POWER AMPLIFIER II. for use with the Series 6500 Interface System POWER AMPLIFIER II

Transcription

1 Includes Teacher's Notes and Typical Experiment Results Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model CI-6502A A 2/95 POWER AMPLIFIER II (Apple II Version) for use with the Series 6500 Interface System CAUTION! CI-6552A POWER AMPLIFIER II CI-6552A POWER AMPLIFIER II ON CAUTION! WHEN LIGHT IS ON WAVEFORM IS DISTORTED. DECREASE AMPLITUDE! SIGNAL OUTPUT 0 to ±10 V 1 A MAX TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR USE WITH THE PASCO CI-6502A Power Amplifier II Power Amplifier Quick Reference Card SERIES 6500 ➄ POWER AMP 1992 PASCO scientific $10.00

2 Power Amplifier II A CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN The lightning flash with arrowhead, within an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user of the presence of uninsulated dangerous voltage within the product s enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to persons. CAUTION: TO PREVENT THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE COVER ON UNIT. NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL. The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert the user of the presence of important operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions in the literature accompanying the appliance.

3 A Power Amplifier II Table of Contents Contents page Contents page Copyright, Warranty and Equipment Return.... ii Software Copyright iii Guide to Manuals iv Equipment What the Power Amplifier II Does Software Installation Power Amplifier Program Oscilloscope Controls Triggering Menu Special Keyboard Features Using the Options Menu File Menu Options Features of the Experiment Guide Copy-Ready Experiments Experiments Numbering System Equipment Chart Lab Time Reference Chart Experiments Experiment PA: Waves on a String Experiment PA: Waves on a String Demo Experiment PA: Electrical Equivalent of Heat Experiment PA: Ohm's Law Experiment PA: Motor/Generator Efficiency I Experiment PA: Motor/Generator Efficiency II Experiment PA: Transformer Experiment PA: LR Circuit Experiment PA: RC Circuit Teachers Guide Component Layout Replacement Parts Schematic Technical Support Inside Back Cover i

4 Power Amplifier II A Copyright, Warranty and Equipment Return Please Feel free to duplicate this manual subject to the copyright restrictions below. Copyright Notice The PASCO scientific A Power Amplifier II manual is copyrighted and all rights reserved. However, permission is granted to non-profit educational institutions for reproduction of any part of the manual providing the reproductions are used only for their laboratories and are not sold for profit. Reproduction under any other circumstances, without the written consent of PASCO scientific, is prohibited. Limited Warranty PASCO scientific warrants the product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to the customer. PASCO will repair or replace at its option any part of the product which is deemed to be defective in material or workmanship. The warranty does not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use. Determination of whether a product failure is the result of a manufacturing defect or improper use by the customer shall be made solely by PASCO scientific. Responsibility for the return of equipment for warranty repair belongs to the customer. Equipment must be properly packed to prevent damage and shipped postage or freight prepaid. (Damage caused by improper packing of the equipment for return shipment will not be covered by the warranty.) Shipping costs for returning the equipment after repair will be paid by PASCO scientific. Equipment Return Should the product have to be returned to PASCO scientific for any reason, notify PASCO scientific by letter, phone, or fax BEFORE returning the product. Upon notification, the return authorization and shipping instructions will be promptly issued. ä NOTE: NO EQUIPMENT WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR RETURN WITHOUT AN AUTHORIZATION FROM PASCO. When returning equipment for repair, the units must be packed properly. Carriers will not accept responsibility for damage caused by improper packing. To be certain the unit will not be damaged in shipment, observe the following rules: ➀ The packing carton must be strong enough for the item shipped. ➁ Make certain there are at least two inches of packing material between any point on the apparatus and the inside walls of the carton. ➂ Make certain that the packing material cannot shift in the box or become compressed, allowing the instrument come in contact with the packing carton. Address: PASCO scientific Foothills Blvd. Roseville, CA Phone: (916) FAX: (916) techsupp@pasco.com web: ii

