PJM Protection Standards

Transcription

1 PJM Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards Revisin: 10 Effective Date: 11/16/2011 Prepared by System Planning Divisin Transmissin Planning Department PJM PJM 2011 Revisin 00, Effective Date: XX/XX/2010 i

2 PJM Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards Table f Cntents Table f Cntents Table f Cntents... ii Apprval... iv Current Revisin... iv Intrductin... 1 Abut PJM Manuals... 1 Abut This Manual... 1 Using This Manual... 2 Sectin 1: Applicability... 3 Sectin 2: Prtectin Philsphy... 4 Sectin 3: Generatr Prtectin Generatr Statr Fault Prtectin Phase Fault Prtectin Grund Fault Prtectin Generatr Rtr Field Prtectin Generatr Abnrmal Operating Cnditins Lss f Excitatin (Field) Unbalanced Current Prtectin Lss f Synchrnism Overexcitatin Reverse Pwer (Anti-Mtring) Abnrmal Frequencies Generatr Breaker Failure Prtectin Excitatin System Tripping Generatr Open Breaker Flashver Prtectin Prtectin During Start-up r Shut-dwn Inadvertent Energizatin Prtectin Synchrnizing Equipment Generatr Lead Prtectin... 8 Sectin 4: Unit Pwer Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin Transfrmer Fault Prtectin Transfrmer High-Side Lead Prtectin Overexcitatin Prtectin... 9 Sectin 5: Unit Auxiliary Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin Transfrmer and Lw-Side Lead Prtectin Transfrmer High-Side Lead Prtectin Sectin 6: Start-up Statin Service Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin Transfrmer and Lw-Side Lead Prtectin Transfrmer High-Side Lead Prtectin Sectin 7: Line Prtectin General Requirements Current Surces...12 PJM ii

3 Table f Cntents Vltage Surces Primary Prtectin Back-up Prtectin Restricted Grund Fault Prtectin Clse-in Multi-Phase Fault Prtectin (Switch-Ont-Fault Prtectin) Out-f-Step Prtectin Single-Phase Tripping Sectin 8: Substatin Transfrmer Prtectin Transfrmer Prtectin Bulk Pwer Transfrmers All ther substatin transfrmers Sudden Pressure Relay Applicatins Current Differential Zne Cnsideratins Islatin f a Faulted Transfrmer Tapped t a Line Transfrmer Leads Prtectin Sectin 9: Bus Prtectin...18 Sectin 10: Shunt Reactr Prtectin...19 Sectin 11: Shunt Capacitr Prtectin Primary Leads Prtectin Unbalance Detectin Scheme Capacitr Bank Fusing Sectin 12: Breaker Failure Prtectin Lcal breaker failure prtectin requirements Direct transfer trip requirements (See als Appendix B) Breaker failure scheme design requirements Ple Disagreement Tripping Live tank circuit breakers Current transfrmer supprt clumns Sectin 13: Phase Angle Regulatr Prtectin Detailed Prtectin Requirements Sectin 14: Transmissin Line Reclsing Reclsing Requirements High-Speed Reclsing Requirements Sectin 15: Supervisin and Alarming f Relaying and Cntrl Circuits Design Standards Relaying Cmmunicatin Channel Mnitring and Testing Sectin 16: Underfrequency Lad Shedding...28 Sectin 17: Special Prtectin Schemes Intrductin Installatin Requirements Appendix A: Use f Dual Trip Cils...30 Appendix B: Direct Transfer Trip Requirements...31 Appendix C: Dual Pilt Channels fr Prtective Relaying...32 Appendix D: Small Generatr Prtectin Requirements...35 Appendix E: Acceptable Three Terminal Line Applicatins...36 Appendix F: Applicatin f Triggered Fault Current Limiters...38 PJM iii

4 Apprval and Current Revisin Apprval Apprval Date: 11/16/2011 Effective Date: 11/16/2011 Paul McGlynn General Manager, System Planning Current Revisin Revisin 01 (MM/dd/yyyy) Changes in accrdance with Suthwest Outage reprt recmmendatins. Revisin 00 (11/16/2011): This is a new manual. This manual establishes the minimum design standards and requirements fr the prtectin systems assciated with the bulk pwer facilities within PJM. PJM iv

5 Intrductin Intrductin Welcme t the PJM Manual fr Prtectin Standards f PJM. In this Intrductin, yu will find the fllwing infrmatin: What yu can expect frm the PJM Manuals in general (see Abut PJM Manuals ). What yu can expect frm this PJM Manual (see Abut This Manual ). Hw t use this manual (see Using This Manual ). Abut PJM Manuals The PJM Manuals are the instructins, rules, prcedures, and guidelines established by PJM fr the peratin, planning, and accunting requirements f PJM and the PJM Energy Market. The manuals are gruped under the fllwing categries: Transmissin PJM Energy Market Generatin and Transmissin intercnnectin Reserve Accunting and Billing PJM Administrative Services Fr a cmplete list f all PJM Manuals, g t and select Dcuments, then select Manuals n the left hand side. Abut This Manual The PJM Manual fr Prtectin Standards is the first PJM manual t deal with Prtectin Systems. This Manual is intended t prvide design specificatin fr new prtectin system installatins. This manual can be used as evidence fr cmpliance with NERC Standards: PRC System Prtectin Crdinatin FAC Facility Cnnectin Requirements Intended Audience The intended audiences fr the PJM Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards are: PJM Transmissin Owners PJM Generatr Owners PJM Intercnnectin Custmers PJM Staff PJM

6 References Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards Intrductin The references t ther PJM dcuments that prvide backgrund r additinal detail directly related t the PJM Manual fr PJM Prtectin Standards are the fllwing: PJM Relay Subcmmittee Prtective Relaying Philsphy and Design Standards ( This manual des nt supersede the frmal requirements f any f the referenced dcuments. Using This Manual Each sectin f this manual begins with an verview and the philsphy is reflected in the way material is rganized. The fllwing bullet pints prvide an rientatin t the manual s structure. What Yu Will Find In This Manual A table f cntents An apprval page that lists the required apprvals and the revisin histry A sectin n prtectin philsphy New generatr prtectin requirements New unit pwer, unit auxiliary and start-up statin service transfrmer and lead prtectin requirements New line prtectin requirements New substatin transfrmer prtectin requirements New bus prtectin requirements New capacitr and reactr prtectin requirements New breaker failure prtectin requirements New phase angle regulatr prtectin requirements New transmissin line reclsing requirements Infrmatin n design f supervisin and alarming f relaying and cntrl circuits New underfrequency lad shedding requirements New special prtectin system requirements Infrmatin n the use f dual trip cils, direct transfer trip, dual pilt channels, three-terminal line applicatins and triggered fault current limiters PJM

7 Sectin 1: Applicability Sectin 1: Applicability This dcument establishes the minimum design standards and requirements fr the prtectin systems assciated with the bulk pwer facilities within PJM. The facilities t which these design standards apply are generally cmprised f the fllwing: all 100 MVA and abve generatrs cnnected t the BES facilities, all 200 kv and abve transmissin facilities all transmissin facilities 100 kv t 200 kv critical t the reliability f the BES as defined by PRC and determined by PJM System Planning PJM System Planning will als investigate the criticality f equipment (generatrs, buses, breakers, transfrmers, capacitrs and shunt reactrs) assciated with the PRC determined lines General principles f applicability include: A. Cmpliance with NERC Transmissin Planning Standards, TPL thrugh TPL-004-1and the assciated Table 1, as may be amended frm time t time, is mandatry. B. Where a prtectin system des nt presently meet the requirements f NERC Transmissin Planning Standards, TPL thrugh TPL-004-1and the assciated Table 1, actin shall be taken by the facility wner t bring the prtectin system(s) int cmpliance. C. Adherence t applicable NERC and Reginal reliability standards is mandatry; hwever, the PJM requirements set frth in this dcument are in sme cases mre restrictive than the applicable NERC r Reginal reliability standards. A prtectin system is defined as thse cmpnents used cllectively t detect defective pwer system elements r cnditins f an abnrmal r dangerus nature, t initiate the apprpriate cntrl circuit actin in the necessary time-frame, and t islate the apprpriate system cmpnents t prevent damage t thse r ther cmpnents. All new prjects apprved after January 1, 2012 shall cnfrm t these design standards. It is recgnized that sme facilities existing prir t the adptin f these requirements d nt cnfrm. It is the respnsibility f the facility wners t cnsider retrfitting thse facilities t bring them int cmpliance as changes r mdificatins are made t thse facilities. PJM

