Analysis of Electric Power s Parameters in Supplying of Railway Electric Traction Systems
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1 Proceedngs of the th WSEAS Internatonal Conference on AUTOMATIC CONTROL, MODELLING & SIMULATION Analyss of Electrc Power s Parameters n Supplyng of Ralway Electrc Tracton Systems IOAN BACIU CORINA DANIELA CUNłAN GABRIEL NICOLAE POPA ANCA IORDAN Electrcal Engneerng and Industral Informatcs Department Polytechnc Unversty of Tmşoara RevoluŃe str. no 5, Hunedoara, code 337 ROMANIA oan.bacu@fh.upt.ro, corna.cuntan@fh.upt.ro, popa.gabrel@fh.upt.ro, ordan.anca@fh.upt.ro Abstract: - In ths wor s presentng the study of the electrc current s parameters and characterstcs, obtaned by means of an electrc power s qualty analyzer. The measurements were made nto an AC ralway electrc tracton substaton of 7 V, durng more hours, beng regstered momentary and average values. The data acqured wth the electrc power s qualty analyzer were regstered nto a computng system, for ther further analyss. In order to acheve the adapton between the analyzer s nput measures and the tracton lne s values, the measurements were made n the secondares of the voltage and current transformers exstent n the tracton substaton. Key-Words: electrc power s qualty, actve power, reactve power, apparent power, harmonc dstorson factor, power factor, electrc power s qualty analyzer. Introducton The three-phased systems were conceved and acheved to operate n symmetrc balanced regmes. In these regmes, all the component elements: generators, transformers, lnes and consumers present dentcal crcut parameters on each phase, and the currents and voltages systems n any secton are symmetrc. If one of the grd s or consumer s elements gets out-of-balance, the regme becomes non-symmetrc and the current and voltage systems are losng ther symmetry. The most unfavorable consequence of the voltage unbalance s the crculaton of some addtonal current component (negatve and zero) that lead to addtonal losses, paraste couples at AC electrc motors, wear ncrease, etc. A prme cause of the unbalances comes from the grd elements:.e. the non-symmetrc space dsposton of the aeral electrc lnes conductors s translated by mpedance dfferences for the grd s phases, beng n ths way a source for unbalances. A transposton of the aeral lnes conductors allows, however, the reducton of ths unbalance up to the level t becomes neglgble. The man cause for nonsymmetres s the consumers supply, great part of them beng unbalanced, sngle-phased and connected between two phases of the grd, or between a phase and null. The most mportant unbalances are produced by the hgh-power ndustral sngle-phased consumers, connected to the medum or hgh voltage electrc grds, e.g: transformaton statons for supplyng the ralway electrc tracton, weldng nstallatons, sngle-phased electrc furnaces, etc. The non-symmetres provoed by these loads are accompaned most of the tmes also by other forms of perturbatons: harmoncs, voltage shocs, voltage holes, etc. The effects of the current unbalances, ndcated by the appearance of the negatve and zero sequence components, lead to the ncrease of longtudnal losses of power and actve energy n electrc grds. [] Theoretcal Issue Determnatons of the current harmoncs, as well as the THD factor, are made wth a three-phased energy analyzer whch alows the computng of these parameters accordng to the followng relatons. RMS values for voltage and current: N V V(,n) rms N n () where: N represent the number of samples for the acquston tme; Vrms sngle RMS voltage + phase; Vavg Vrms [] [] ISSN: ISBN:
2 Proceedngs of the th WSEAS Internatonal Conference on AUTOMATIC CONTROL, MODELLING & SIMULATION N U U(,n) rms N n where: U rms compound RMS voltage + Uavg Urms phase () () N Arms A(,n) (3) N n where: Arms - Effectve current phase + ; Aavg Arms() Computng of harmonc: By FFT (6 bts) 4 samples on 4 cycles wthout wndowng (CEI 4-7). From real and magnary parts, each bn computed on each phasev harm, U harm and A harm n proporton to the fundamental value and the angles V ph, U ph, and A ph between each bn and the fundamental. Ths computng s done by the followng prncple: c Module n % : mod c a angle n degree: ϕ arctan b c + + b ja a b 4 π b F s sn s+ ϕ 5 Wth s 5 (4) 4 π a F s cos s+ ϕ 5 s 5 4 c o F s 4 s c s the ampltude of frequency f 4 f, F s s sampled sgnal, c o s the DC component, s the ordnal number (spectral bn). Computng of the dstorton factor (DF): There are computed two global values that gve the relatve quantty of harmoncs: total harmonc dstorton (THD) aganst the fundamental and the dstorton factor (DF) and DF aganst the effectve value (RMS).