5 A Power Amplifier II Software Copyright Power Amplifier (Apple II) is a copyrighted program by Vernier Software, 2920 S.W. 89th Street, Portland, OR, 97225, (503) The program disk does not use any copy protection, and backup copies can be made using standard procedures. Purchasers of Power Amplifier (Apple II) are permitted to make as many copies of the program as they wish for use within their own school. Making copies for any other purpose is prohibited. Vernier Software shall have no liability or responsibility to any person or entity with respect to liability, loss, or damage caused or alleged to be caused by the use of the Power Amplifier (Apple II) software. Apple, Applesoft, AppleWorks, Apple II+, Apple IIe, Apple IIc, Apple IIc+, Apple IIGS, ImageWriter, and ImageWriter II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Grappler is a registered trademark of Orange Micro, Inc. PKASO/U is a registered trademark of Daisi Electronics, Inc. Apple Computer Inc. makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, regarding the computer software package or its merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. The exclusion of implied warranties is not permitted by some states. The above exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty provides you with specific legal rights. There may be other rights that you may have which vary from state to state. ProDOS 8 and IM.HIRES.1C00.0 are copyrighted programs of Apple Computer, Inc., licensed to Vernier Software to distribute for use only in combination with the program. Apple software shall not be copied onto another disk (except for archival purposes) or into memory unless as part of the execution of the program. When the program has completed execution, Apple software shall not be used by any other program. Floppy Disk Requirements IMPORTANT: The Software included with the PASCO Model CI-6502A Power Amplifier comes on a 5-1/4 inch floppy disk. If you require the software to be on a 3-1/2 inch floppy disk, please contact PASCO and we will send it to you at no extra charge. Address: PASCO scientific Foothills Blvd. P.O. Box Roseville, CA Phone: (916) (800) FAX: (916) NOTE: When contacting PASCO regarding this software, it may be important to provide information about the revision of your program. The version date can be found on the disk label and in the lower left corner of the title screen as the program is booted. Please record the version date for reference. Program: Power Amplifier (Apple II) Version date: iii

6 Power Amplifier II A Guide to Manuals SERIES 6500 ➀ START SERIES 6500 ➁ TECHNICAL SERIES 6500 ➂ Data Monitor SERIES 6500 ➃ Precision Timer GETTING STARTED AND EXPERIMENT GUIDE This manual is the one you use when you re setting up the Series 6500 for the first time. It will refer you to the other manuals as needed. It also contains the experiments for the Interface System. TECHNICAL MANUAL This manual contains the instructions for the installation of the hardware and the software. It also has the details of the internal operation of hardware and the internal calculations done by the software. There are tips about the software for experienced users and the technical specifications. DATA MONITOR SOFTWARE MANUAL This manual contains detailed instructions on how to operate the DATA MONITOR program for use with the analog channels. There is a Quick Reference for an abbreviated look at how the program is controlled. PRECISION TIMER SOFTWARE MANUAL This manual contains detailed instructions on how to operate the PRECISION TIMER program for use with the digital channels. There is a Quick Reference for an abbreviated look at how the program is controlled. SERIES 6500 ➄ POWER AMP POWER AMPLIFIER II MANUAL This manual is independent of the others and contains information pertaining only to the Power Amplifier II which is an optional accessory to the Interface. It contains instructions for the installation of the Power Amplifier II and the Power Amplifier software, technical specifications, and a Quick Reference to the program as well as a detailed guide to using the Power Amplifier program. It also includes a set of experiments that require the Power Amplifier II. These experiments are different from the ones in the Getting Started and Experiment Guide. iv