8 Sectin 2: Prtectin Philsphy Sectin 2: Prtectin Philsphy Fr the backgrund and basis f the philsphy behind the requirements set frth in this dcument, please refer t the PJM Relay Subcmmittee Prtective Relaying Philsphy and Design Standards, Revisin 03, effective Date: June 1, [ PJM

9 Sectin 3: Generatr Prtectin Sectin 3: Generatr Prtectin This sectin utlines the requirements fr intercnnecting unit-cnnected 1 generatrs as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. In additin, the requirements specified in this sectin are applicable t generatrs intercnnecting t utility transmissin systems within PJM with utput ratings greater than r equal t 100 MVA. It is emphasized that the requirements specified in this sectin must nt be cnstrued as an all-inclusive list f requirements fr the prtectin f the generatr wner s apparatus. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr Generatr Grund Prtectin ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr AC Generatr Prtectin ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr Abnrmal Frequency Prtectin fr Generating Plants 3.1 Generatr Statr Fault Prtectin The fllwing sectins utline the requirements fr phase and grund fault prtectin fr the generatr statr winding. As utlined in the requirements listed belw, phase and grund prtectin fr 100% f the statr winding is required Phase Fault Prtectin Tw independent current differential schemes are required fr phase fault prtectin. The schemes must each emply individual current surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. The backup scheme may, fr example, cnsist f an verall generatr and unit transfrmer differential. Bth schemes must functin t issue a simultaneus trip f the generatr breaker(s), excitatin system, and turbine valves Grund Fault Prtectin Tw independent schemes are required fr grund fault prtectin with independent current r vltage surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. At least ne f the schemes is required t be designed t prvide prtectin fr 100% f the statr winding. The relays must be prperly crdinated with ther prtective devices and the generatr vltage transfrmer fuses. Bth schemes must functin t issue a simultaneus trip f the generatr breaker(s), excitatin system, and turbine valves. Units with utput ratings under 500 MVA are exempt frm the redundancy requirement. Generatrs grunded thrugh an impedance which is lw enugh t allw fr detectin f all grund faults by the differential relays d nt require dedicated grund fault prtectin. 1 Unit with a dedicated generatr step-up transfrmer ( GSU ). Crss-cmpund units are cnsidered unit-cnnected. PJM

10 3.2 Generatr Rtr Field Prtectin Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards Sectin 3: Generatr Prtectin Field grund fault prtectin must be prvided t detect grund faults in the generatr field winding. Upn detectin f a grund fault, tripping f the generatr is acceptable, but nt required. At a minimum, the prtectin scheme must initiate an alarm and upn activatin f the alarm, the generatr shuld be shut dwn as quickly as pssible. 3.3 Generatr Abnrmal Operating Cnditins The requirements specified in this sectin are t prvide prtectin fr the generatr and intercnnected transmissin system fr abnrmal perating (nn-fault) cnditins that the generatr may be expsed t. The reader is referred t the dcuments cited in the beginning f this sectin fr additinal prtectin schemes that they may chse t include in the generatr prtectin scheme design Lss f Excitatin (Field) Independent primary and backup relay schemes are required t detect lss f excitatin (r severely reduced excitatin) cnditins. The schemes must emply independent current and vltage surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits and must functin t trip the generatr utput breaker(s). The lss f excitatin prtectin must be set t crdinate with (perate prir t encrachment upn) the generatr s steady-state stability limit (SSSL). A simultaneus trip f the excitatin system and turbine valves is recmmended but, nt required. Units with utput ratings under 500 MVA are exempt frm the redundancy requirement fr this prtectin scheme Unbalanced Current Prtectin A negative-sequence vercurrent relay is required fr prtectin frm the effects f sustained unbalanced phase currents. An alarm shall be generated if the generatr s cntinuus negative-sequence current (I 2 ) capability is exceeded. Fr sustained unbalanced currents, the relay must crdinate with the I 2 2 t damage curves as nrmally supplied by the generatr manufacturer and must trip the generatr breaker(s). A simultaneus trip f the excitatin system and turbine valves is recmmended but nt required Lss f Synchrnism Detailed stability studies are required t be perfrmed by PJM t determine if an ut-f-step prtectin scheme is required fr the generatr installatin. If the results f the study indicate that the apparent impedance lcus during an unstable swing is expected t pass thrugh the generatr step-up transfrmer (GSU) r generatr impedance, an ut-f-step prtectin scheme is required. This scheme must functin t trip the generatr breaker(s) within the first slip cycle. A simultaneus trip f the excitatin system and turbine valves is recmmended but nt required Overexcitatin Tw independent prtectin schemes are required fr prtectin against the effects f sustained verexcitatin. Bth schemes shall respnd t generatr terminal vlts/hz and PJM

11 Sectin 3: Generatr Prtectin must be in service whenever field is applied. The schemes must emply independent vltage surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. Relays either with inversetime characteristics r with stepped-time characteristics cnfigured t simulate an inversetime characteristic are required. An alarm shall be generated if the generatr cntinuus vlts/hz rating is exceeded. Fr sustained verexcitatin the relays must crdinate with vlts/hz damage curves as nrmally supplied by the generatr manufacturer and must trip the generatr breaker(s) and the excitatin. A simultaneus trip f the turbine valves is recmmended but nt required. Nte: it is typical t prtect bth the generatr and the GSU with the same vlts/hz prtectin schemes. In this case, the prtectin must crdinate with the vlts/hz damage curves fr the mre restrictive f the tw. Units with utput ratings under 500 MVA are exempt frm the redundancy requirement fr this prtectin scheme Reverse Pwer (Anti-Mtring) Anti-mtring prtectin which initiates an alarm fllwed by a simultaneus trip f the generatr breaker(s), excitatin system, and turbine valves is required. Standard industry practice is t use the reverse pwer relay as the means fr pening the generatr breaker(s) fllwing a rutine manual r autmatic trip f the turbine valves. Typical steam turbine anti-mtring prtectin cnsists f a reverse pwer relay set with a shrt time delay and supervised by clsed turbine valve cntacts t initiate a trip. Due t inherent reliability prblems with valve psitin switches, this scheme must be backed up by a reverse pwer relay (may be the same relay) acting independently f the turbine valve psitin switches t initiate a trip. The latter scheme must incrprate a time delay as needed t prvide security against tripping during transient pwer swings Abnrmal Frequencies Abnrmal frequency prtectin (where applied) must be set t allw generatrs t remain in peratin in accrdance with PJM and Reginal generatr ff-frequency peratin requirements Generatr Breaker Failure Prtectin Breaker failure prtectin shall be prvided fr all relay-initiated generatr trips with the exceptin f anti-mtring. It shuld be nted that sme generatr abnrmalities that require the generatr t be tripped will nt result in an vercurrent cnditin and therefre may nt perate current-actuated fault detectrs incrprated in the breaker failure scheme. In these cases the current actuated fault detectrs must be supplemented with breaker auxiliary switches using OR lgic Excitatin System Tripping Redundant methds fr remval f field current (where available) shall be utilized fr all prtective relay trips. Available methds include the tripping f tw field breakers (i.e., main field breaker and the exciter field breaker) r the tripping f a single field breaker with simultaneus activatin f the static de-excitatin circuit. Units with utput ratings under 500 MVA are exempt frm the redundancy requirement. PJM

