Lecture 12 Building Components
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- Garey Sherman
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1 Optical Fibres and Telecommunications Lecture 12 Building Components Introduction Where are we? Turning individual elements into components Transmitters Receivers Modulation formats Repeaters and 3-R Regeneration Summary of this section of the course 1
2 Summary Signal to Noise Ratio Noise equivalent power Bit error rate (BER) Digital signal to noise Q Eye diagrams for characterising links Real photodetector performance Building Components What we have been looking at are essential building blocks. In most telecomms systems, these are combined to form components. Transmitters take electrical signals and convert them to optical data. Receivers convert optical systems into electrical systems. In this process we can also clean-up the data. Devices which convert the data, amplify it and reconvert it to the optical domain are called repeaters. Can also use in line fibre amplifiers. 2
3 Transmitter Transmitter Fibre Electrical Data Light Pulses Transmitter provides the electronic to optical interface. Often provided with a pig-tailed fibre output. Contain all of the electronics to drive and modulate the laser diode. Inside the Transmitter Clock Bias Monitor Data in Data conversion unit Laser Driver Bias and Modulation Control Temperature Control Cooler PD LD Fibre & Coupling Optics External Monitoring 3
4 Data Conversion Unit Clock NRZ RZ Data conversion unit must convert data into the correct electrical form to drive the driver / modulator. May need to combine the input of several data sources (multiplexing.) Pulses are synchronised to a clock. Possible to use a variety of codes eg. Non-return to zero (NRZ) Return to zero (RZ) NRZ is simple to implement but does not preserve timing information. RZ preserves timing info, but requires more bandwidth. Data Conversion Unit II Step 1: Incoming data must be converted to pure binary input. (Encoder) Step 2: Parallel data streams must be converted into serial output multiplexing. (Multiplexer) Step 3: Reshaping incoming data stream must be hard limited. All ones should be at the same level. Same for zero s. (Comparator or Buffer) Well behaved digital data stream can now be passed to the laser driver. 4
5 Laser Driver / Modulation Control Converts input voltage into current. Based around an Op-Amp. Ensures that an ultrastable bias current is applied to the diode for operation. Feedback loops can monitor the bias current. Feedback from on-chip photodiode also monitors laser output power. Temperature of the device can be stabilised using peltier control. EXPENSIVE! Modulation can be achieved by switching the current. Important to ensure the extinction ratio (P(1)/P(0)) remains fixed. Many need to vary drive current. Fibre coupling Butt Coupling to Single Mode Fibre Lost Power Lens Coupling to Single Mode Fibre GRIN Lens Low loss Coupling LED s has been covered earlier. (P coupled ~ NA 2 ) Laser coupling is different. (Gaussian power distribution.) Direct butting a multimode fibre is an option. Problem can be due to speckle pattern causing random power variations in the receiver. Have to focus into a single mode fibre. Need to mode match not just illuminate the fibre core. Use collimating optics and graded index (GRIN) lenses. Adds to complexity and stability problems. 5
6 Receiver Units Power Monitor Fibre & Coupling Optics Signal Detect Buffer Preamp Filter AMP/ Limiter Decision Circuit Buffer Clock Recovery Quantizer Receiver converts input optical signal into suitable electrical output signal. Optical Front End AGC R F - + Fibre input, photodiode and a pre-amp make up the optical front end. For low noise performance, photodiode should have an infinite load resistance, however this limits bandwidth, so a trade off must be achieved. Normally use a transimpedance amplifier. Dynamic range normally 35-45dB. Automatic gain control used for stable output. 6
7 Quantizer Quantizer contains: Noise filer Used to remove unnecessary bandwidth. Improves SNR Power amplifier / limiter Amplifies input to the required level. Clips input if power too high. Steady voltage into decision circuit. Decision circuit. Decides if a 1 or 0 has been received. Data must be synchronised with clock. Clock Recovery Clock Recovery Accurate detection requires detailed knowledge of data timing. Could use a separate clock in transmitter and receiver though this will build in errors. Instead use the data to carry its own clock. Clock is recovered from input data. 7
8 Other bits! Often have error outputs. eg. SNR too low. Monitor outputs. Buffering to ensure that signal shape is preserved. Combination of a transmitter and receiver in a single unit is called a transceiver. Often used in fibre-optic LAN. Back to back receiver / transmitters are used in long distance fibre links repeaters. Allow regeneration of a full power optical signal. Devices that clean up the optical signal are called regenerators. Regeneration 1R - Reamplification Increasing the power. (Solves Attenuation) 2R - Reamplification + Reshaping - Increasing the power. - Improving the pulse shape. (Solves Noise) 3R - Reamplification + Reshaping + Retiming. - Increasing the power. - Improving the pulse shape. - Resynchronizing the pulses to the clock. (Solves Jitter) Goal All Optical 3R Regeneration! 8
9 3R Regeneration Today s summary Transmitters Components required. Modulation formats. Receivers Quantizers Clock recovery Optical front end Repeaters Regenerators 3R regeneration 9
10 Summary Light sources LED and LD s. Output power characteristics. Modulation Fibre coupling and beam quality. Photodetectors PD s, P-I-N Diodes, APD s Bandwidth. Noise Eye diagrams Bit error rate analysis. Components for real systems Transmitters Modulation formats. Receivers Coming next.. Optical amplifiers Building networks 6 more lectures to go! Your exam. PAPER StA2 two hours - Telecoms and guiding Section 1: answer two questions out of three on telecoms and optical fibres Section 2: answer one question out of two on conventional guiding Section 3: answer one question out of two on photonic guiding 10
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