History of the Digital Mobile Radio Systems in NTT & DoCoMo
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1 History of the Digital Mobile Radio Systems in NTT & DoCoMo The University of Electro-Communications Nobuo Nakajima
2 Progress of the Mobile Radio Systems Every 10 years 1 G Analog 2 G Digital 3 G IMT G LTE,-advanced 5G LTE-advanced? Access FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA, Frequency Scheduling Frequency 800 MHz 2 GHz 3 GHz > 3 GHz millimeter wave Terminal Portable phone Smart phone 2
3 Frequency Frequency Frequency Access Scheme for 1-4th Generation Time Time FDMA TDMA CDMA Time Frequency Time Frequency Scheduling 3
4 1 st Generation
5 1G Development History G 2G 3G NTT 86 PDC(800M) NTT High Capacty 89 J-TACS by IDO, Cellular 94 PDC(1.5G) 92 NTT DoCoMo started 95 PDC(Half rate) Analog to Digital (Replace) 97 PDC Packet 99 i-mode By PDC-P 98 CDMA by DDI 01 IMT k FEC 9.6k ARQ 28.8k By 3 time slots 384k 5
6 Propagation Loss Propagation Loss Estimation - Okumura Hata Curve/Empirical Formula - Base Station Antenna Height Mobile Station Antenna Height Urban Area Distance Free space loss Propagation Loss Frequency
7 1G Technologies and Specifications Beginning (1979) Last Stage (1986) Frequency 800 MHz Band Access Scheme Applied Technologies Analog FDMA Channel Separation 25 khz 12.5 khz (Interleaving) Smaller Cells Higher Capacity (100,000 Subscriber For Metropolitan Area) Robust Interference reduction Diversity Reception For BS and MS Base Station Beam Tilting AMPS 30 khz
8 Antenna Diversity Trunk lid Antenna Roof Top Antenna In-room Antenna Sleeve Antenna #1 Whip Antenna Sleeve Antenna #2 Built-in Antenna Trunk lid Diversity Antenna Portable Phone Diversity Antenna
9 Interference Reduction by Beam Tilting Relative Receiving Level (db) Receiving Level With Tilt Without Tilt Tilting Effect Distance Phase Shifter Without tilt Antenna With tilt Distance Experimental Result 9
10 Smaller Cells
11 1 st Mobie Terminal 6000cc 10kg 11
12 Mobile Terminals by NTT 1989 MicrTAC (211 cc) by Motorola Mova (140 cc) Vehicular Terminal (10,000 cc 10 kg) Shoulder Phone (3 kg) Portable Phone (900 cc, 900 g)
13 2 nd Generation
14 2 nd Generation Digital System Purpose: High Capacity, Data Communication Common Interface (Europe) Development in the World USA: FDMA By Motorola, Lucent Ericsson proposed to TIA 3ch TDMA Japan: FDMA By NTT 3 International Standards Europe GSM (Group Special Mobile) Competition (TDMA, CDMA, Frequency Hopping,,,,,) 8chTDMA cdmaone Was added 14
15 PDC and IS-54(Digital APMS) PDC Access Scheme 3ch TDMA Modulation Pi/4 shift QPSK Channel Separation 25 khz IS khz Speech CODEC V-CELP (Motorola) 11.2 kbps CELP 13 kbps Countermeasure For Multipath Fading Mobile Terminal Hardware Tech. PSI-CELP (DoCoMo) 5.6 kbps Antenna Diversity (Both Direction) Single Mode Efficient Linear Amp. (MS) Equalizer Dual Mode Common Power Amplifier (BS)
16 Reason of 3ch TDMA - Minimum Time Slot Number - TDMA Frame Minimum Bandwidth for Multipath fading Countermeasure Time CONT Transmit Receive Monitor Measure Receiving Levels from Surrounding Base Stations for MAHO (Mobile Assisted Hand Over) 16
17 Pi/4 shift QPSK Constellation Spectrum