12 3.3.9 Generatr Open Breaker Flashver Prtectin Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards Sectin 3: Generatr Prtectin Open breaker flashver prtectin is required fr all gas and/r air circuit breakers used fr generatr synchrnizing Prtectin During Start-up r Shut-dwn The generatr must be adequately prtected if field is applied at less than rated speed during generatr start-up r shut-dwn Inadvertent Energizatin Prtectin Prtectin schemes designed specifically t detect the inadvertent energizatin f a generatr while n turning gear is required fr all generatr installatins. This scheme must functin t trip the generatr breaker(s) Synchrnizing Equipment A synchrnism checking relay is required t supervise all manual and autmatic synchrnizing f the generatr. If the generatr is required fr system restratin, the synchrnism checking scheme shall be designed t permit a clse f the generatr breaker int a de-energized grid Generatr Lead Prtectin The generatr leads, which cnsist f the phase cnductrs frm the generatr terminals t the unit pwer transfrmer and the unit auxiliary transfrmer, shall be prtected by a primary current differential relay scheme. A redundant current differential relay scheme is required if either (1) the generatr leads are nt installed in bus duct segregated by phase r (2) the generatr is nt grunded thrugh a high impedance t limit grund faults t levels undetectable by current differential relays. Where redundant schemes are required, independent current surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits are required. The scheme(s) must functin t simultaneusly trip the generatr breaker(s), excitatin system, and turbine valves Rate f Change f Frequency Prtectin This prtectin, if used, must nt trip the unit fr recverable transient disturbances and must crdinate with ther Prtectin Systems as apprpriate. PJM

13 Sectin 4: Unit Pwer Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin Sectin 4: Unit Pwer Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin This sectin utlines the requirements fr the prtectin f unit pwer transfrmers and assciated high-side leads where the transfrmers are (1) rated greater than r equal t 100 MVA, r (2) are cnnected t utility systems at transmissin system vltages abve 200 kv, r (3) are cnnected t facilities as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C37.91 Guide fr Prtective Relay Applicatins t Pwer Transfrmers 4.1 Transfrmer Fault Prtectin Tw independent schemes prviding high-speed prtectin fr 100% f the transfrmer winding are required. Acceptable cmbinatins f prtective relay schemes t satisfy this requirement are the fllwing: Tw independent current differential schemes. One current differential scheme and ne sudden pressure relay scheme. The zne f prtectin fr ne f the current differential schemes may als include ther equipment such as the transfrmer leads, the generatr, and the unit auxiliary transfrmer and its leads. The schemes must emply independent current surces (where applicable) and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. 4.2 Transfrmer High-Side Lead Prtectin The transfrmer high-side leads are required t be prtected by tw independent current differential schemes r equivalent high-speed schemes. The schemes must utilize independent current surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. 4.3 Overexcitatin Prtectin Overexcitatin prtectin fr the unit pwer transfrmer is required. Generally, this prtectin is prvided by the generatr verexcitatin prtectin. Refer t Sectin 3 fr the requirements fr this prtectin. PJM

14 Sectin 5: Unit Auxiliary Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin Sectin 5: Unit Auxiliary Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin This sectin utlines the requirements fr the prtectin f unit-cnnected auxiliary pwer transfrmers and assciated high and lw-side leads where the assciated generating units are (1) rated greater than r equal t 100 MVA, r (2) are cnnected t transmissin systems at transmissin system vltages abve 200 kv, r (3) as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C37.91 Guide fr Prtective Relay Applicatins t Pwer Transfrmers 5.1 Transfrmer and Lw-Side Lead Prtectin Tw independent prtectin schemes are required fr prtectin f the transfrmer and lwside leads. At least ne f the schemes must prvide high-speed prtectin fr the entire prtectin zne. Acceptable cmbinatins f schemes fr satisfying the redundancy requirement are the fllwing: Tw current differential schemes One current differential scheme and ne high-side vercurrent scheme One current differential scheme, ne sudden pressure relay scheme, and ne lwside vercurrent scheme If the transfrmer lw-side neutral is grunded thrugh an impedance which limits grund fault currents t levels nt detectable by current differential relays, then the abve must be supplemented with a neutral vercurrent scheme. Backup prtectin fr the neutral vercurrent scheme is nt required. Independent current surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits are required fr the schemes listed abve. 5.2 Transfrmer High-Side Lead Prtectin The transfrmer high-side leads must be included in a current differential scheme (i.e., the unit differential scheme). A redundant current differential scheme is required if either (1) the high-side leads are nt installed in bus duct segregated by phase r (2) grund faults are nt limited t levels undetectable by current differential relays. Where redundant schemes are required, independent current surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits are required fr each f the schemes. PJM

15 Sectin 6: Start-up Statin Service Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin Sectin 6: Start-up Statin Service Transfrmer and Lead Prtectin This sectin utlines the requirements fr the prtectin f start-up statin service transfrmers and assciated high and lw-side leads cnnected t transmissin systems at system vltages abve 200 kv r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C37.91 Guide fr Prtective Relay Applicatins t Pwer Transfrmers 6.1 Transfrmer and Lw-Side Lead Prtectin Tw independent prtectin schemes are required fr prtecting the transfrmer and lwside leads. At least ne f the schemes must prvide high-speed prtectin fr the entire prtectin zne. Acceptable cmbinatins f schemes fr satisfying this redundancy requirement are the fllwing: Tw current differential schemes One current differential scheme and ne high-side vercurrent scheme One current differential scheme, ne sudden pressure relay scheme, and ne lwside vercurrent scheme If the transfrmer lw-side neutral is grunded thrugh an impedance which limits grund fault currents t levels nt detectable by current differential relays, then the abve must be supplemented with a neutral vercurrent scheme. Backup prtectin fr the neutral vercurrent scheme is nt required. Independent current surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits are required fr each f the schemes listed abve. 6.2 Transfrmer High-Side Lead Prtectin Tw independent current differential r ther high-speed relaying schemes are required t prtect the transfrmer high-side leads. Independent current (and vltage, where applicable) surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits are required fr each f the schemes. PJM

16 Sectin 7: Line Prtectin Sectin 7: Line Prtectin This sectin utlines the requirements fr the prtectin f lines at system vltages abve 200 kv and as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr Prtective Relay Applicatins t Transmissin Lines 7.1 General Requirements Independent primary and backup prtectin schemes are required fr all lines cvered by these requirements. The schemes applied must be capable f detecting all types f faults including maximum expected arc resistance that may ccur at any lcatin n the prtected line. The primary and backup prtectin schemes must emply independent current and vltage surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. Details n the requirements fr the current and vltage surces are prvided belw Current Surces Independent current transfrmers (CTs) are required fr the primary and backup line prtectin schemes. Fr dead tank breakers, bth primary and backup relays shall be cnnected such that breaker faults will be detected by the primary and backup relays f bth prtectin znes adjacent t the breaker. Overlapping znes f prtectin are required in all cases Vltage Surces Independent vltage surces are required fr the primary and backup line prtectin schemes. The fllwing design ptins are acceptable: Independent vltage transfrmers (VTs) Independent secndary windings f the same VT 7.2 Primary Prtectin The primary line prtectin scheme must prvide high-speed simultaneus tripping f all line terminals. The scheme must have sufficient speed s that it will prvide the required fault clearing times fr system stability as defined in the NERC Transmissin Planning Standards, TPL thrugh TPL and the assciated Table 1. T meet the speed and cverage requirements as defined abve, a high speed cmmunicatin channel is required fr this scheme. 7.3 Back-up Prtectin The back-up line prtectin scheme shall be independent f the primary line prtectin scheme and must utilize independent current and vltage surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. The fllwing requirements apply fr the back-up prtectin: PJM

