Multiple Downstream Profile Implications. Ed Boyd, Broadcom
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1 Multiple Downstream Profile Implications Ed Boyd, Broadcom 1
2 Overview EPON is a broadcast downstream with a constant data rate. Using Multiple Modulation profiles for groups of CNUs will be considered in this presentation. This presentation focuses on the required elements for an EPoC standard but many of the aspects maybe common with a DOCSIS 3.1 implementation. The reliability, delay, efficiency, and compatibility with 1G/10G EPON are the key criteria for evaluation. NOTE: I will use MMP (multiple modulation profiles) and SMP (single modulation profile) in this presentation. 2
3 Four FEC Blocks Interleaver Background Burst Error hits one FEC block Four Interleaved Blocks Burst Error hits three FEC blocks FEC Blocks are split into chunks and spread over time to allow for burst error protection. Interleaving doesn t change efficiency but delay is added to spread code words. Minimum interleaver delay required is based on error correction capability and size of burst error protection. MinIntTimeReq = BurstErrorProtection*CodeWordSize/NumErrors Example: RS 239/255 corrects 8 bytes. For 20us of burst protection: MinIntTimeReq=20us*255/8=638us UNLOAD Block Interleaver LOAD Convolutional Interleaver SHIFT OUT SHIFT IN UNLOAD LOAD UNLOAD LOAD Loaded by columns and unloaded by rows. Starts and Stops on a block boundary. Full interleaver block time loaded and unloaded. Total Delay is double the interleaver spread time (block time) [1.2ms in example] Required for upstream. Loaded by columns and unloaded by shifting out rows. Doesn t Start and Stop on block boundary. At reset, earlier blocks have invalid data since half of block is in receiver. Total Delay is the interleaver spread time (block time) [638us in example] Good for Single Broadcast Downstream. 3
4 Downstream Data Path CLT CNU XGMII XGMII 4 MAC Control MAC RS Packet Sorter MAP Gen Line Encoding FEC Interleaver FFT, Etc FFT, Etc De Interleaver Symbol Decode FEC Line Encoding MAP Decode Packet Sorter RS MAC MAC Control CLT CNU XGMII XGMII RS MAC MAC Control MAC RS Line Encoding FEC Interleaver FFT, Etc FFT, Etc De Interleaver Symbol Decode FEC Line Encoding MAC Control Single Modulation Profile Downstream Multiple Profile Downstream Stop
5 Downstream Profile Bits Per Subcarrier Profile A Profile B Profile C Roll off 0 Frequency 192 Downstream Profiles define the bit carrying capacity of the individual sub carriers. Sub carriers are assumed to have different bit loading capacity for each frequency due to roll off, interference, and frequency attenuation. MMP assumes that CNUs on different coax segments will require significantly different profiles. Other presentations discuss this assumption. The graph shows 3 profiles for simplicity but 4 profiles are often discussed. CNUs would need to support 2 profiles. One for unicast traffic and one for multicast/broadcast traffic. Carriers could be shuffled (Frequency Interleaved) to balance out differences (see upstream presentation) 5
6 Downstream MAP Options Marker Based Purpose of the MAP CNU RX needs to know modulation order (profile) for each subcarriers symbols. CNU RX needs to know FEC block start and end. Marker Based Fixed pattern at start/end of any profile boundary. Low Modulation order marker followed by block information. Not clear how interleaving or FEC(error correction works). Finding a Marker over poor SNR bad is not reliable. Hard to determine error rate of markers over poor SNR. Time Periodic MAP MAP is inserted at fixed period of time. Fixed period of MAP allows for easy recovery from errored MAP. MAP describes upcoming data for receiver. Data block determined and then MAP added to front. Convolutional Symbol Interleaving is possible. Frequency MAP Fixed Frequency or sub carriers carry MAP Provides a block interleaving function. Narrowband interference sensitivity is a concern. Redundant MAP might be required. Block Interleaving is possible. CLT PHY CLT PHY CLT PHY Block of Symbols Modulation Profile B Modulation Profile B Modulation Profile A DOWN MAP Modulation Profile A Modulation Profile A Time Periodic MAP Modulation Profile B DOWN MAP Frequency MAP Start/End Marker FREQ FREQ FREQ CNU PHY CNU PHY CNU PHY TIME 6
7 Downstream MAP Frequency MAP Time Periodic MAP CLT PHY DOWN MAP Modulation Profile A Modulation Profile B DOWN MAP FREQ CNU PHY CLT PHY Modulation Profile B Modulation Profile A DOWN MAP DOWN MAP FREQ CNU PHY DOWN MAP TIME DOWN MAP TIME MAP identify the modulation profiles for sub carriers and symbols Simplest MAP has start and stop carrier for each profile. A more flexible and efficient mapping might require a profile ID for each carrier in each symbol. MAP must have equal or better error protection than data. Bit Errors in the MAP will cause the loss of an entire symbol block. (Multiplication of errors). FEC and Interleaver is needed if required in system MAP would use lowest profile or possibly a fixed lower order modulation. Protection from narrow band interference is needed Narrowband interference could take down entire downstream in Frequency MAP case. A redundant MAP maybe needed. (Shown in drawing) MAPs should be generated and extracted by EPoC PHY. Fixed location to carriers or symbol is only possible at PHY. Not aligned to MAC layer packet boundaries. Contents are from the PHY and to the PHY Block interleaving time and MAP coverage should be aligned. MAP selection needs more analysis but solutions exist 7
