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1 WiFi and WCDMA Network Design Robert Akl, D.Sc. College of Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering
2 Outline WiFi Access point selection Traffic balancing Multi-Cell WCDMA with Multiple Classes User modeling using 2D Gaussian distribution Intra-cell and inter-cell interference and capacity 2/46
3 3/46 WiFi Outline IEEE overview IEEE network design issues Optimal access point selection and traffic allocation Overlapping-channel Interference Factor Optimal channel assignment Numerical results
4 4/46 IEEE Overview Transmission medium Formed in 1990 for wireless LANs Unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical bands 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz (1997) 2.4 GHz, 1Mbps a (1999) 5 GHz, 54 Mbps b (1999) 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps g (2003) 2.4 GHz, 54 Mbps
5 IEEE Design Issues Designing includes two major components: Placement of access points Coverage Ample bandwidth Channel assignment Minimize adjacent channel interference Minimize overlapping-channel 5/46
6 6/46 Designing wireless LANs Creation of service area map Placement of candidate APs Creation of signal level map Selection of the APs from candidate APs Assignment of radio frequencies to APs
7 A service area map for a three story building with 60 demand clusters 7/46
8 A signal level map for a three story building with 14 APs 8/46
9 Candidate AP assignment graph for 14 APs and 20 demand clusters 9/46
10 AP Selection and traffic allocation Optimization Problem x ij = a binary variable; 1 when demand cluster i is assigned to AP j and 0 otherwise C i = the congestion factor B i = the maximum bandwidth of AP i T i = the average traffic load of a demand cluster i L = total number of demand cluster M = total number of candidate APs 10/46
11 Numerical Analysis Parameters 20 demand clusters and 14 APs in a three story building Number of users per demand cluster = between 1 and 10 (randomly chosen) Average traffic demand per user = 200 Kbps Maximum bandwidth of AP = 11 Mbps Average traffic load of a demand cluster i (T i ) = Average traffic demand per user x number of users at demand cluster i 11/46
12 A signal level map for a three story building with 14 APs and 20 demand clusters 12/46
13 Candidate AP assignment graph 13/46
14 14/46 Average Traffic Load T 1 1,600 Kbps T 11 1,400 Kbps T 2 2,000 Kbps T 12 2,000 Kbps T Kbps T 13 1,800 Kbps T 4 1,800 Kbps T Kbps T 5 1,200 Kbps T Kbps T Kbps T 16 2,000 Kbps T Kbps T Kbps T Kbps T Kbps T 9 1,800 Kbps T Kbps T 10 1,600 Kbps T Kbps
15 15/46 Results of the optimization AP selection graph
16 16/46 Optimal Access Point Selection and Traffic Allocation
17 Congestion factor of 14 APs with 15, 20, 25, and 30 demand clusters 17/46
18 Average congestion across the networks as the number of demand clusters is increased 18/46
19 19/46 Channel Assignment Problem Frequency and channel assignments Channels Frequency Channels Frequency GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz
20 20/ b Channel Overlap Rooms in Party (11 rooms) Blue noise from room 1 Red noise from room 6 Yellow noise from room 11 Only 3 quite rooms available; 1, 6, and 11
21 Only 3 non-overlapping channels: 1, 6, and / b Channel Overlap
22 22/46 Overlapping-channel Interference Factor Relative percentage gain in interference between two APs as a result of using overlapping channels. F i = the channel assigned to AP i c = the overlapping channel factor, which is 1/5 for b For example if we used channels 1 and 2 we would have 80% interference Channels 1 and 5 would have 20% interference Channels 1 and 6 would have 0% interference
23 23/46 Types of Channel Interference Adjacent channel interference: inversely proportional to the distance raised to path loss exponent Co-channel interference: directly proportional to the overlapping-channel interference factor
24 V = the total interference at AP i I ij = the relative interference that AP j causes on AP i w ij = overlapping-channel interference factor between AP i and AP j d ij = the distance between AP i and AP j m = a pathloss exponent c = the overlapping channel factor 24/46 Channel Assignment Optimization Problem
25 25/46 Channel Assignment using channels 1, 6, and 11 only AP Channel Interference AP Channel Interference
26 Channel Assignment Map using channels 1, 6, and 11 only 26/46
27 27/46 Optimal Channel Assignment AP Channel Interference AP Channel Interference
28 Optimal Channel Assignment Map 28/46
29 The relative interference of APs when using only channels 1, 6, and 11 and optimal assignment 29/46
30 Average interference across the networks as the number of APs is increased 30/46
31 31/46 WiFi Results Our Access Point Selection optimization balances the load on the entire network By minimizing the bottleneck APs, we can get better bandwidth utilization for the whole network, which result in higher throughput We define an overlapping-channel interference factor that captures the interference in overlapping channels. Our Channel Assignment optimization minimizes the interference at each AP By optimally using more than just the 3 non-overlapping channels, the average interference across the network can be reduced