17 Sectin 7: Line Prtectin Relays frm the same manufacturer are acceptable fr bth the primary and backup systems. The use f different mdels is recmmended but nt required. The back-up prtectin must always include a nn-cmmunicatins-assisted tripping scheme fr phase and grund faults. Back-up prtectin must have sufficient speed t prvide the clearing times necessary t maintain system stability as defined in the NERC Transmissin Planning Standards, TPL thrugh TPL and the assciated Table 1, as may be amended frm time t time. Nn-cmmunicatins-assisted Zne 1 shall be set t perate withut additinal time delay (ther than as required t verride transient verreach behavir) and t be insensitive t faults external t the prtected line. Nn-cmmunicatins-assisted Zne 2 shall be set with sufficient time delay t crdinate with adjacent circuit prtectin including breaker failure prtectin. Fr tw-terminal-line applicatins, sufficient sensitivity is required t prvide cmplete line cverage f the prtected line. Fr three-terminal-line applicatins, see Appendix E The back-up prtectin may require the inclusin f a cmmunicatins-assisted tripping system in rder t meet clearing time requirements. In such cases, the cmmunicatin path must be independent f the cmmunicatin path fr the primary relays. Refer t Appendix C fr further details n requirements fr the cmmunicatins channels. When redundant cmmunicatins-assisted prtectin is required, alarms must be prvided sufficient t detect a failure which disables bth primary and back-up cmmunicatins-assisted tripping. 7.4 Restricted Grund Fault Prtectin A scheme must be prvided t detect grund faults with high fault resistance. The relay(s) selected fr this applicatin must be set at 600 primary amperes r less, prvided that this setting is greater than the maximum line zer-sequence lad unbalance. These relays may serve as the verreaching nn-cmmunicatins-assisted grund tripping functin. 7.5 Clse-in Multi-Phase Fault Prtectin (Switch-Ont-Fault Prtectin) Prtectin must be prvided t clear zer-vltage faults present when a line is energized with the relay ptential surce prvided by line-side vltage transfrmers. A scheme designed t specifically prvide this prtectin must be prvided if this prtectin is nt inherently prvided by the primary and/r back-up line prtectin schemes. Scheme redundancy is nt required. 7.6 Out-f-Step Prtectin Out-f-step prtectin is typically nt utilized within the PJM system. The applicatin f utf-step relays in any transmissin applicatin must be reviewed and apprved by PJM, with input frm the PJM Relay Subcmmittee as necessary. PJM

18 7.7 Single-Phase Tripping Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards Sectin 7: Line Prtectin Single-phase tripping is typically nt utilized within the PJM system. The applicatin f single-phase tripping must be reviewed and apprved by PJM, with input frm the PJM Relay Subcmmittee as necessary. PJM

19 Sectin 8: Substatin Transfrmer Prtectin Sectin 8: Substatin Transfrmer Prtectin This sectin utlines the requirements fr the prtectin f substatin transfrmers with high-side vltages f 200 kv and abve r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C37.91 Guide fr Prtective Relay Applicatins t Pwer Transfrmers ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr the Applicatin f Current Transfrmers Used fr Prtective Relaying Purpses 8.1 Transfrmer Prtectin Bulk Pwer Transfrmers Bulk Pwer Transfrmers are transfrmers with lw-side vltages greater than 100kV and netwrked n the lw side Tw independent high-speed prtectin schemes are required. Acceptable cmbinatins f schemes fr satisfying the redundancy requirement are the fllwing: Tw independent current differential schemes One current differential scheme and ne sudden pressure relay scheme Independently prtected DC cntrl circuits are required All ther substatin transfrmers Tw independent prtectin schemes, at least ne f which must be high-speed, are required. Acceptable cmbinatins f schemes fr satisfying the redundancy requirement are the fllwing: Tw independent current-based schemes, ne f which must be differential One current-based scheme and ne sudden pressure relay scheme Independently prtected DC cntrl circuits are required Sudden Pressure Relay Applicatins Fr transfrmers with a tap changer in a cmpartment separate frm the main tank a sudden pressure relay must be installed in bth the main tank and the tap changer cmpartment r a back-up current scheme must be applied Current Differential Zne Cnsideratins If the transfrmer current differential zne is extended t include the bus between breakers n the high r lw sides f the transfrmer: the current circuit frm each breaker must be cnnected t separate restraint windings in the differential relay, with the fllwing exceptin. Tw r mre current circuits may be paralleled int ne restraint winding nly if PJM

20 Sectin 8: Substatin Transfrmer Prtectin current can flw in n mre than ne f the paralleled circuits fr all faults external t the differential prtective zne (i.e., radial feeder breakers with n surce f fault current). 8.2 Islatin f a Faulted Transfrmer Tapped t a Line This sectin is cncerned with nn-bulk-pwer (e.g., lcal lad) transfrmers cnnected t bulk-pwer lines 2 such that, if there were n dedicated high-side interrupting device, a fault n the secndary bushings wuld interrupt pwer flw n the bulk pwer line. The requirements belw apply regardless f whether the cnnectin pint is at ne f the line terminals, r at a mid-line lcatin. Fault-interrupting devices are required n the surce (primary) side f the transfrmer. The interrupting device shall be fully-capable f interrupting faults n the transfrmer secndary bushings. The prtectin shall be crdinated such that secndary faults are cleared by the interrupting device and d nt result in an interruptin t the bulk-pwer line ther than fr failures f the interrupting device r f the prtectin system. Prtectin and crdinatin requirements fr transfrmer primary faults shall be determined by, r in discussins with the transmissin line wner(s). A discnnect switch is typically installed n the surce side f the fault-interrupting device. The switch may either be integral t the fault-interrupting device assembly r independent frm it. The requirement t install a discnnect switch and any requirements fr the peratin f the switch shall be determined by, r in discussins with the transmissin line wner(s). Certain situatins may require the transfrmer prtectin t initiate tripping f the transmissin line terminals. Fr line restratin r ther purpses, the tripping lgic frequently utilizes auxiliary switch cntacts f the primary discnnect switch. The fllwing applicatin recmmendatins apply. (Elevatin f the recmmendatins t requirements shall be determined by, r in discussins with the transmissin line wner(s).) Auxiliary cntacts assciated with the discnnect switch perating mechanism (e.g., a mtr-peratr) shuld nt be used if the mechanism can be de-cupled frm the switch. Otherwise, the switch may indicate pen when it is in fact clsed, likely defeating desired prtectin functins. A separate auxiliary switch assembly attached t the perating shaft f the switch itself shuld be used. Due t dependability cncerns with auxiliary switches, it is recmmended that the transfrmer primary discnnect switch auxiliary cntacts nt be used in such a manner that if the auxiliary switch (i.e., 89a) cntact were t insulate r therwise falsely indicate that the discnnect switch is pen, the required tripping f lcal breakers r the direct transfer tripping f remte breakers wuld be defeated. The use f auxiliary switches in the prtectin scheme shuld be limited t lcal trip seal-in, direct transfer trip terminatin, etc. Fr example, assume that a fault ccurs within the transfrmer with a magnitude which exceeds the capability f the interrupter, but cannt easily be detected by the line relays at the terminals. Trip (lcal and/r remte) lgic f the frm T = 2 Bulk-pwer lines perated at greater than 300 kv shall nt be tapped. Lines perated at less than 300 kv lines may be tapped with the cncurrence f the transmissin line wner(s). PJM

21 Sectin 8: Substatin Transfrmer Prtectin 94+T*89a is permissible. Trip lgic f the frm T = 94*89a is nt recmmended. Alternatively, trip lgic f the frm T = 94*(89a + 50) may be acceptable, where 50 is a current detectr set as lw as practical and cnnected t mnitr current thrugh the switch. Using the abve example, if the transfrmer is cnnected in such a manner that it can be switched between tw bulk-pwer lines, there may be n alternative than t use auxiliary switch cntacts t determine which line t trip. In this case, any redundancy requirements will extend t the auxiliary switches, which shuld be electrically and mechanically independent. 8.3 Transfrmer Leads Prtectin The transfrmer high and lw side leads must be prtected by tw independent schemes, bth f which must be high-speed unless the leads are included in a line prtectin zne. The schemes must utilize independent current and/r vltage surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. Where the vltage rating f the lw-side leads is less than 100 kv, redundancy in the lw side lead prtectin is nt required. Independent blind-spt prtectin systems must be prvided if any perating cnditin, such as an pen high-side discnnect switch defeats the transfrmer lead prtectin. PJM

22 Sectin 9: Bus Prtectin Sectin 9: Bus Prtectin This sectin utlines the requirements fr the prtectin f substatin buses rated 200 kv and abve r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C37.97 Guide fr Prtective Relay Applicatins t Pwer System Busses ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr the Applicatin f Current Transfrmers Used fr Prtective Relaying Purpses Tw independent high-speed prtectin schemes are required fr prtecting the bus. They must utilize independent current and/r vltage surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. PJM