7 A Power Amplifier II Equipment TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR USE WITH THE PASCO CI-6502A POWER AMPLIFIER II Power Amplifier II CAUTION! CI-6552A POWER AMPLIFIER II CI-6552A ON CAUTION! WHEN LIGHT IS ON WAVEFORM IS DISTORTED. DECREASE AMPLITUDE! Power Amplifier Quick Reference Card SIGNAL OUTPUT 0 to ±10 V 1 A MAX The Power Amplifier II Model CI-6502A includes the Power Amplifier II box (CI-6552A), the Power Amplifier software program, and this manual. To install the Power Amplifier II, plug in its power cord and plug the DIN plug into Channel C of the Signal Interface Box (CI-6510). NOTE: The Power Amplifier II can also be plugged into Channel A or B, but these channels are not automatically calibrated to read the current as is Channel C. Hardware Requirements Computers: The computer hardware required to use the Power Amplifier II is an Apple II computer with at least 64K of RAM, and at least one floppy disk drive. Please note the following: ➁ An Apple IIGS and an Imagewriter printer connected to a serial port (the Apple IIGS has a built-in printer interface card). ➂ An Apple II+, IIe, or IIGS, with a Grappler printer interface card and a dot matrix printer. ➃ An Apple II+, IIe, or IIGS, with a PKASO/U printer interface card and a dot matrix printer. A printer interface card plugs into one of the slots inside the computer. The Grappler card is manufactured by Orange Micro, Inc., (714) The PKASO/U card is manufactured by Interactive Structures, (215) Filter Select Switch The CI-6552A Power Amplifier II has a filter select switch which is preset for use with the Mac65. The bandwidth at that switch position is about 100KHz, limited by the power amplifier s feedback compensation section and the load. When using the Power Amplifier II with the CI-6510 Signal Interface (Series 6500), the bandwidth needs to be limited to 1.5 KHz and the switch needs to be changed. To change the switch position push the filter select switch in the back panel slot to the left, as shown in the illustration. If the switch remains in the Mac65 position, the result will be stairstepping in the analog output waveform. How to use the Power Amplifier II Switch position for Mac65 Switch position for Series 6500 To use the output of the Power Amplifier II, connect to the banana jacks on the front of the unit. There is a power switch on the back left hand corner of the Power Amplifier II. NOTE: The CI-6502A Power Amplifier II is an accessory to the Series 6500 Interface System. The PASCO Series 6500 Interface System has an analogto-digital interface card which can be installed in an Apple II+, IIe, or IIGS computer. The Series 6500 is not compatible with the Apple IIc or IIc+ computer. Printers: The Power Amplifier program allows you to make paper copies of the graphs that are displayed on the monitor. To use this option you must have one of the following hardware configurations: ➀ An Apple II+ or Apple IIe with an Apple Super Serial Card and an Imagewriter printer. WARNING! Do not turn on the power switch until a program (either the Power Amplifier program or the Data Monitor program) has been run and the desired output voltage has been selected. When the computer is operating in ProDOS, the Power Amplifier II will output 10 Volts if the power switch is on and this could overload a circuit that might be connected to it. The software controls this voltage: The Data Monitor program sets the default voltage to zero and the Power Amplifier program sets the default AC peak voltage to 5 Volts. 1

8 Power Amplifier II A What the Power Amplifier II Does CI-6552A POWER AMPLIFIER II SIGNAL OUTPUT + ON CAUTION! WHEN LIGHT IS ON WAVEFORM IS DISTORTED. DECREASE AMPLITUDE! 0 to ±10 V 1 A MAX To Signal Interface Box CI-6510 The PASCO Power Amplifier II (CI-6552A) is an accessory to the Series 6500 which amplifies the output of the computer allowing it to be used as a controlled DC power source or an AC function generator. With the Power Amplifier II plugged into one of the analog channels of the Interface, the Power Amplifier program can be used to generate the following types of waves (up to 10 V peak at 1 A, from 0.14 Hz to 2400 Hz): sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth. NOTE: When the Power Amplifier II is operating, a green power indicator light on the front panel of the unit will be lit. There is also a red current overload light which comes on whenever the maximum current of 1 A is exceeded. If this warning light is on, the waveform is distorted and you should reduce the output voltage. The oscilloscope screen can monitor signals up to 2000 Hz but the most useful range is up to about 300 Hz since the trace cannot be stabilized above this frequency. (The Power Amplifier program can sample 22,000 data points per second on the slowest computer, which creates acceptable waves up to the 1000 Hz range.) The Power Amplifier II can also be used with the Data Monitor program to amplify the DC signal which can be output from that program. The Power Amplifier II is useful for showing phase shifts in LRC circuits, running motors to lift masses to measure efficiency, lighting light bulbs to show their non-ohmic response, and for heating water for calorimetry experiments. Anytime it is necessary to control the output signal to an experiment while simultaneously measuring the output and/or other inputs, the Power Amplifier II simplifies the procedure by eliminating the need for external power supplies and meters. This means the computer can now be used as an AC signal generator to power external circuits while the computer monitors its own output as well as other inputs. The Power Amplifier program operates in the form of an oscilloscope screen, showing the Power Amplifier II output voltage as one trace and a second trace which can either be from one of the other two channels on the Signal Interface (CI-6510) or from the output current of the Power Amplifier II itself. 2

