LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS"

Lynne Green
5 years ago
Views:

1 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS

2 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS G.B.Clayton Department of Physics Liverpool Polytechnic M

3 G. B. Clayton 1975 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. First published 1975 Reprinted 1977 (with corrections), 1978 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melboume New York Singapore and Tokyo ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Typeset in Great Britain by PREFACE LTD Salisbury, Wilts This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of bin ding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the sub se quent purchaser

4 Preface The manufacture of circuits in integrated form dates from about 1959; the technology had its first impact in the field of digital electronics and it is here that the most impressive developments have taken place. It is only comparatively recently, after the general acceptance of the first linear i.c.'s, the operational amplifiers. that manufacturers have turned their efforts to the development of a variety of linear integrated circuit devices. Attention has naturally been directed to the linear devices which lend themselves to an economlc utilisation of the i.c. process because of their potentially large volume production requirements. Both linear and digital i.c.'s simplify the design of electronic systems, they free the engineer from much detailed design work and allow hirn to concentrate on the problems of the total system. In a rapidly expanding subject like electronic measurements there is always a difficulty in keeping in touch with the newer devices and techniques that are available. This book is an attempt to remedy the situation, it highlights those linear integ~ated circuit devices that are likely to be of most use in signal measurement and processing systems and shows how they can be used to perform the functional operations. A practical approach is emphasised throughout the book. This is intended to encourage the reader to try out the devices for hirnself. Linear integrated circuit manufacturers strive to make their products with the greatest possible user convenience. The era of 'plug it in and it plays' has almost arrived. It is now possible, using linear i.c.'s, to build electronic systems to a degree of complexity and precision of operation not formerly possible with discrete component systems. Even in systems formerly implemented using discrete components the use of i.c.'s and modules will invariably be found to provide overall cost/ performance advantages. There are savings in component costs when compared with discrete component designs of equivalent performance. there are also cost savings in assembly, inventory, incoming inspection, maintenance, etc. Performance advantages do not rest only in electrical performance but include mechanical performance, environmental performance (the effect of temperature, humidity-etc.) and reliability performance. The most widely used linear integrated circuit is the operational amplifier;

5 vi the operational amplifier is likely to remain in the forefront of linear system design for some considerable time, until perhaps the individual i.c.'s in measurement systems are absorbed in large scale integrations of the complete system. The applications of operational amplifiers are many and varied: they have been treated in two other books by the author 1,2. In this book the applications of operational amplifiers as measurement amplifiers and the use of operational amplifiers in active filter circuits are dealt with. The remainder of the book is concerned with the more recently introduced linear integrated circuits, monolithic integrated circuit modulators, four quadrant multipliers, timers, waveform generators and phase locked loops. The book describes the principles underlying the operation of the devices and their applications in performing so me of the functions required in signal measurement and processing systems. Numerical exercises are included at the end of each chapter of the book. The exercises are designed to test comprehension and to give familiarity with design equations and with the order of magnitude of the components that are used in practical device applications. The book should prove useful to both the practising experimental scientist and the undergraduate student in a scientific or engineering discipline. The practical approach which it adopts should serve as a balance to the rather intensive theoretical treatment given in many undergraduate courses in electronic engineering. Acknowledgements are made to the following manufacturers for information provided In their techmcalliterature: Analog Devices, Motorola, Signetics, Burr Brown, Fairchild Semiconductor, R.C.A., Exar, Silicon General. GBe References 1. G.B. Clayton Operational Ampli[iers Butterworth London (1971) 2. G.B. Clayton /!'xperiments with Operational Ampli[iers Macmillan (1975)