23 Sectin 10: Shunt Reactr Prtectin Sectin 10: Shunt Reactr Prtectin This sectin utlines the minimum requirements fr the prtectin f shunt reactrs rated 200 kv and abve r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr the Prtectin f Shunt Reactrs ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr the Applicatin f Current Transfrmers Used fr Prtective Relaying Purpses In general, the requirements fr the prtectin f shunt reactrs are functinally equivalent t the requirements fr the prtectin f substatin transfrmers. Sme requirements d nt apply t reactrs, fr example thse relating t multiple windings. The specific hardware used fr reactr prtectin will generally be different frm that used fr transfrmer prtectin; hwever, as nted abve, the functinal requirements are equivalent and are summarized as fllws: The reactr must be prtected by tw independent high-speed schemes. The tw schemes must utilize independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. The reactr leads must be prtected by tw independent schemes, bth f which must be high-speed unless the leads are included in a line prtectin zne. The tw schemes must utilize independent current and/r ptential surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits. Fr additinal detail and fr ther requirements (e.g., the use f auxiliary cntacts in the prtectin scheme), see Sectin 8 n Substatin Transfrmer Prtectin. PJM

24 Sectin 11: Shunt Capacitr Prtectin Sectin 11: Shunt Capacitr Prtectin This sectin utlines the minimum requirements fr the prtectin f shunt capacitrs rated 200 kv and abve r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE C37.99 Guide fr the Prtectin f Shunt Capacitr Banks ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr the Applicatin f Current Transfrmers Used fr Prtective Relaying Purpses IEEE 1036-Guide fr Applicatin f Shunt Pwer Capacitrs The fllwing schemes must be prvided t prtect each capacitr bank: 11.1 Primary Leads Prtectin The capacitr bank leads must be prtected by tw independent schemes, bth f which must be high-speed unless the leads are included in a line prtectin zne. The tw schemes must utilize independent current and/r ptential surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits Unbalance Detectin Scheme Primary and back-up capacitr bank unbalance detectin schemes must be installed. These schemes shuld be set t trip the capacitr bank fr unbalances resulting in greater than 110% f rated vltage acrss the individual capacitr cans. Fr externally-fused capacitr banks, the bank must be designed such that a single can failure des nt result in greater than 110% f rated vltage acrss the remaining cans. Independently prtected DC cntrl schemes must be used fr each f the schemes. Where ptential sensing is used in bth the primary and back-up schemes, independent vltage surces are required, with the exceptin f vltage differential schemes which will result in a trip f the capacitr bank upn the lss f the vltage surce t the scheme Capacitr Bank Fusing Fr externally fused capacitr banks, the fuse size shuld be chsen t prtect the capacitr can frm catastrphic can rupture in the event f an internal can fault. In the case f fuseless banks, the prtectin scheme perating characteristics and bank design must be selected t prtect against catastrphic can ruptures. PJM

25 Sectin 12: Breaker Failure Prtectin Sectin 12: Breaker Failure Prtectin This sectin utlines the minimum requirements fr breaker failure prtectin fr fault interrupting devices (including circuit switchers, where applicable) at system vltages abve 200 kv r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE Std C IEEE Guide fr Breaker Failure Prtectin f Pwer Circuit Breakers 12.1 Lcal breaker failure prtectin requirements A dedicated 3 breaker failure scheme shall be used fr each fault-interrupting device and shall initiate tripping f all lcal surces f fault current. The breaker failure utput tripping relay shall blck bth manual and autmatic clsing f all lcal breakers required t trip until the failed breaker has been electrically islated Direct transfer trip requirements (See als Appendix B) Lcal breaker failure prtectin shall initiate direct transfer tripping f assciated remte terminals if any f the fllwing cnditins exist. Speed is required t assure system stability. Remte back-up prtectin is unacceptable because f the number f circuits and area affected. The sensitivity f remte relay schemes is inadequate due t cnnected transfrmers, cnnected generatrs, line-end fault levels, r due t strng infeed frm parallel surces. Tripping shall be maintained at the remte terminal until the failed breaker has been electrically islated. Autmatic reclsing shall be prevented at the remte terminal until the failed breaker has been electrically islated. 3 A dedicated scheme is defined fr purpses f this dcument as ne which utilizes a separate breaker failure timer (r timers) fr each breaker as ppsed t a scheme which utilizes a breaker failure timer cmmn t all breakers supplied by a bus. A dedicated scheme may utilize elements cmmn t ther breakers such as an auxiliary tripping relay which trips all breakers n the affected bus. PJM

26 12.3 Breaker failure scheme design requirements Manual 07: PJM Prtectin Standards Sectin 12: Breaker Failure Prtectin Failure f a single cmpnent shall nt disable bth the tripping f the breaker and the breaker failure scheme. Fr security against pssible false breaker failure scheme peratin, the minimum acceptable margin between nrmal fault clearing and a breaker failure trip decisin is 24 msec. Current actuated fault detectrs are always required. Hwever, when the primary and backup relays detect cnditins fr which the current actuated fault detectrs lack the required sensitivity, breaker auxiliary switches shall als be used. Breaker failure scheme designs generally include an ptinal re-trip feature whse purpse is t prevent unnecessary breaker failure peratins which culd ccur fr varius reasns 4. The re-trip feature must be implemented unless it has been established that fault-detectr settings, scheme lgic, r ther cnsideratins negate the advantages f the re-trip feature. The re-trip feature must functin t re-trip the prtected interrupting device upn initiatin f the breaker failure scheme Ple Disagreement Tripping Ple Disagreement Tripping must be installed n all fault interrupting devices capable f individual ple peratin. The ple disagreement scheme must incrprate the fllwing features: All ples f the device must be pened if the psitin f ne ple fails t agree with the psitin f either f the ther tw. An alarm specifically fr ple disagreement must be initiated by the abve scheme. The disagreement scheme is t trip nly the affected device Live tank circuit breakers Live tank circuit breakers must be prvided with high speed flashver prtectin t detect and islate a phase-t-grund flashver f the circuit breaker clumn if the clumn wuld be in a blind spt frm lcal prtectin schemes fr such a flashver Current transfrmer supprt clumns Current transfrmer supprt clumns must be prvided with high speed flashver prtectin t detect and islate a phase-t-grund flashver f the current transfrmer supprt clumn if the CTs wuld be in a blind spt frm lcal prtectin schemes fr such a flashver. 4 Applicatins f the re-trip feature include (1) activatin f a secnd trip cil in recgnitin f the pssibility that the first trip cil may be defective; (2) the attempt t trip the breaker prir t the expiratin f breaker failure timing in the event that breaker failure has been initiated withut trip having been initiated. Events f the latter type have ccurred due t imprper test prcedures and due t certain relay failure mdes. PJM

27 Sectin 13: Phase Angle Regulatr Prtectin Sectin 13: Phase Angle Regulatr Prtectin This sectin utlines the minimum requirements fr the prtectin f phase angle regulating transfrmers cnnected at system vltages abve 200 kv r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The prtectin f phase angle regulating transfrmers is a highly specialized subject and the design f the prtectin scheme shuld take int cnsideratin such factrs as applicatin requirements, transfrmer manufacturer input, design f surrunding system prtectin systems, and clearing time requirements The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. Prtectin f Phase Angle Regulating Transfrmers, an IEEE Pwer System Relaying Cmmittee Reprt, Octber 1999 IEEE Guide fr the Applicatin, Specificatin, and Testing f Phase-Shifting Transfrmers, IEEE Standard C Detailed Prtectin Requirements The detailed prtectin requirements (especially in regard t the differential prtectin) are highly specific t the transfrmer winding cnnectins, fr which there are different designs in use. The prtectin scheme is generally develped thrugh discussins with the transfrmer manufacturer, prtectin equipment manufacturers, applicable industry guides and technical papers as apprpriate, and thrugh cnsultatins with the intercnnecting utility. The fllwing requirements pertain t the prtectin f phase angle regulating transfrmers f all types: Individual pressure actuated devices which perate fr a change in gas r il pressure must be prvided fr each individual winding and LTC cmpartment. The peratin f these prtective devices must be wired t trip the unit. A prtectin scheme t detect an ut-f-step tap changer psitin. Independent current surces and independently prtected DC cntrl circuits The fllwing are the minimum requirements specific t the current-derived prtectin f the mst cmmn type f phase angle regulating transfrmer 5 in use within PJM A primary current differential scheme which includes the primary series winding and the primary excitatin (shunt) winding. A secndary current differential scheme which includes the secndary series winding and the secndary excitatin (LTC) winding. An vercurrent scheme fr the neutral cnnectin f the primary excitatin (shunt) winding. An vercurrent scheme fr the neutral cnnectin f the secndary excitatin (LTC) winding. 5 Wye-grunded exciting winding, delta-cnnected secndary series winding. PJM