8 PHY Packet Sorting Overview Packets from MAC in Time Order Sorted Packets to FEC Encoder in Time Order MMP Sorting Period Packets from the MAC will alternate between destinations for best QoS Alternating profiles will decrease efficiency as FEC parity becomes a larger percentage and short less efficient codes are used. Alternating 64 Byte (84 Byte with IPG/Pre) packets. 75% FEC Code: 432b/576b = 58% Efficient (This is not worst case) Packets over a fixed period of time are sorted by profile to minimize the FEC overhead of shortened code words. PHY Packet Sorting requires buffering packets at the transmitter for the sorting function. PHY Packet Sorting requires buffering packets at the receiver for fixed delay to the MAC. 8
9 PHY Sorter Boundaries Packet Split in half Packets from MAC in Time Order Packets after sorting MMP Sorting Period FEC End needed so early packet can be released. Packets from the MAC won t align to the sorting period. Variable length sorting period wouldn t be aligned to the symbol/interleaver blocks. Extending beyond the symbol/interleaver boundary could cause packet to wait for FEC end and double delay (Jitters) In example above, red profile needs FEC end so first packet is ready to exit in the receiver. Fragmentation maybe required at sorting boundaries if period is short e.g Avg Byte boundary loss would be 5% & 200us Fragmentation would split last packet between symbol/interleaver block Map or timestamp could indicate fragmented packet. 9
10 PHY Packet Sorting After Block Interleaving Sorted Packets to FEC Encoder in Time Order Downstream MAP Downstream MAP Packets in Time & Frequency (Sorted) Frequency Downstream MAP Downstream MAP MMP Block Time (n x symbols) MAP is added to define the profile boundaries. Packets are stretched in time over blocks of carriers. Drawing shows profile grouped carriers for simplicity but it is not required. The MMP block time can span one or more symbols. The MMP block time could provide a block interleaving function if required. Aligning the MAP to the interleaver block allows for the transmitter to generate it last and the receiver to process it first. MMP block time, MAP coverage time, and interleaver time should align. 10
11 PHY Packet Sorting After Convolutional Interleaving Sorted Packets to FEC Encoder in Time Order Profiles in Time & Frequency Downstream MAP MMP Block Time (4 x symbol) Profiles after Convolutional interleaving 11
12 PHY Packet Sorter (CLT PHY TX) Packet Sorter Stop Calculate if Frame can fit in MMP block MAC/MAC Control/RS XGMII Lookup LLID for Profile Association PKT Buffer Add Timestamp to Frame New Header Down MAP of Profile/Carriers Queue for Profile A Queue for Profile B Queue for Profile C Queue for Profile D MUX Line Encoder FEC Encoder Block Inter leaver Packet are queued by profile to fill MMP block time of symbols. Packet from XGMII need LLID looked up to find profile association. Time Stamp with checksum allows for fixed delay Timestamp could be offset relative to block start. Calculations will done to see if frame can fit in the MMP block. FEC Encoding, Profile s bit loading, mapping to frequency Backpressure to MAC is required when sorter has filled block. At MMP block interval, MAP is generated and packets are FEC encoded and placed into carriers. 12
13 PHY Packet Sorter (CNU PHY RX) Packet Sorter De Interleaver Block QAM Decoder Modulation Profile FEC Decoder FEC Size Down MAP Processing Grab MAP. Redirect frames based on MAP Queue for Unicast Profile Queue for Broadcast Profile Release Packet based on Timestamp MUX XGMII MAC/MAC Control/RS MAP must be decoded before other MAC layer data is decoded. Fixed location, known profile, and known FEC block allow MAP to be decoded. From MAP, FEC block size, QAM carrier modulation, and Queue can be determined. Only codewords from Profile destined to the receiver are read from the Interleaver and are queued for decoding. Decoded Ethernet frames are forwarded to the XGMII by the packet timestamp Since the second frame from decoder could be the last frame to exit, the Packet sorter must buffer for one MMP block time. 13
14 PHY Packet Sorter Notes Profile FEC blocks are also terminated at the end of MMP blocks. FEC block into next MMP block could hold the first packet of the MMP block. Minimum MMP block size for Sorting 2xSymbol size (Convolutional) Interleaver delay (Block) MAP coverage and MMP block size should match. Large MMP block size will improve efficiency. The 4 possible shortened last codewords per MMP block will be minimized. MAP with it s FEC overhead will minimized. Packet Timestamp Overhead will be minimized Large MMP block size will add delay. Double of the MMP block time is required for sorting on TX and unsorting on RX. Lower Downstream Data Rates will be less efficient (Delay is fixed). MMP block size must decrease to limit delay. Lower Downstream Data Rates will have greater delay (Efficiency is fixed). Fixed MMP block size has longer delay with lower data rate. 14