6 Contents I Measurement Circuits l.l Exercises 1 Differential Amplifiers for Measurement Applications 2 One Amplifier Differential Circuit 2 Further Differential Circuits 4 An Integrated Circuit Instrumentation Amplifier 9 Modifying the Output Characteristics of an Instrumentation Amplifier 14 Use of Sense and Reierence Terminals 14 When is a Differential Measurement Amplifier Required? 17 Floating Network Measurements 23 Bridge Read-out Amplifiers 24 Photo-cell Amplifiers 30 Photo-Voltaic Cell Amplifiers 30 Photo-Diode Amplifier 31 Photo-Conductive Cell Amplifier 31 Charge Amplifiers 32 Capacitive Transducer Amplitier 34 Voltage and Current Meter Circuits 39 D.C. Voltage Measurements 40 D.C. Current Measurement 41 A.C. Measurements Some Signal Processing Applications Active Filters Using Operationa1 Amplifiers Low Pass Active Filters High Pass Active Filters Band Pass Active Filters VCVS Band Pass Filter A Negative Inmittance Converter Band Pass Filter Filter Realisations Using Analogue Computer Techniques

7 viii Exercises 2 Band Reject Filters Twin 'T' Band Rejections Filters Practical Considerations Governing the Choice of Q Multipole Filters Different Types of Response Some Filter Designs 3 Monolithic Timing and Waveform Generator Devices Monolithic Timing Circuits The 555 Timer, Free running Operation The 555 Timer, Monostable Operation Sequential Timing Keyed Oscillator Fixed Frequency Variable Duty Cycle Oscillator 3.2 Monolithic Waveform Generators The 566 Waveform Generator Single Cycle and Gated Operation of the The 566 Used as a Ramp Generator Asymmetrical Waveforms with the F.M. Generation with two 566's The Intersill 8038 Waveform Generator Frequency Modulation and Frequen~y Sweeping of the 8038 Exercises Variable Transconductance Devices 4.1 The Variable Transconductance of a Bipolar Transistor 4.2 Using Variable Transconductance for Gain Contral 4.3 Controlled Gain 1.c. Devices Controlled Operational Amplifiers The Gate Controlled, Two Channel, Wide Band Amplifier type MC Balanced Modulators The Balanced Modulator type SG The Balanced Modulator type MC Variable Transconductance Linear Multipliers Exercises

8 ix 5 Variable Gain Devices - Practical Considerations Exercises 5 Controlled Operational Amplifiers The Two ChanneI, Gate controlled Wide Band Amplifier, type 1545 Parameter Measurements for the 1545 Device Applications of the 1545 Device Modulator Applications Modulation Processes Modulator Circuits Four Quadrant Linear Multipliers - Practical Considerations and Applications Practical Multipliers - Departures from Ideal Behaviour Feedthrough and Offsets Scale Factor and Scale Factor Errors Multiplier Non-Linearity Total D.C. Error Multiplier Test Circuits Basic Circuit Arrangements Measurement of Input Offsets and Bias Currents Measurement of Non-Lineanty Frequency Response Characteristics Multiplier Applications Squaring, Dividing, Square Rooting Mean Square and Root Mean Square Power Measurement Automatie Level Control Applications Voltage Controlled Quadrature Oscillator Further Computation Circuits Modulator/Demodulator Applications 202 Exercises Phase Locked Loops Phase Locked Loop Building Blocks The Phase Lock Loop Principle Measurement of Lock and Capture Range - Display of Capture Transient 214

9 x 7.4 Parameters Determining Lock and Capture Range Phase Detector Conversion Gain K d Low Pass Filter and Amplifier YCO Conversion Gain K o Dynamic Behaviour of the Locked Loop First Order Loop Second Order Loop Measurement of Dynamic Response Modifying the Loop Characteristics Reducing the Lock Range of the Increasing the ~ock Range of the Phase Locked Loop Applications F.M. Demodulation A.M. Demodulation Phase Modulation Frequency Synthesis Frequency Translation 244 Exercises Appendix 248 Answers to Exercises 261 Index 265

Electrical Circuits and Systems

Electrical Circuits and Systems Macmillan Education Basis Books in Electronics Series editor Noel M. Morris Digital Electronic Circuits and Systems Linear Electronic Circuits and Systems Electronic Devices