28 Sectin 13: Phase Angle Regulatr Prtectin Sme Phase Angle Regulatrs are equipped with an Advance-Retard Switch (ARS) that recnfigures the series transfrmer delta winding t cntrl the directin f pwer flw. The secndary differential scheme must be designed t allw fr a full transitin frm the Advance state t the Retard state and vice-versa. During the transitin, the CT delta cnnectin OR the CT cmpensatin settings in the secndary differential relay must be mdified accrdingly withut causing the unit t trip. A micrprcessr relay capable f multiple setting grups is strngly suggested fr the secndary differential prtectin. PJM

29 Sectin 14: Transmissin Line Reclsing Sectin 14: Transmissin Line Reclsing This sectin utlines the requirements fr applying autmatic reclsing schemes fr fault interrupting devices at system vltages abve 200 kv r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. ANSI/IEEE Std C Guide fr Autmatic Reclsing f Line Circuit Breakers fr AC Transmissin and Distributin Lines 14.1 Reclsing Requirements The fllwing requirements must be met when applying autmatic reclsing n transmissin lines: The impact n generatr shaft trque f system cnnected generatrs due t line reclsing must be cnsidered. An apprpriate time delay must be used t maintain the generatr shaft trque within acceptable values. Reclsing times and sequences must take int accunt the capability f the fault interrupting device. Reclsing fr line faults shall nt be used n transmissin lines cnsisting entirely f cable. Where cmbinatins f pen wire and cable are used, an evaluatin shuld be made t determine if reclsing shuld be used fr faults in the aerial prtin f the circuit and blcked fr cable faults. Autmatic reclsing shall be cnfigured t prevent reclsing n a failed transfrmer r reactr, r n a failed breaker. Fr such cnditins, see the apprpriate sectin fr further discussin. Autmatic reclsing shall nt be used where transient vltage analysis studies indicate that reclsing may prduce switching surges exceeding equipment design levels. Autmatic reclsing fllwing ut-f-step cnditins must be reviewed and apprved by PJM, with input frm the PJM Relay Subcmmittee as necessary High-Speed Reclsing Requirements Fr purpses f this dcument, the fllwing statements in ANSI/IEEE Std C apply: High-speed autreclsing: Refers t the autreclsing f a circuit breaker after a necessary time delay t permit fault arc deinizatin with due regard t crdinatin with all relay prtective systems. This type f autreclsing is generally nt supervised by vltage magnitude r phase angle. The fllwing requirements must be met when applying high-speed autmatic reclsing n transmissin lines: PJM

30 Sectin 14: Transmissin Line Reclsing The reclse interval must be selected t allw fr prper de-inizatin f the fault arc. Based n vltage level, the minimum dead time required t de-inize the fault can be determined frm the fllwing equatin: T= (kv/34.5) cycles where kv is the rated line-line vltage. Nte: the equatin abve is valid fr vltages as high as 230 kv but may be verlycnservative at higher vltages. Fr example, industry experience indicates that 30 cycle dead time is adequate at 765 kv. Mst applicatins f HSR d nt require study fr stability, unless the HSR is n a line electrically clse t a line riginating at a generating statin. If the results frm such stability studies indicate that reclsing fllwing a specific type f fault r system cnditin wuld result in an unacceptable situatin, adaptive reclsing as defined in IEEE Standard C may be used. High-speed reclsing must nly be initiated by a cmmunicatins assisted relaying scheme. PJM

31 Sectin 15: Supervisin and Alarming f Relaying and Cntrl Circuits Sectin 15: Supervisin and Alarming f Relaying and Cntrl Circuits This sectin utlines the requirements fr supervisin and alarming f relaying and cntrl circuits applied t prtect equipment at system vltages abve 200 kv r as defined in this manual Sectin 1 - Applicability Design Standards The fllwing cnditins shall be reprted remtely frm unattended statins. Sme functins can be gruped tgether when reprting the alarm cnditin t the remte site based n the availability f alarm pints. Facilities shall be prvided t indicate the specific truble at the lcal site. Battery lw vltage cnditin Blwn fuse n prtective relaying DC cntrl circuit Lss f AC relaying ptential Alarm cnditin f prtective relay pilt channels as described in Sectin 15.2 Relay truble alarms where internal alarm features are prvided 15.2 Relaying Cmmunicatin Channel Mnitring and Testing All relay cmmunicatin channels must be mnitred t detect any channel prblems and initiate an alarm. Schemes utilizing a signal that is On cntinuusly shall be mnitred cntinuusly. Schemes that use a channel which is nrmally ff and transitined t an n state by the prtective scheme must be tested autmatically at least nce a day, preferably at bth reduced and full pwer levels. PJM

32 Manual XX: PJM Prtectin Standards Sectin 16: Underfrequency Lad Shedding Sectin 16: Underfrequency Lad Shedding This sectin utlines the requirements fr under-frequency lad shedding within PJM. Under-frequency lad-shedding schemes shall be designed and implemented in accrdance with Reginal requirements. The lad-shedding scheme shall be distributed in applicatin as ppsed t a centralized design. Lads tripped by the lad-shedding scheme shall require manual restratin (lcal r remte) unless therwise authrized by PJM. The under-frequency detectin scheme shall be secure fr a failure f a ptential supply. PJM

33 Sectin 17: Special Prtectin Schemes Sectin 17: Special Prtectin Schemes This sectin utlines the requirements fr Special Prtectin Schemes (SPSs) which are ccasinally emplyed in respnse t an abnrmal cnditin r cnfiguratin f the electric system Intrductin A special prtectin system (SPS) r remedial actin scheme is designed t detect abnrmal system cnditins (e.g., abnrmal system cnfiguratin) and t autmatically take apprpriate crrective actin in the timeframes necessary t maintain system stability, acceptable system vltages, and acceptable facility lading. Whereas nrmal prtective relaying systems are typically designed t islate faulted elements, SPS s may take seemingly unrelated actins such as the tripping f lcal r remte system elements (including generatrs), generatr runback, and lad shedding. Transmissin line ut-f-step tripping, trip blcking, and reclse blcking are nt cnsidered t be SPS s, nr are standard generatr prtectin functins such as lss-f-field prtectin, ver-excitatin prtectin, and ut-f-step prtectin Installatin Requirements SPS s shuld nt be installed as a substitute fr gd system design r perating practices. Their implementatin is generally limited t temprary cnditins invlving the utage f critical equipment. SPSs shall be crdinated with ther Prtectin Systems (inside and utside f PJM) as apprpriate. The decisin t emply an SPS shuld take int accunt the cmplexity f the scheme and the cnsequences f misperatin as well as its benefits. The use f an SPS, like any prtectin scheme, entails the risk that it will misperate. Hwever, the cnsequences f an SPS misperatin are ften mre severe than thse f fault prtectin schemes. When cnditins are such that an SPS is n lnger required, the SPS shall be retired. Fr SPS s which are needed nly under certain cnditins, prcedures shall be established t ensure that these schemes are disabled when the cnditins requiring their use n lnger exist. Fr SPS s which are nt nrmally armed, there may be tw levels f actin. The first stage is designed t recgnize a predetermined cnditin (ften system cnfiguratin) and arm a secnd stage. The secnd stage takes cncrete actin (e.g., tripping f system elements) if certain subsequent events ccur. When the SPS is armed, there shall be indicatin f that fact in a manned facility. Greater detail is available in MAAC Special Prtectin System Criteria (Dcument A-3), and ECAR Dcument 12. Hwever these dcuments will be superseded by an RFC standard. PJM

