictor Antenna Array for very fast moving vehicles, IEEE ICCVE (Dec. 13, Las Vegas, NV) 6
7 1. Introduction a) Rx diversity: Various multi antenna solutions Combine multiple received versions of the same signal in order to minimize PER(Packet Error rate). Typical diversity algorithms are Switching Selecting Combining: MRC(Maximal Ratio Combining) is typical. Weighting: Zero Forcing weight, MMSE(Minimum Mean Square Error) weight, etc Rx diversity Reference: F. Mlinarsky, Testing MIMO Radios, Digi Key web seminar, (Jan 27 31, 14) wikipedia, Antenna diversity Y. Hara, et al., Basic Algorithm of Multi Antenna Technologies, Japan IEEE conference ( 10) 7
8 1. Introduction b) Tx diversity: Various multi antenna solutions Transmit different versions of the same signal in order to optimize reception of at least one of these versions. Typical diversity algorithms are + STBC (Space Time Block Coding) Alamouti code is one of them + SFBC (Space Frequency Block Coding ) + CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) Tx diversity Reference: F. Mlinarsky, Testing MIMO Radios, Digi Key web seminar (Jan 27 31, 14 ) 8
9 1. Introduction c) Spatial Multiplexing Various multi antenna solutions Multiple signals on the same channel (=same( space and same frequency) can be recognized as multiple original signals by receivers. Increased spatial streams improve transmission reliability and dta transmission sso rate. Spatial Multiplexing Spatial Multiplexing Concept Transmitted signal St1 Wireless channel H11 Received signal Sr1 Transmitted signal St1 H1 Received signal Sr1 Tx Rx Tx Rx H St2 H22 Sr2 St2 H2 Sr2 2 signals transmitted on same space and same frequency can be recognized by receivers Transmitter and receiver are linked by 2 spatial streams Reference: The Cisco Learning Network, What is Spatial Multiplexing 9
10 1. Introduction d) Beamforming Various multi antenna solutions Focus RF beams by combining multiple phase locked antenna elements. Enhance Enhance transmission Transmission reliability reliability Spatial multiplexing p Enhance signal to Beamforming example Signal desired 3 direction Depress signal to unnecessary direction Enhance spatial multiplexing Signal 2 Signal 11 Signal 3 Reference: F. Mlinarsky, Testing MIMO Radios, Digi Key web seminar (Jan 27 31, 14) Y. Hara, et al., Basic Algorithm of Multi Antenna Technologies, Japan IEEE conference ( 10) 10
11 1. Introduction e) Closed loop Various multi antenna solutions Receiver feedback channel information to transmitter. Transmitter adjusts transmission parameters, by using feedback Information. cf. Open loop Basestation MIMO channel Mobile terminal Feedback (channel) information Reference: Y. Hara, et al., Basic Algorithm of Multi Antenna Technologies, Japan IEEE conference ( 10) 11
12 1. Introduction f) One example of pilot antenna Various multi antenna solutions Receiver transmits pilot signal from a 0 (pilot antenna) to transmitter. Transmitter sends data signal targeting a 0. Per vehicle speed, one of a 0 ~ a 3 receives the optimum data signal. Reference: D. Phan Huy, et al., Adaptive Large MISO Downlink with Predictor Antenna Array for very fast moving vehicles, IEEE ICCVE (Dec. 13, Las Vegas, NV) 12
13 2. Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Contributions in vehicle environment a) Improve transmission reliability against channel impairments, such as Doppler, fading, multi path or interference. Contribute to automotive/its applications in various radio environments. (e.g. building canyon, tunnel, mountain/hilly area) b) Increase transmission i rate (~ communication i capacity). b.1) Quick response to transmit large data, i.e. map, traffic, music, movies, etc. b.2) In general, the size of safety messages (for crash warning) is very small, but more vehicles can communicate within pre defined duration (e.g. critical crash warning timing) in high density areas of communication modules (e.g. freeway intersection) Large safety contribution! 13
14 2. Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Factors affecting multi antenna performance Factors MIMO channel correlation Angular spread of the received signal Device antenna spacing and orientation Antenna polarization Explanation/Impact Function of several variables including device antenna spacing, antenna polarization and multipath Related to correlation and strongly influenced by multipath in the channel Related to angular spread and correlation Vertical, horizontal or circular Noise and Interference High noise power with respect to signal power results in low SNR (signal to noise ratio) Motion of devices or Causes Doppler spread of the signal multipath reflectors Delay spread of Causes clusters of reflections to arrive at the receiver at reflections different times Reference: F. Mlinarsky, Testing MIMO Radios, Digi Key web seminar (Jan 27 31, 14) 14
