How can we define intelligence? How common are intelligent civilizations likely to be? Is it even worth trying to communicate?
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1 How can we define intelligence? The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) One possible definition: Civilizations that are at a similar technological level who are willing and able to communicate! How common are intelligent civilizations likely to be? Is it even worth trying to communicate? The Drake Equation Important Restriction: Enormous distances between galaxies! Therefore: Restrict our search to our own galaxy N = N hp x f life x f civ x f now where: N = number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy N hp = number of habitable planets in our galaxy f life = fraction of life-bearing habitable planets f civ = fraction of life-bearing planets where intelligent civilizations have arisen f now = fraction of civilization-bearing planets that have intelligent civilizations on them currently 1
2 Problem: We don t know values for any of the factors! Approach: Make educated guesses! Provides a framework for discussion! Is Intelligence Inevitable? Convergent Evolution Natural selection has produced different organisms with similar adaptations e.g. dolphins and sharks Intelligence may also be subject to natural selection! It is a favorable adaptation! Measuring Intelligence Approximate linear relationship between brain weight vs body weight Best fit straight line through the data defines an average brain mass for each body mass Organisms on this line have an Encephalization Quotient (EQ) = 1 and should have an average mental ability Organisms with EQ > 1 should be of above average intelligence Organisms with EQ < 1 should be of below average intelligence Encephalization Quotients Results Human EQ = 7, Dolphin EQ = 4.5, Chimp EQ = 2.5 EQ s can be estimated for extinct species can be estimated from fossils: brain mass from volume of the cranial cavity, body mass from skeleton 2
3 EQ values have increased over time! Development of intelligence may well be inevitable! What is the best way to communicate over interstellar distances? Radio Waves! Advantages: Travels at the speed of light, c Can travel through the vacuum of space Not affected by interstellar gas and dust Cheap and easy to produce Any advanced civilization should have come to the same conclusion! A Radio Telescope Requirements for Successful Detection 3
4 Signal will be centered at frequency, with a bandwidth of Radio telescope must be pointed in the correct direction and listening at the time the signal reaches the Earth! Radio Telescope Parameters The bandpass of the telescope must be matched with to the bandwidth of the signal Summary Telescope pointed towards source Telescope taking data when signal arrives Signal within telescope band Telescope bandpass similar to signal bandwith Radio Region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum is very wide! At which frequency might a signal be sent? Basic requirement: Signal should be sent at a frequency universally significant to all intelligent civilizations! 4
5 21 cm Radiation from Neutral Hydrogen Atoms The Cosmic Water Hole H line = 1420 MHz, OH (hydroxyl) line = 1720 MHz What bandwidth will be used? bandwidth information carried Narrow bandwidths easier to detect! Conclusion: Will most likely be a strong, narrow bandwidth signal carrying simple information! Reasonable estimate: = 0.1 Hz How many channels will need to be searched? #channels = band / bandpass Example: How many channels will need to be searched in the water hole between the hydrogen line at 1420 MHz and the hydroxyl line at 1720 MHz if the bandpass is 0.1 Hz? #channels = ( ) x 10 6 Hz / 0.1 Hz 3 billion channels! Technological Requirements Need special receivers capable of monitoring many channels simultaneously! Generate enormous amounts of data for analysis! Where should we look first? Nearby solar-type stars! 5
6 Types of Signal Intentional signal beacons Interception of local communication signals leaking out into space e.g. radio and TV signals Interception of communication signals between civilizations Internal communication signals are likely to be very weak! Conclusion: Best chance is to detect strong intentional signal beacons! The Earth s Radio Bubble Radio signals expand out from the Earth at the speed of light We have only been transmitting strongly since the 1950 s The maximum distance that our signals have reached is referred to as our radio bubble. Radio bubble is currently 50 light years in radius Intensity falls of as inverse square of distance There are only a few dozen stars within 50 ly of the earth! What format will the signal be in? Needs to be in a Universal language! Most likely: a series of binary (on and off) pulses (bits) like Morse Code (dots and dashes): This is the simplest possible way to send a signal and would be easily recognized by another civilization The signal would need to be repeated over and over again for a long time period! The Wow signal! August 1977 The Arecibo Message In 1974 we sent a 3 minute intentional signal at 2400 MHz from the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico Message Recipient The globular star cluster, M13 which is 21,000 light years from Earth 6
7 Message Format The message consisted on 1679 binary digits: Why 1679 bits? Arrange bits into 73 rows and 23 columns A Pictogram! 1679 is the product of the two prime numbers 23 and 73 Prime numbers are numbers which are only divisible by themselves and one Any advanced civilization should realize this and think to organize the bits into a 2-dimensional array of 23 x 73 bits or 73 x 23 bits! The Population of the Earth at the time the message was sent Numbers 1-10 in binary Atomic numbers of C, H, O, N and P Formulas for the sugars and bases making up DNA The double helix of DNA and the number of nucleotides it contains An image of a human and its height The solar system with the Earth identified A picture of the Arecibo Telescope The diameter of the Arecibo Telescope Will the Message Eventually be Received? Will have to wait at least another 42,000 years! Message was only broadcast for 3 minutes! Signal will be extremely weak after traveling 21,000 years! Globular clusters contain old, low mass stars with few heavy elements! My Interstellar Greeting bits = 23 x 47 7
8 Kardashev Advanced Civilization Types Type I (Planetary): Use the entire resources of their home planet Type II (Stellar): Control the entire resources of their parent star Type III (Galactic): Control the entire resources of their home galaxy We are currently Type 0.7 civilization! Detecting Type II Civilizations State of SETI Research SETI program is no longer funded by the government Currently supported by private organizations e.g. The Planetary Society and private donors A Dyson Sphere The Allen Telescope Array 350 radio telescopes to be sited at Hat Creek, CA in Lassen National Forest 8
9 Radio SETI Programs Two types of search: Targeted Searches look at the most likely locations e.g. towards solar-type stars Sky Surveys random sweeps of the sky Optical SETI Programs Send or receive binary streams of short, intense pulses visible laser radiation Only effective over short distances (a few 1000 ly) due to interstellar absorption What if we detect a signal? Declaration of Principles Concerning Activities Following the Detection of Extraterrestrial Intelligence Confirm the signal is genuine Independently confirm by other scientists Inform national authorities Inform major scientific and political organizations Inform the public Data should made available to the international scientific community Signal should be continuously monitored and data stored for analysis Signal frequencies should be protected from interference No immediate response should be sent 9
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