34 Appendix A: Use f Dual Trip Cils Appendix A: Use f Dual Trip Cils This sectin utlines the requirements fr the use f dual trip cils in circuit breakers. Dual trip cils must be applied t meet the dependability requirements mandated by this dcument t assure that a failed trip cil des nt result in the failure f a breaker t perate. If the design f the perating mechanism is such that the simultaneus energizatin f bth trip cils with vltages f ppsite plarity results in a failure f the mechanism t perate, testing shall be perfrmed t verify prper plarity f the trip cil circuits. Undesirable breaker failure peratins are pssible if the primary trip path is pen and tripping is initiated thrugh slwer-perating backup relays. Where this is the case, ne f the fllwing measures must be taken: Energize bth sets f trip cils with bth the primary and backup relays r at least with the relaying system which is knwn t be faster. In such designs, care must be taken t maintain independence f the primary and backup cntrl circuitry. Use high-speed relays t cver the entire zne f prtectin fr bth the primary and backup prtectin. Apply the breaker failure retrip lgic t energize the trip cil assciated with the slwer relays prir t expiratin f the breaker failure timer. If identificatin f the slwer relays is difficult, then the retrip lgic shall energize bth trip cils. Apply crss-trip auxiliary relays in the breaker tripping cntrl scheme. PJM

35 Appendix B: Direct Transfer Trip Requirements Appendix B: Direct Transfer Trip Requirements This sectin utlines the requirements fr Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) schemes. Audi tne transceivers perating ver analg multiplexed systems - the design f the equipment and/r the scheme must be immune frm the effects f frequency translatin (r drift ) in the carrier. This requires the transmissin f tw tnes, ne cnfigured t shift up in frequency and the ther t shift dwn in frequency. Audi tne transceivers perating ver digital multiplexed systems the design f certain lder audi tne receivers makes them subject t generating false trip utputs in the presence f the type f nise characteristic f digital systems. The audi tne equipment manufacturer shuld be cnsulted in regard t the applicatin f the tne equipment in any envirnment which may include digital transmissin fr any prtin f the cmmunicatins path. Digital transceivers it is required that the verall DTT scheme include addressing capability between transmitters and receivers cnnected thrugh a multiplexing system r thrugh direct fiber where a fiber patch panel is emplyed. PJM

36 Appendix C: Dual Pilt Channels fr Prtective Relaying Appendix C: Dual Pilt Channels fr Prtective Relaying This sectin utlines the requirements fr the applicatin f dual pilt channels when required by the standards presented in this dcument. Dual pilt channels are defined as tw separate, independent cmmunicatins channels which are applied t prvide high speed clearing fr transmissin line faults via bth the primary and backup relay schemes. Each scheme must have sufficient speed t prvide the clearing times necessary t maintain system stability as defined in the NERC Transmissin Planning Standards, TPL- 001 thrugh TPL-004 and the assciated Table 1. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. IEEE 643 IEEE Guide fr Pwer Line Carrier Applicatins ANSI/IEEE C37.93 IEEE Guide fr Pwer System Prtective Relay Applicatins f Audi Tnes ver Vice Grade Channels ANSI/IEEE C Guide fr Prtective Relay Applicatins t Transmissin Lines 1. Channel Independence Cmmunicatins channels utilized fr the dual pilt relaying systems must be designed with the same level f independence as the primary and backup prtectin and cntrl systems. The fllwing factrs are used t determine the level f independence f cmmunicatins channels used fr dual pilt relaying systems: Physical relatinship between the cmmunicatin facilities and paths used fr bth channels Physical relatinship between the channel path(s) and related pwer system facilities Prbability f a simultaneus failure due t physical prximity Perfrmance f the relay system in the event f a path failure Time required t repair a failed path Capability t repair r maintain ne pilt channel while keeping the remaining channel fully functinal Steady-state lss f bth channels Upn lss f bth pilt channels, the assciated transmissin line must be taken ut f service, r if pssible, tripping delay time reduced t a level at which stability requirements are met and relay crdinatin is maintained fr nrmal clearing f faults. PJM

37 Appendix C: Dual Pilt Channels fr Prtective Relaying 2. Applicatins The fllwing sectins prvide specific requirements fr different types f cmmunicatins channels. 2.1 Pwer Line Carrier Dual independent paths can be achieved by using tw separate carrier systems, cnnected t separate phases. Signal attenuatin must be reviewed and ther system arrangements must be used if signal attenuatin will be abve acceptable levels. 2.2 Micrwave Radi Channels Tw cmpletely independent micrwave systems can rarely be justified frm an ecnmic standpint. Hwever, mdern systems are ften cnfigured with a high degree f redundancy. T the extent that susceptibility t a cmmn-mde failure is limited t passive equipment generally cnsidered t have an extremely lw prbability f failure (e.g., a single cmmunicatins battery r cmmn micrwave twer), a single micrwave system is acceptable. N single-cntingency failure f an active cmpnent shall cmprmise bth pilt schemes. Cmplete redundancy in the radi frequency path (i.e., tw antennas) and in the electrnic RF multiplexing equipment is required. N single path failure is permitted t result in the unavailability f bth pilt prtectin schemes fr lnger than the switching time frm nrmal t alternate facilities which is nrmally f the rder f millisecnds. 2.3 Leased Telephne Circuits If dual pilt channels are required, they may nt bth utilize leased telephne circuits. 2.4 Fiber Optic Systems Dual pilt prtectin systems utilizing fiber ptic cmmunicatins channels must be designed t maintain high speed cverage fr the transmissin line in the event f a single cntingency. In evaluating the level f redundancy, bth the fiber path ruting and prtectin scheme types must be cnsidered. The fllwing prtectin scheme/fiber ptic path examples are presented as examples f the analysis which must be perfrmed t determine adequate redundancy: a) Tw permissive tripping schemes, ne fiber ptic shield wire This scheme is unacceptable fr dual pilt prtectin since a break in the shield wire wuld disable bth prtectin systems and culd create a fault n the prtected line. In additin, using tw fibers in the shield wire may result in the lss f bth channels if the shield is damaged and maintenance utages may be difficult t btain t repair the fibers in a timely manner. b) Tw permissive tripping schemes, tw independent fiber ptic shield wires Althugh this scheme ffers sme imprvement ver that mentined in (a), utside interference such as an aircraft culd cause the lss f bth shield wires PJM

38 Appendix C: Dual Pilt Channels fr Prtective Relaying during a fault. This scheme is acceptable fr dual pilt prtectin, but nt recmmended. c) Tw unblcking schemes, ne fiber ptic shield wire In the case f a brken shield wire, bth channels wuld be disabled if the fault takes lnger than 300 msec t develp. In additin as in (a), using tw fibers in the shield wire may result in the lss f bth channels when the shield is damaged with uncertain repair time. This scheme is unacceptable fr dual pilt prtectin. d) Tw unblcking schemes, tw independent fiber ptic shield wires This arrangement is similar t (c), but with the repair prblem f (a) alleviated. This scheme is acceptable fr dual pilt prtectin, but nt recmmended. e) Underbuilt fiber ptic cable Use f an underbuilt fiber ptic cable in cnjunctin with an ver head fiber ptic cable, r use f tw underbuilt fiber ptic cables, is acceptable fr dual pilt prtectin. Hwever, as in (b), utside interference such as an aircraft culd cause the lss f bth fiber paths during a fault. f) Simultaneus line fault with lss f dual channels If at least ne f the pilt schemes is a blcking scheme, then independent fiber paths are nt required since the lss f the channel will nt disable the high speed tripping f the blcking scheme. Hwever, system security implicatins with the applicatin f a blcking scheme must be cnsidered. Similarly, if at least ne f the pilt schemes is a current differential scheme, which reverts t a sensitive vercurrent element r therwise prvides fr high speed tripping fr the entire line n lss f channel, then independent fiber paths are nt required. Fiber Optic Multiplexed Cmmunicatins If the fiber ptic channel utilizes multiplexing equipment, the failure f this equipment must be cnsidered when evaluating susceptibility t a single mde failure. A single mde failure must nt result in the unavailability f bth pilt prtectin systems fr lnger than the switching time frm nrmal t alternate facilities which nrmally ccurs within millisecnds f a channel failure. Fiber Optic Self-healing Ring Tplgy Fiber ptic systems utilizing a self-healing ring tplgy can be utilized t prvide path redundancy. Hwever, the failure f the multiplexing/switching equipment must nt result in the unavailability f bth pilt prtectin systems. PJM