15 2. Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Advantages and challenges Advantages Challenges Freedom of antenna (array) size and Larger moving speed (compared to pedestrians) shape (compared to mobile phones or laptops) + Freedom of antenna spacing and orientation ti + Benefit of antenna polarization + Ease of Beamforming to target to large vehicle antennas with long distances + Small MIMO channel correlation + Dynamic change of channel condition Difficulty in adjusting parameters for Spatial multiplexing Difficulty of Closed loop operation Difficulty of Beamforming to target to vehicle antennas Dynamic change of antenna orientation + Large Doppler effects 15
16 2. Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Multi antenna performance in vehicle environment What solutions fit each automotive/its application? Simulation ~ Fujitsu, Text Proposal for MIMO and Tx Diversity Comparison Section, (TSGR1#19(01) 0410) in TSG RAN Working Group meeting (Feb. 01, Las Vegas, NV) Flat fading channel (3G) Tx closed loop diversity (30km/h) FER rame error rate) (Fr STTD (space time transmit diversity) Open loop Closed loop Tx diversity 4X4 MIMO (30km/h) 2X2 MIMO (30km/h) Eb/No (db) (Energy bit to noise ratio) 16
17 2. Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Multi antenna performance in vehicle environment ~ T. M. Fernandez Carames, et al., Performance Evaluation of Multiple Antenna IEEE p Transceivers Using an FPGA based MIMO Vehicular Channel Emulator, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, 2012:215 (Jul. 12) Baseline: Frequency flat block fading Rayleigh channel (802.11p) te) FER (Frame error rat Minimum i mean square error Maximum-likelihood detector Maximum ratio combining Alamouti Space time block code Quasi orthogonal Space Time Block Code 4X4 MIMO 1X4 SIMO SNR (db) (Signal noise ratio) 17
18 2. Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Multi antenna performance in vehicle environment Vehicle to road in urban canyon (802.11p) BER r rate) (Bit erro Minimum mean square error Maximum ratio combining Maximum-likelihood detector Alamouti Space time block code Quasi orthogonal Space time block code 1X4 SIMO 4X4 MIMO SNR (db) (Signal noise ratio) 18
19 2. Multi Antenna Solutions in Vehicle Environment Multi antenna performance in vehicle environment Vehicle to vehicle on coming vehicle in urban canyon (802.11p) FER (Fram me error rate) Minimum mean square error Maximum-likelihood detector Maximum ratio combining Alamouti Space time block code Quasi orthogonal Space time block code SNR (db) (Signal noise ratio) 1X4 SIMO 4X4 MIMO Deeper numerical evaluations are required. 19
20 3. Advanced Multi Antenna Solutions Multi User MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output) Forming multiple focused beams or using Tx diversity techniques to enable simultaneous communications with multiple users( ~ devices). (Typically beamforming is done by a base station or an access point.) Increase total throughput of the transmissions to multiple users by spatially distributed transmission resources. (Single User) MIMO Base Station Base Station MU(Multi User) MIMO Mobile Station 1 Mobile Station 2 Mobile Station Mobile Station 3 Reference: F. Mlinarsky, Testing MIMO Radios, ( Digi Key web seminar, Jan 27 31) Y. Hara, et al., Basic Algorithm of Multi Antenna Technologies, Japan IEEE conference ( 10) 20
21 3. Advanced Multi Antenna Solutions CoMP(Cooperative Multi Points) Multiple base stations cooperate to transmit to single users or multiple users. CoMP was originally invented for the improvement of the reception in cell(coverage of base station) edges. Coordinated Scheduling Joint Processing CSI(Channel State Information) and data exchange between each base station Coordinated transmission to the mobile station Coordinated Beamforming Reference: L. Wang, Advances in Coordinated Multi Cell Multi User MIMO system, (ieee web seminar) 21
22 4. Next Steps Because of the time limitation, we focused on introducing various multi antenna solutions. Near term planning: Conduct deeper numerical analysis of multi antenna solutions for each automotive or ITS application. We are planning to show our progress at the next opportunity. Longer term planning: Propose utilizingadvanced multi antennasolutions solutions, for automotive or ITS applications. Study advantages and challenges on how to apply them to each automotive or ITS application. 22
23 Thank you for your attention!! Hiro Onishi Alpine Electronics Research of America, Inc. la.com, Tel: Fanny Mlinarsky octoscope, Inc. Tel: Slide design: Mari Hatazawa la.com 23
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