18 Accumulation Measured Delay Spread Urban Area Basin Area Delay Spread
19 Feed Forward Ultra Linear Common Power Amplifier (SAFF: Self Adjusting Feed forward) 30 channels, Total 30 W Coupler Pilot Signal Coupler Coupler Main AMP Sub AMP SAFF Detect Distortion Controller Pilot Detection Without SAFF Spectrum
20 From Massive and Lossy Filter Bank to Common Power Amplifier Power Amplifier Antenna 1G 2G Antenna MODEM MODEM Filter Bank Ultra Liner Power Amplifier MODEM 20
21 Efficient Liner Power Amplifier For Mobile Terminal Binary Data Envelop MOD DC Amplifier F-Class Amplifier Power Supply Power Efficiency : 40 %
22 2G Development History NTT 86 PDC(800M) Propagation Loss + 6dB 1G 2G 3G NTT High Capacty Soft Decision for Error Correction 89 J-TACS by IDO, Cellular 94 PDC(1.5G) 92 NTT DoCoMo started 95 PDC(Half rate) Analog to Digital (Replace) 97 PDC Packet 99 i-mode By PDC-P 98 CDMA by DDI 01 IMT-2000 Data Speed: 2.4k 9.6k FEC ARQ 28.8k By 3 time slots 384k 22
23 Relative Loss (db) Propagation Loss versus Frequency G 3G 4G G -20 Pager M 1 G 2G 3G 5G 8G 10 G Frequency (Hz)
24 3 rd Generation
25 3 rd Generation System Purpose: High Speed (2Mbps), New Services Nationwide Unified Standard Development in the World Japan: W-CDMA Europe UMTS USA: Enhancement of cdmaone W-CDMA cdma International Standard China: TDD type CDMA TDS-CDMA 25
26 W-CDMA versus IS-95 W-CDMA (UMTS) IS-95 Access Scheme CDMA Bandwidth 5 MHz 1.25 MHz Base Station Synchronization No By GPS Spreading Code Orthogonal For any spreading factor Orthogonal For same spreading factor
27 3 rd Generation EV-DO, HSPA
28 Receiving Level (db) HSPA ( High-Speed Packet Access ) Throughput Best Effort 14.4 Mbps by 5 MHz Bandwidth! User A User B User C Channel Assign Round Robin Maximum CIR Proportional Fair 28
29 3.9-4 th Generation Unified International Standard By 3GPP
30 Dominant Access Scheme Maximum Transmission Bitrate LTE versus W-CDMA LTE Packet Down: 100 Mbps Up : 50 Mbps W-CDMA Circuit Switch Down: 14 Mbps Up : 7 Mbps Transmission Delay < 5 msec > 10 msec Bandwidth 1.4M, 3M, 5M, 10M, 15M, 20M 5M only Multiplexing OFDM CDMA Scheduling Every 1 msec No Antenna MIMO, Diversity Diversity
31 Review for Technological Improvements
32 Transmission Bitrate Transmission Bitrate 1G >=1G 100M 1M 384k 3.6M 14M 28.8k 1k 2.4k 2G 3G 3.9 4G 5G Guarantee Best Effort 32
33 Spectrum Efficiency 10kbps 100kbps 1Mbps 10Mbps Guarantee BEST EFFORT From National Broadband Plan (FCC)
34 Spectrum Efficiency 10 Spectrum Efficiency 1 LTE HSPA 0.1 W-CDMA 0.01 GPRS 1k 1M 1G Transmission bitrate Transmission Bitrate = Spectrum Efficiency 2
35 Future
36 Traffic Explosion 2 times / a year 256 times at 2020 Novel ideas and technologies are necessary against such huge traffic demands.
37 Max Range (m) Cell Size will be Reduced 10k 4k 2k 1k 400 Frequency (GHz) k Output 250mW Fade Margin 5.3dB HSDPA 3.6M HSDPA 7.2M M 1G k 1M 100M 10G Transmission Bitrate (Hz) 37
38 Future Service and Human Interface M2M IoT Entertainment Portable phone Line Smart phone Wearable Virtual Reality Tele-Existence voice Vehicular phone
39 Thank you for listening and Congratulation for Prof. Adachi s New Life! Nobuo Nakajima 39
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