OFDM for Optical Communications

Transcription

1 OFDM for Optical Communications William Shieh Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Melbourne Ivan Djordjevic Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Arizona ШШШШ 2. ЯШ AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK * OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO д 1 Д Ь SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO ELSEVIER Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

2 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Historical Perspective of Optical Communications Trends in Optical Communications Evolution toward 100 Gb/s Ethernet Emergence of Dynamically Reconfiguration Networks Software-Defined Optical Transmission Moore's Law and Its Effect on Digital Signal Processing Moore's Law Scaling Progress in Electronic Digital Signal Processing for Optical Communication Single-Carrier or Multicamer Transmission: An Optical Debate The Difference between RF OFDM and Optical OFDM Systems What Does OFDM Bring to the "Game"? Scalability to the High-Speed Transmission Compatibility to the Future Reconfigurable Optical Networks Channel Coding and OFDM Overview of the Book 23 Chapter 2: OFDM Principles Introduction Historical Perspective of OFDM OFDM Basics Mathematical Formulation of an OFDM Signal Discrete Fourier Transform Implementation of OFDM Cyclic Prefix for OFDM Spectral Efficiency for Optical OFDM Cross-Channel OFDM: Multiplexing without Guard Band Complex and Real Representations of an OFDM Signal Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of OFDM Signals Frequency Offset and Phase Noise Sensitivity Frequency Offset Effect Phase Noise Effect 48 xi

3 xii Contents Chapter 3: Optical Communication Fundamentals Introduction Key Optical Components Optical Transmitters Optical Receivers Optical Fibers Optical Amplifiers Other Optical Components Noise Sources Mode Partition Noise Reflection-Induced Noise Relative Intensity Noise and Laser Phase Noise Modal Noise Quantum Shot Noise Dark Current Noise Thermal Noise Spontaneous Emission Noise Noise Beat Components Crosstalk Components Channel Impairments Fiber Attenuation Insertion Losses Chromatic Dispersion Polarization Mode Dispersion Fiber Nonlinearities Transmission System Performance Assessment and System Design Quantum Limit for Photodetection Shot Noise and Thermal Noise Limit Receiver Sensitivity for Receivers with an Optical Preamplifier Ill Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio Ill Power Penalty Due to Extinction Ratio Ill Power Penalty Due to Intensity Noise Power Penalty Due to Timing Jitter Power Penalty Due to GVD Power Penalty Due to Signal Crosstalk Accumulation Effects Systems Design Optical Performance Monitoring Summary 117 Chapter 4: Signal Processing for Optical OFDM Introduction End-to-End OFDM Signal Processing DFT Window Synchronization 122

4 Contents xiii 4.4 Frequency Offset Synchronization Frequency Acquisition Frequency Tracking Subcarrier Recovery: Channel Estimation and Phase Estimation Channel Estimation Why Is Channel Estimation Needed? Channel Estimation Algorithms ADC/DAC Impact MIMO-OFDM Perspective MIMO Fundamentals 142 Chapter 5: Polarization Effects in Optical Fiber Introduction Polarization Dispersion Effect in Optical Fiber The Origin of Polarization Dispersion Effect Jones Vector and Jones Matrix Representation Principal State of Polarization and Differential Group Delay Stokes Representation of PMD and Its Statistical Properties Autocorrelation Function of the Channel Transfer Function and Coherence Bandwidth of an Optical Fiber Why PMD Has Been Considered the Fundamental Barrier Polarization-Dependent Loss Theoretical Model for Coherent Optical MIMO-OFDM Signals in the Presence of Polarization Effects Simulation and Experimental Study of MIMO-OFDM Systems Polarization Mode Dispersion: Detriment or Benefit? x 2 SIMO-OFDM Experiment: Polarization Diversity Detection x 1 MISO-OFDM Experiment: Polarization Time Coding for Optical Broadcast Networks x 2 MIMO-OFDM in Polarization Domain Nonlinear Polarization Effects Nonlinear Polarization Effects in a Birefringence Fiber Nonlinear Polarization Effects in Randomly Varying Birefringence Fiber. 177 Chapter 6: Coding for Optical OFDM Systems Standard FEC Schemes Linear Block Codes Cyclic Codes Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes Reed-Solomon Codes, Concatenated Codes, and Product Codes Codes on Graphs Turbo Codes Turbo Product Codes LDPC Codes 205