9 A Power Amplifier II Software Installation Loading Power Amplifier onto Your Working Disk Your original Power Amplifier disk should be used only as a backup. You should copy all the files from the Power Amplifier disk to a working disk and use it. Put the original disk away in a safe place. The working disk can be a 5-1/4 inch disk, a 3-1/2 inch disk, or a hard disk. To copy the files on the Power Amplifier disk to your working disk, follow one of these procedures: If you have only 5-1/4 inch disk drives: Copy the Power Amplifier disk to a 5-1/4 inch working disk. If you have a 3-1/2 inch disk drive: Copy all of the files from the Power Amplifier program disk to a 3-1/2 inch working disk. If you have a hard disk drive: Create a subdirectory on the hard disk named PA. Copy all the files from the Power Amplifier disk to this subdirectory. Starting the Power Amplifier program: If your working copy of Power Amplifier is on a floppy disk: Place a Power Amplifier disk into drive #1 and start the computer (or, if the computer is already on, reboot by pressing [CONTROL], [OPEN APPLE], and [RESET] at the same time). If your working copy of Power Amplifier is on a hard disk: When the computer is operating in the ProDOS operating system, type [PREFIX PA];[RETURN] and then [RUN STARTUP];[RETURN]. This will start up the Power Amplifier program. If you plan to save data to disk while using Power Amplifier, have a blank, formatted ProDOS disk ready BEFORE you start to use the Power Amplifier program. Use the program FILER that is supplied with Apple computers, or a similar program (such as Copy II Plus) to format the disk. Software Registration We strongly advise you to immediately register the Power Amplifier software. Simply fill out and return the registration card to PASCO so that we can keep you informed of future upgrades. 3

10 Power Amplifier II A Power Amplifier Program The Power Amplifier program is used to amplify an AC output voltage from the computer, to monitor the output, and to monitor two other analog inputs. If the Power Amplifier II is connected to Channel C, the program will be able to display the current being supplied. The program measures the voltage across the 0.2 ohm resistor (see R6 on the Schematic at the end of this manual) that is in series with the signal output of the Power Amplifier II. This voltage is proportional to the current being delivered. It can generate sine waves, square waves, triangle waves, or sawtooth waves, having a peak voltage up to 10 V at 1 A. The range of frequencies is from 0.14 Hz to 2400 Hz. If a DC output voltage is desired, use the Data Monitor Program. See the Data Monitor manual for instructions on how to generate a DC voltage. Starting the Program NOTE: SERIES 6500 ➁ TECHNICAL For information on how to connect the PASCO Series 6500 hardware to your computer, refer to the first part of the Series 6500 Technical Manual. This part of this manual assumes that the PASCO Series 6500 Interface is already installed and that a working copy of the Power Amplifier program has been made as described earlier in this manual. WARNING! To prevent overloading the circuits that are connected to the PA II, always turn off the power switch on the Power Amplifier II before turning on the computer and do not turn the unit on until the program has been run and the desired voltage has been selected. If the power switch is ON, the Power Amplifier II will output 10 V when the computer is operating in ProDOS and it will output 5 V by default when the program is first started. When the program begins, a title screen is displayed momentarily. The program version date is displayed in the lower left hand corner of the title screen. (Please record the program version date on the Software Copyright page.) After the title screen is shown, you will be prompted to ENTER SLOT OF A/D BOARD. The default value is [2]. Enter the correct slot number and press [RETURN], or press [RETURN] to accept the default value. Using Menus in This Program Menus are used in this program in the same way they are used in many other programs. The four available menus are F - FILE, T - TRIGGERING, O - OPTIONS, and? - HELP. These will be described in detail later. To enter a menu, press the [F], [T], or [O] key, or press [SHIFT][?]. One of the choices in the first three menus will be highlighted. This is the default selection. Press [RETURN] to accept the default. You can make a different selection from the menu in two ways. ➀ Type the letter that appears in the left column of the menu item and then press [RETURN]. ➁ Use the arrow keys to move through the selections until the one you want is highlighted and then press [RETURN]. Either the down or right arrow key can be used to move down and either the up or left arrow key can be used to move up. The menu wraps around so that you can go down from the bottom back up to the top. Pressing the [ESC] key will cause the program to return to the previous screen. If you press [ESC] while the oscilloscope screen is displayed, the F - FILE menu will appear. 4