[] 5 (,n) 5 Vharm (,n) Uharm n Vthd () n Uthd Vharm() Uharm() Athd 5 Aharm Aharm(,n) n (5) Vdf 5 Vharm(,n) n ; U Vrms() df 5 5 Uharm n Urms (,n) Aharm(,n) Adf n (6) Arms Multplyng the voltage s harmoncs factor wth the current s harmoncs factor, results the power s harmoncs factor. Dfferentatng the voltage s harmonc phase angle wth the current s harmonc phase angle, results the power s phase angle. - dfferent ratos W () PF power factor, phase + VA() Cosnus angle between the voltage s fundamental and the phase current + N VF(,n) AF(,n) cosϕ [ ] n (7) N N VF,n AF(,n) n n Total power factor of varous types of energy PF + PF( ) + PF PF 3 (8) 3 Actve energy consumed + phase; W Wh, (9) T nt 36 Reactve nductve energy consumed + phase; VAR VARhL, for VAR () T nt 36 Reactve capactve energy consumed + phase. VAR VARhC, for VAR () T nt 36 The measurements were made n the tracton staton CFR Deva, by means of the electrc power qualty s analyzer CA 8334B. Durng the data acquston t was caught a passng from one supply transformer to another, moment refound as varaton of power, or power factor, or dstorson factor. Further s presented the varaton form of the lne voltage and current at a gven moment (Fg. ). One can notce a reduced modfcaton n the voltage form, and a pronounced one n the current s varaton form. Varaton of the power factor s measures PF (Fg. ), of the actve power P (Fg. 3), of the reactve power Q (Fg. 4), of the apparent power (Fg. 5), of the voltage s harmonc dstorson factor V thd (Fg. 6) and of the current s harmonc dstorson ISSN: ISBN:
3 Proceedngs of the th WSEAS Internatonal Conference on AUTOMATIC CONTROL, MODELLING & SIMULATION factor I thd (Fg. 7) s presented durng the entre acquston perod, where from can be determned the fluctuaton of the determned measures, fluctuaton that leads to dstorsons n the general power supply grd [3]. Fgure 4 Reactve power Fgure Varaton form U,I Fgure 5 Apparent power Fgure Power factor Fgure 6 Voltage s harmonc dstorson factor Fgure 3 Actve power Dependng on these obtaned values, can be desgned dverse compensaton systems of the perturbatons ntroduced n the grd [4][5]. Wthn the AC electrc tracton of 5Hz wth DC motors and mplctely wth converters [6], was obtaned a harmonc dstorson factor of the voltage ISSN: ISBN:
4 Proceedngs of the th WSEAS Internatonal Conference on AUTOMATIC CONTROL, MODELLING & SIMULATION (Fg. 8), relatvely reduced, of 4,5% n condtons of a normal traffc, and the values of the voltage harmoncs are also reduced. Fgure 7 The current s harmonc dstorson factor Fgure 8 Values of the voltage harmoncs Fgure 9 Values of the current harmoncs For the current harmoncs (Fg. 9) thngs are changed, we have hgh THD of 34,3% and harmoncs ndvdual values also hgh, up to 5% from the fundamental harmonc, that should be elmnated. For elmnatng the current harmoncs, can be ntroduced passve flters of LC type [4][5], that should elmnate the low-ran harmoncs, and for the superor ran ones t can be used the soluton of the actve power flter, whch cannot be connected on the locomotve but only n the tracton staton. Dmensonng of the passve flters (for the harmoncs 3,5,7 can be made on the mnmum reactve power crtera, thus beng possble to reduce the reactve power consumpton []. The LC-type flters use cols wth varable nductvty by modfyng the ron core s penetraton depth nsde the copper wndng. By modfyng the nductance, t s modfed the LC crcut s tunng frequency, nfluencng the current absorbed from the power supply system, both as value and shape. For the computng of L and C elements, t was chosen the mnmum reactve power crtera. For each current harmonc that s posble to be ntroduced s used such a resonant crcut. The elements of each flter are dmensoned n such way that for the resonance frequency that concdes wth the respectve current harmonc frequency result mpedance very small. Z ω L () ω C where: Z s the equvalent mpedance of the resonant crcut for the harmonc of order (the equvalent resstance of the col of capactors and electrc connecton elements were neglected). ω fundamental curent pulsaton. Pulsaton: ω ω (3) LC s qute the resonance pulsaton of LC crcut. Usualy, the absorbng flters are nstalled for the harmoncs wth the hghest ampltudes, whch correspond n general to the low order of harmonc. Desgnng of flters' nductvty and capacty s made by applyng of some algorthms that could be dferentated frst dependng on the flters' role from the vewpont of reactve power compensaton on the fundamental. All the resonant crcuts wll have capactve character on the fundamental's frequency, so they wll produce, no matter what, a capactve transversal compensaton of the networ. Even though ths s a rare soluton, t could be taen nto account n boundary stuatons when the deformant regme n curent s very pronounced. Even ISSN: ISBN:
5 Proceedngs of the th WSEAS Internatonal Conference on AUTOMATIC CONTROL, MODELLING & SIMULATION the reactve power compenssaton s not a prmary objectve, the flter wll generate n the grd reactve power on fundamental. Therefore, the flter's dmensonng crtera, more specfcally of the capacty from ts componency, s to mnmze the nstalled capactve reactve power (whch, besde a mnmum cost of the batery, leads to a mnmum nfluence on the actve power crculaton n the grd): Q c Q c mn (4) Ths reactve power wll have two components corespondng to the two above mentoned currents, the current corespondng to the fundamental and the current corespondng to harmonc on whch the resonance s tang place: I Q C c Q c + Q c U c ω + (5) ω C where: Q c - reactve power suppled by the flter's capactor on fundamental; Q c - reactve power suppled by the flter's capactor on harmonc; U c - voltage at the capactor's termnals; I - harmonc current that follows to be fltered. Mang the partal dervate dependng on the capacty of the nstalled capactve reactve power equaton and cancelng t, we obtan the equaton of the flter's capacty: I ( ) C (6) U ω The L flter's col nductvty s determned from the resonance condton of the flter's LC: L (7) ω C C ω By ntroducng of such resonant flters on the odd harmonc frequences, we can study the nfluence on each flter n part, as well as the effect of many flters connected n parallel. Besde the ampltude value, s amed also the phase-dfference ntroduced by each harmonc aganst the fundamental. Wll be analyzed the current harmoncs for three dfferent loadng stuatons of the generator, respectvely three values for the slde potentometer, at three dfferent supply voltages [][7][8]. 4 Concluson From the analyss of the obtaned graphcs, can be seen the need to reduce the exstent perturbatons n the grd. Introducton of the passve flters besde the actve flter only reduces the harmoncs values, wthout havng a major nfluence upon the reactve power and especally upon the non-symmetry of the supply system. The passve flters can be connected ether on the locomotve, or n substaton, ther dmensonng beng specfc to each case n part. The non-symmetres ntroduced n the grd by the sngle-phased supply of the ralway electrc tracton system can be reduced only n the tracton substaton; therefore we must act on more plans smultaneously to obtan satsfactory results regardng the reducton of the perturbatons nduced n the supply grd. References: []Adran Buta, Adran Pană, Symmetrzaton of the Electrc Dstrbuton Grds Load, Unversty Horzons, Tmşoara,. []C.A. 8334B, Three Phase Power Qualty Analyser, Chauvn Arnaux, France, 7. [3] Stemel A., Electrc Tracton Motve-Power and Enrgy Supply. Bascs and Practcal Experence, Oldenbourg Industre Gmbh, 8. [4]Pănou, M., Pănou, C., Osac, M., Muscalagu, I., Smulaton result about harmoncs flterng usng measurement of some electrcal tems n electrcal nstallaton on UHP EAF, WSEAS Transactons on Crcuts and Systems 7 (), pp. -3, an 8; [5]Angela Iagar, Gabrel Ncolae Popa, Ioan Şora, Analyss of electromagnetc polluton produced by lne frequency coreless nducton furnaces, Wseas Transactons on Systems, January9,volume 8, Issue, ISSN 9-777; [6]Cornelu Botan, Vasle Horga, Florn Ostaf, Marcel Rato, Mnmum Energy and Mnmum Tme Control of Electrcal Drve Systems, WSEAS Transactons on Power Systems, Issue 4, Volume 3, Aprl 8, ISSN: [7]Pănou M, Pănou C, Osac M,Muscalagu I. Smulaton result about harmoncs flterng for mprovng the functonng regme of the UHP EAF, Proceedngs of the 7th Wseas Internatonal Conference on Sgnal Processng, Computatonal Geometry and Artfcal Vson (scgav'-7), aug 4-6, 7 Voulagmen, GREECE, Pages: 7-76; [8]Alan. Wallace, Rene Spee, The Effects of Motor Parameters on the Performance of Brushless d.c. Drves, IEEE Transactons on Power Electroncs, vol.5, no., January 99; ISSN: ISBN:
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