5 xiv Contents Generalized LDPC Codes FPGA Implementation of Large-Girth LDPC Codes Nonbinary Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Codes M-ary QAM and M-ary PSK Coded Modulation Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Direct Detection Performance Assessment of LDPC-Coded OFDM Fiber-Optics Communications Simultaneous Chromatic Dispersion and PMD Compensation via LDPC-Coded OFDM Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Coherent Detection Description of PMD Channel Model PMD Compensation by Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Coherent Detection Summary 255 Chapter 7: Various Types of Optical OFDM Introduction Coherent Optical OFDM Principle of CO-OFDM Optical Transmitter Design for CO-OFDM Up-/Down-Conversion Design Options for CO-OFDM Systems Optical I/Q Modulator for Linear RF-to-Optical up Conversion Discussion of the Null Bias Point for CO-OFDM Systems Coherent Detection for Linear Down-Conversion and Noise Suppression Receiver Sensitivity for CO-OFDM Direct Detection Optical OFDM Linearly Mapped DDO-OFDM Nonlinearly Mapped DDO-OFDM 280 Chapter 8: Spectrally Efficient High-Speed Coherent OFDM System Introduction Orthogonal Band Multiplexed OFDM Principle of OBM-OFDM Implementation of OBM-OFDM Experimental Setup and Description Measurement and Discussion Gb/s No-Guard Interval CO-OFDM Transmission Experimental Configuration for 111 Gb/s NGI-CO-OFDM Transmission The NGI-CO-OFDM Transmission Experimental Results Simulation of 100 Gb/s CO-OFDM Transmission Comparison between Uniform Filling and Random Filling for 100 Gb/s OBM-OFDM Dispersion Map Influence on 100 Gb/s CO-OFDM Transmission 313

6 Contents xv Gb/s CO-OFDM Transmission with Cascaded ROADMs High Spectral Efficiency CO-OFDM Systems 318 Chapter 9: OFDM for Multimode Fiber Systems Multimode Fibers Optical OFDM in MMF Links Power-Efficient OFDM The Use of Optical OFDM in MMF Links for beyond Short-Reach Applications Optical OFDM in Broadcast MIMO Signaling over MMF Links Summary 349 Chapter 10: OFDM in Free-Space Optical Communication Systems Introduction FSO-OFDM Transmission System Aggregation of RF/Microwave Channels Using OFDM Atmospheric Turbulence Channel Modeling Zero Inner Scale Nonzero Inner Scale Temporal Correlation FSO Channel Model Soft Iterative Decoding Performance Assessment of Coded FSO-OFDM Systems with Direct Detection OFDM in Hybrid Optical Networks Hybrid Optical Networks Description of Receiver and Transmission Diversity Scheme Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Optical Networks Summary 381 Chapter 11: OFDM Applications in Access Optical Networks OFDM in Radio-over-Fiber Systems OFDM in Passive Optical Networks Ultra Wideband Signals and Optical OFDM Coded-OFDM over Plastic Optical Fibers Performance Analysis of LDPC-Coded OFDM over POFs Indoor Optical Wireless Communications and OFDM Infrared Optical Wireless Communications Visible Light Communications Summary 409 Chapter 12: Future Research Directions Introduction Optical OFDM for 1 Tb/s Ethernet Transport Multimode Fiber for High Spectral Efficiency Long-Haul Transmission Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits for Optical OFDM 420

7 xvi Contents 12.5 Adaptive Coding in Optical OFDM Optical OFDM-Based Access Networks Standardization Aspects of Optical OFDM Conclusions 429 Index 433