11 A Power Amplifier II Entering Values You will occasionally need to enter a numeric value. A standard format is used. A default value is displayed. To accept the default value, press [RETURN]. If you wish to enter something different, use the following editing keystrokes: [KEY] [RESULT] [ ] deletes the character to the left of the cursor [delete] deletes the character to the left of the cursor [control][d] deletes the character to the left of the cursor [control][x] deletes all characters (start over from scratch) [control][z] restores the default characters (start over from the default entry) [ESC] exits to the previous screen After editing, enter the value and press [RETURN]. To use one of the control commands, hold down the [CONTROL] key while pressing the other key. The number of characters allowed is limited in some cases, and if you try to enter too many characters the computer will beep. Power Amplifier Oscilloscope Screen After pressing [RETURN], a screen similar to an oscilloscope screen will appear (see Figure below). Initially the output wave is set to be a 100 Hz, 5 V sine wave. The settings displayed at the bottom of the oscilloscope screen are the VIEW: (input, output, or both), horizontal sweep speed (in milliseconds per division), OUTPUT: (frequency in Hertz), waveform amplitude (in Volts) and type (sine, square, etc.), CHANNEL being displayed (A, B, or C), sensitivity (in Volts per division) for the IN: (input) and OUT: (output), and the TRIGGER: selection (on output at a set voltage, on input going high, etc.). The start-up settings are as follows: VIEW: INPUT horizontal sweep speed = 2 MS/DIV OUTPUT: HZ waveform amplitude = 5 V waveform type = SINE CHANNEL C sensitivity for both input and output = 2 (in V/DIV) TRIGGER: ON OUTPUT AT 0 VOLTS In the lower right hand corner is the?: HELP option. VIEW: INPUT 2 MS/DIV OUTPUT: HZ 5V SINE CHANNEL C V/DIV IN: 2 OUT: 2 TRIGGER: ON OUTPUT AT 0 VOLT?: HELP 5

12 Power Amplifier II A OSCILLOSCOPE CONTROLS The Power Amplifier program operates like an oscilloscope. The vertical gain and the horizontal sweep speed can be adjusted from the keyboard. To Change Oscilloscope Settings View: The trace of voltage vs. time being displayed can be switched from INPUT to OUTPUT or from INPUT to BOTH (input and output) by pressing [V]. When the horizontal sweep speed is 20 ms/div or faster, the choice of view is limited to INPUT or OUTPUT (only one trace on the screen at a time). When the horizontal sweep speed is 50 ms/div or slower, the choice of view is INPUT or BOTH. Remember that if the Power Amplifier II is connected to Channel C of the Series 6500 Interface, the INPUT trace of voltage vs. time is proportional to the current being delivered by the Power Amplifier II. In this situation, if BOTH is selected by pressing [V], one trace will show the output voltage vs. time while the other trace is proportional to the output current vs. time. Horizontal Sweep Speed: This is the rate at which the voltages are plotted across the screen. To change the sweep speed, use the left arrow [ ] and right arrow [ ]. The available sweep speeds are (in milliseconds/division): 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, There are 10 horizontal divisions shown on the screen. Selected Channel: To change the channel being displayed, press [A] for Channel A, or [B] for Channel B, or [C] for Channel C. Gain for Selected Input Channel: This is the scale used for the vertical axis of the input channel. Use the up arrow [ ] and down arrow [ ] to change the vertical gain. The available vertical scales are (in Volts/division): , 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2. There are 10 vertical divisions shown on the screen. The up arrow increases the sensitivity, or makes the displayed trace appear larger. The down arrow decreases the sensitivity, or makes the display appear smaller. NOTE: The [ ] and [+] keys perform the same function as the up/down arrow keys. On an Apple II+, use these keys to adjust the sensitivity. Gain for the Output Voltage: This is the scale used for the vertical axis for the output voltage. Use the [K] and [L] keys to adjust this gain. The available vertical scales are (in Volts/division): , 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2. The [L] key increases the sensitivity, or makes the displayed trace appear larger (think [L] = Larger). The [K] key decreases the sensitivity, or makes the displayed trace appear smaller (think [K] = shrink). TRIGGERING MENU The triggering determines when the next sweep of the screen is made once one sweep has ended. To change the triggering, press [T] to select the triggering menu. Then choose from the following choices by moving the cursor to the option and only pressing the letter or zero and then pressing [RETURN]: [0] - ON INPUT AT VOLTS [V] - ON INPUT AT ANOTHER VOLTAGE [O] - ON OUTPUT AT VOLTS (default selection) [U] - ON OUTPUT AT ANOTHER VOLTAGE [S] - [SPACE BAR] [N] - NO TRIGGERING [R] - RETURN TO SCOPE [ ] - ON INPUT AT VOLTS The sweep will begin when the input voltage reaches zero going from negative to positive. [V] - ON INPUT AT ANOTHER VOLTAGE When this choice is selected, you will be prompted to ENTER THE TRIGGER VOLTAGE BETWEEN -5 AND 5. The default setting is. The sweep will begin when the input voltage increases to the entered value. [O] - ON OUTPUT AT selection) VOLTS (default The sweep will begin when the output voltage reaches zero going from negative to positive. [U] - ON OUTPUT AT ANOTHER VOLTAGE When this choice is selected, you will be prompted to ENTER THE TRIGGER VOLTAGE BETWEEN -5 AND 5. The default setting is. The sweep will begin when the output voltage increases to the entered value. 6