32 32/46 WCDMA Outline Introduction to CDMA networks Calculation of Intra-cell interference in CDMA Calculation of Intra-cell interference in WCDMA with multiple classes of users. User modeling using 2D Gaussian Distribution Capacity analysis Numerical results
33 Frequency Frequency 33/46 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Overview Multiple access schemes FDMA TDMA CDMA Call 4 Call 3 Call 10 Call 11 Call 12 Call 7 Call 8 Call 9 Frequency Call 1 Call 2 Call 3 Call 4 Call 2 Call 4 Call 5 Call 6 Time Call 1 Time Call 1 Call 2 Call 3 Time Code
34 34/46 Factors Affecting Capacity Power Control c1 Pt1 c2 Pt2 Pr1 Pr2 Base Station Pt1: Power transmitted from c1 Pt2: Power transmitted from c2 Pr1: Power received at base station from c1 Pr2: Power received at base station from c2 Pr1 = Pr2 d2 d1 Distance
35 CDMA with One Class of Users I ji Relative average interference at cell i caused by n j users in cell j Cell i ri I ji I ji j m r, j x y nj E, Cj m 2 da x y r, / Aj i x y i m s 2 nj rj ( x, y) e Aj m r ( x, y) C j i da( x, y) rj Cell j where ln(10) 10 da s is the standard deviation of the attenuation for the shadow fading m is the path loss exponent 35/46
36 36/46 WCDMA with Multiple Classes of Users Inter-cell Interference at cell i caused by n j users in cell j of class t r ( x, y) I S v n w( x, y) da( x, y) A r ( x, y) 2 ( ) m s e j ji, t t t j, t m j C i j 2 m e rj ( x, y) w( x, y) da( x, y). m A r ( x, y) ( s ) ji, t j C j i w(x,y) ji, t is the user distribution density at (x,y) is per-user (with service t) relative inter-cell interference factor from cell j to BS i,
37 37/46 Model User Density with 2D Gaussian Distribution x2 1 x w( x, y) e e , 2 1, 2 is a user density normalizing parameter means variances of the distribution for every cell own 1 T i t t i, t W t1 I S n is the total intra-cell interference density caused by all users in cell i
38 38/46 Total Inter-cell Interference Density in WCDMA M T inter 1 i tt j, t ji, t W j1, ji t1 I S n M is the total number of cells in the network T total number of services W is the bandwidth of the system
39 Signal-to-Noise Density in WCDMA t E I b St R 0 own inter it, N0 Ii Ii S R t t T M T S t 0 i, t t j, t t ji, t t W t1 j1, ji t1 N n n t St t W where N 0 R t is the thermal noise density, is the bit rate for service t t is the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required 39/46
40 Simultaneous Users in WCDMA Must Satisfy the Following Inequality Constraints T M T () t ni, t t n j, t t ji, t t ceff t1 j1, ji t1 where () t c eff W 1 Rt Rt t St N 0 t S t n it, is the minimum signal-to-noise ratio is the maximum signal power the number of users in BS i for given service t The capacity in a WCDMA network is defined as the maximum number of simultaneous users ( n1, t, n2, t,, nm, t ) for all services t 1,, T 40/46
41 41/46 Simulations Network configuration COST-231 propagation model Carrier frequency = 1800 MHz Average base station height = 30 meters Average mobile height = 1.5 meters Path loss coefficient, m = 4 Shadow fading standard deviation, σ s = 6 db Processing gain, W/R = 21.1 db Bit energy to interference ratio threshold, τ = 9.2 db Interference to background noise ratio, I 0 /N 0 = 10 db Activity factor, α = 0.375
42 Multi-Cell WCDMA Simulation Uniform User Distribution Simulated network capacity where users are uniformly distributed in the cells. The maximum number of users 2-D Gaussian approximation of users uniformly distributed in cells. 1= 2=12000, μ1=μ2=0. The maximum number of users is /46
43 Extreme Cases Using Actual Interference Non-Uniform Distribution Simulated network capacity where users are densely clustered around the BSs causing the least amount of inter-cell interference. The maximum number of users is 1026 in the 2-D Gaussian approximation of users densely clustered around the BSs. 1= 2=100, μ1=μ2=0. The maximum number of users is /46
44 Extreme Cases Using Actual Interference Non-Uniform Distribution Simulated network capacity where users are densely clustered at the boundaries of the cells causing the most amount of inter-cell interference. The maximum number of users is only 108 in the network. 2-D Gaussian approximation of users densely clustered at the boundaries of the cells. The values of 1=2=300, μ1, and μ2 are different in the different cells. The maximum 44/46
45 WCDMA Results Model inter-cell and intra-cell interference for different classes of users in multi-cell WCDMA. We approximate the user distribution by using 2-dimensional Gaussian distributions by determining the means and the standard deviations of the distributions for every cell. Compared our model with simulation results using actual interference and showed that it is fast and accurate enough to be used efficiently in the planning process of WCDMA networks. 45/46
46 46/46 Thank You!! Questions?
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