15 PHY Packet Sorting Delay CMC+CNU Sorting Delay (us) MMP: 50K Byte MMP: 25K Byte SMP 0 24 MHz 48 MHz 96 MHz 192 MHz Channel Size 1K Byte of overhead is 4% of 25K Byte block 1K Byte of overhead is 2% of 50K Byte block Chart assumes 10bits/Hz Line & 8 bits/hz Payload. 15
16 Efficiency with 24,48, 96 and 192Mhz With Broadcast code rate is 88% with 30 K code in all cases frame size 12 symbols (258us) Subgroup granularity 32 subcarriers Last codewords are Short Codes) 16
17 Bits Per Subcarrier Carrier Selection Static Shuffled Carriers Profile A Profile B Frequency Overlay of Profile A & B Overlay of A&B after shuffling Filling Carriers in order by Frequency will create make the bit capacity uneven for carrier loading. Carriers could be loaded/unloaded in a different order so the capacity is balance across the carriers. Static configuration based on analysis of profiles. Improves efficiency and predictability over straight mapping of MMP. More Analysis needed on the ability to align 4 profiles. Dynamic Shuffled Carriers Profile A Profile B Profile C Profile A Profile B Carrier Mapping is dynamically optimized based on profile and packets in block. e.g. In profile above, Profile A packets would use higher frequency since Profile B can t use the carriers. MAP frame needs to define the profile association for all carriers. (Longer & more complex MAP frame) More complex calculations for determining if a packet fits and optimization. Better Efficiency than Shuffled Carriers but less predictable data rate. 17
18 Delay Impacts REPORT frame limited to 1ms of total upstream + downstream PHY delay. With small Convolutional Upstream and SMP, EPoC is at 1ms limit for sum of PHY TX and RX path. Additional delay requires new REPORT frame. No compatibility with 1G or 10G EPON systems or devices. Upstream Buffering Increases on Low Priority Services 1.2ms additional delay is an extra 150KB for 1Gbps upstream queue. Upstream efficiency is lowered on High Priority Services Increasing polling rate will cost upstream efficiency 1ms Polling BW Required: (128 LLIDs*2500 bits)/1ms = 320Mbps 2ms Polling BW Required: (128 LLIDs*2500 bits)/2ms = 160Mbps 3ms Polling BW Required: (128 LLIDs*2500 bits)/3ms = 107Mbps 4ms Polling BW Required: (128 LLIDs*2500 bits)/4ms = 80Mbps Polling bandwidth required is independent of upstream data rate. Polling is very significant percentage for sub 1Gbps upstream. EPON has 250us PHY delay so EPoC at 1ms PHY delay is already 4 times. Increasing the delay beyond 1ms is not a good solution for EPoC 18
19 To interleave or not to interleave? Using Long Symbols instead of interleaving Long symbols would reduce the sensitivity to burst noise. Long symbols reduce CP overhead. Short symbols with interleaving are more robust to burst noise. Delay Comparison MMP requires sorting with or without interleaving Sorting allows for a bounded limit on shortened FEC blocks. Short Symbol Delay (without sorting delay) 4xSymbol Size + Interleaving Delay e.g. 4x20us+400us=480us Long Symbol Delay (without sorting delay) 4xSymbol Size e.g. 4x120us=480us Key Points Sorting and MAP generation adds delay for MMP independent of interleaving Interleaving or long symbols is an independent decision based on channel model. TDD must use block interleaver but FDD can use block or convolutional interleaver. 19
20 MMP Implications Single Profile (SMP) Multiple Profile (MMP) Sorting Memory 0 800KB (½ CMC & ½ CNU) [8Gbps & 400us MMP block time] Delay for Sorting (For CMC & CNU each) 0 Upto 4ms Delay for Interleaving (Estimate FEC decision needed) 400us (Convolutional) Downstream MAP No Yes Profile Configurations for 4K or 16K carriers 1 4 LLID to Profile Lookup No Yes New XGMII Interface (Variable Data Rate) No Yes Packet Sorting No Yes Carrier (Static or Dynamic) Shuffling No Yes Packet Timestamp Header No Yes Fragmentation No Yes Shortened FEC and/or Multiple FEC Sizes No Yes 400us (Convolutional) 800us (Block) New REPORT &GATE frame No Yes 20
21 Conclusions MMP could be designed to be error tolerant with proper MAP methodology. MMP adds significant complexity, cost, and delay to the downstream. Additional downstream delay impacts upstream efficiency. EPoC is EPON over Coax and should support allow 1G & 10G EPON devices and systems to work with the new EPoC PHY. MMP will require a new interface and new REPORT/GATE frames. Violates the objective of 1G EPON/10G EPON compatibility. Upper layers expect constant delay/rate from Ethernet MAC and PHY. 1588, 802.1AS, Y.1731 are examples. Provisioning/Operations are simpler without data capacity dependence based on frame size or frame destination. Longer FEC codes, Inner/Outer Codes, etc should be considered to increase efficiency. DOCSIS 3.1 can have options for SMP or MMP downstream but Ethernet should be simple. Multiple Modulation Profiles doesn t make sense for EPoC 21
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