39 Appendix D: Small Generatr Prtectin Requirements Appendix D: Small Generatr Prtectin Requirements Fr generating units less than 100 MVA and cnnected belw 200 kv and nt previusly addressed in this dcument, generatin develpers are referred t the fllwing surces f requirements depending n generatr size. Generatrs < 20 MVA: Refer t PJM Manual 14A, Attachments E and E-1 Generatrs 20 MVA and <100 MVA: Refer t requirements f the applicable transmissin wner. PJM

40 Appendix E: Acceptable Three Terminal Line Applicatins Appendix E: Acceptable Three Terminal Line Applicatins This appendix utlines the categries f three terminal line applicatins and assciated prtectin requirements which have been deemed acceptable fr use within PJM. Three terminal line applicatins are nly permitted at vltages less than 300 kv when the requirements listed belw are met. N three terminal line applicatins are permitted n systems at 300 kv and abve. 1.0 Categry I Temprary Installatin This categry applies when an acceptable lng-term reinfrcement was already identified but cannt be installed in time and cnsequently the reliability f the transmissin system may be cmprmised. Examples include cnstructin delays, unusual cmbinatins f system demand and lng term transmissin equipment frced utages. The three terminal line cnfiguratin must be remved when the planned permanent reinfrcement is in place. The fllwing requirements apply t Categry I installatins. 1.1 Prtectin Requirements A detailed relay crdinatin review must be perfrmed which establishes that the planned additin will result in n cmprmises t crdinatin. The review shall include cnsideratin f apparent impedances at each terminal, weak surces, fault current nulls r utflws. The prtectin scheme(s) must be designed t prvide high-speed (pilt) clearing f faults at all lcatins n the three terminal line. Designing fr sequential clearing f faults is nt acceptable. Backup prtectin must be prvided and applied such that fr faults anywhere n the circuit, each terminal shall be able t detect the fault and initiate tripping withut regard t whether the ther terminals have pened r are still clsed. The backup line prtectin may be pilt (high-speed, cmmunicatins dependent) r nn-pilt (stepped-distance, grund time vercurrent) depending n the specific circumstances and results f fault and stability studies, etc. Each affected Transmissin Owner will evaluate the prpsed installatins n a case-by-case basis. If a backup high-speed pilt scheme is required, the requirements fr dual pilt channels utlined in Appendix C f this dcument must be met. 2.0 Categry II Permanent Installatin 2.1 Prtectin Requirements A detailed relay crdinatin review must be perfrmed which establishes that the planned additin will result in n cmprmises t crdinatin. The review shall include cnsideratin f apparent impedances at each terminal, weak surces, fault current nulls r utflws. PJM

41 Appendix E: Acceptable Three Terminal Line Applicatins The prtectin scheme(s) must be designed t prvide high-speed (pilt) clearing f faults at all lcatins n the three terminal line. Designing fr sequential clearing f faults is nt acceptable. Backup relays must be prvided and applied such that fr faults anywhere n the circuit, each terminal shall be able t detect the fault and initiate tripping withut regard t whether the ther terminals have pened r are still clsed. The backup line prtectin may be pilt (high-speed, cmmunicatins dependent) r nn-pilt (stepped-distance, grund time vercurrent) depending n the specific circumstances and results f fault and stability studies, etc. Each affected Transmissin Owner will evaluate the prpsed installatins n a case-by-case basis. If a backup high-speed pilt scheme is required, the requirements fr dual pilt channels utlined in Appendix C f this dcument must be met. Fr reliability reasns, extending an existing tw-terminal directinal cmparisn blcking r unblcking scheme perating ver pwer line carrier t a third terminal is nt acceptable fr primary r backup line prtectin. In all cases where a pilt scheme is required, digital cmmunicatins channels between the three terminals must be used. N prtins f these channels may be metallic (i.e. telephne cable, caxial cable, etc) ther than between relays and multiplex equipment (where used) within the cntrl huse. External audi-tne interfaces are nt acceptable. Where multiplexing schemes are use, they must be evaluated with respect t the characteristics f the prpsed prtectin (i.e. susceptibility t mal-peratin due t variances in path delay) n a case-by-case basis. PJM

42 Appendix F: Applicatin f Triggered Fault Current Limiters Appendix F: Applicatin f Triggered Fault Current Limiters This appendix utlines the requirements fr the applicatin f triggered fault current limiters (FCL s) when prpsed fr the mitigatin f increased fault current availability at a utility distributin bus resulting frm the installatin f new equipment r rearrangement f existing equipment at a nn-utility statin. Nte: in the cntext f this appendix, utility refers t the delivery r wires cmpany whse equipment is being affected by the additin f the new equipment r rearrangement f existing equipment. The fllwing standards and publicatins were used as a reference fr develping the requirements specified in this sectin. Limitatins f Fault-Current Limiters fr Expansin f Electrical Distributin Systems, J.C. Das, IEEE Transactins n Industry Applicatins, Vl. 33, N. 4, July/August The requirements fr the applicatin f FCL s are the fllwing. All cncerned parties must understand the expsure f the FCL t a range f faults n the utility system and t faults within the FCL wner s system which can result in peratin f the FCL, and must frmally agree that the lss f equipment resulting frm the peratin f the FCL fr thse faults is an acceptable cnsequence. The FCL wner must prvide detailed calculatins demnstrating that the fault current limiter will achieve its intended purpse f prtecting the utility equipment frm being subjected t current beynd its capability. The calculatins must include the anticipated current-versus time wavefrms f the ttal asymmetrical current flwing thrugh the utility equipment fr the maximum fault and minimum fault that will perate the FCL. The maximum current shall be the maximum asymmetrical current available based n the calculated X/R rati, and shall include bth the cntributins frm the system as well as the let-thrugh cntributin frm the FCL. Detailed wavefrm analysis may be unnecessary if the calculatin methd used is sufficiently cnservative (i.e. the arithmetic additin f the FCL peak let-thrugh current and the system peak asymmetrical current). The calculatins will require mdeling f the utility system and FCL wner s system, and must include the transient effects f inductin and synchrnus mtrs. Since the FCL will nt perate fr fault level values belw its threshld, the RMS value f the threshld f the FCL shall be added t the shrt circuit current f the breaker fr determinatin f interrupting duty. The utility must supply the FCL wner with sufficient mdeling infrmatin f the utility system t allw the FCL wner t perfrm the analysis described in 2.0 abve. The FCL wner must prvide design infrmatin shwing that the peratin f the FCL will nt be cmprmised under lw AC vltage cnditins at the FCL wner s facility resulting frm any fault n the utility system requiring the FCL t perate. If changes are made t the FCL wner s electrical system, the FCL wner must reapply the requirements utlined in 2.0 abve and prvide dcumentatin f this analysis t the utility fr review. PJM

43 Appendix F: Applicatin f Triggered Fault Current Limiters The FCL wner must prvide design infrmatin shwing that fr the single cntingency failure f the FCL t perfrm its intended functin, the verall intent f prtecting the utility equipment frm verduty cnditins is still met. The FCL wner shall have a written prcedure which prhibits bypassing the FCL unless it is demnstrated t the satisfactin f the utility that cnditins d nt require peratin f the FCL. Rutine testing f FCL trigger levels, firing lgic, and firing circuitry must be cnducted at least every fur years. Dcumentatin f this testing shall be available upn request by the utility. The utility shall be granted physical access t inspect the FCL as deemed necessary by the utility. PJM

44 Revisin Histry Revisin 00 (11/16/2011): Revisin Histry This is a new manual. This manual establishes the minimum design standards and requirements fr the prtectin systems assciated with the bulk pwer facilities within PJM. Frmatted: PJM Nrmal PJM