13 A Power Amplifier II [S] [SPACE BAR] The program will wait until the [SPACE BAR] is pressed to begin a sweep. [N] NO TRIGGERING Selecting the No Triggering option means that as soon as the program completes one sweep across the oscilloscope display, it will begin the next sweep. This option is useful when you have no idea what the input signal is like, and you want to be sure that something appears on the screen. This will always produce a trace if there is an input signal, but the trace may not be stable. This option is also used whenever a steady or slowly changing voltage source is connected to the channel. [R] RETURN TO SCOPE Press [RETURN] while on this option to return to the oscilloscope screen. [?] HELP MENU Press [SHIFT][?] at the oscilloscope screen to get instructions on key functions. The first HELP SCREEN shows the following: TO ADJUST THE SCOPE SETTINGS: LEFT/RIGHT ARROWS: ADJUST SWEEP SPEED UP/DOWN ARROWS: ADJUST INPUT V/ DIV +/- : ADJUST INPUT V/DIV L: ADJUST OUTPUT V/DIV A/B/C: SET INPUT CHANNEL X: TOGGLE X VS Y MODE V: TOGGLE WAVE VIEW TO ADJUST THE OUTPUT FREQUENCY: [<],[>] : COARSE ADJUSTMENT [,] OR [.] : FINE ADJUSTMENT TO ACCESS MENUS: F : FILE OPTIONS T : TRIGGERING OPTIONS O : OTHER OPTIONS? : HELP (THIS SCREEN) PRESS [RETURN] FOR NEXT SCREEN The next HELP SCREEN shows the following: TO EXPERIMENT WITH HARMONICS: 0 : MARK CURRENT FREQUENCY 1 : RETURN TO MARKED FREQUENCY 2 : SET FREQUENCY TO 2 TIMES MARKED 3 : SET FREQUENCY TO 3 TIMES MARKED etc. 9 : SET FREQUENCY TO 9 TIMES MARKED SHIFT-2 : SET FREQUENCY TO 1/2 TIMES MARKED SHIFT-3 : SET FREQUENCY TO 1/3 TIMES MARKED OTHER COMMANDS: H : HOLD SCREEN Q : QUIT PRESS [RETURN] TO RETURN TO SCOPE SPECIAL KEYBOARD FEATURES [H] - Holding Pressing [H] while viewing the oscilloscope screen will freeze the screen. To set the screen in motion again, press [H] again, or [RETURN], or [ESC]. [X] - X vs Y Mode Pressing [X] while viewing the oscilloscope display will switch the display to XY plotting, or input (Channel A) vs. output (Channel C) rather than voltage vs. time. The output is plotted on the horizontal axis, and the sensitivity is controlled by the [K] and [L] keys. The input is plotted on the vertical axis, and the sensitivity is controlled by the up/down arrow keys. To return to the regular oscilloscope display, press [X] again. To exit from the display to the File menu, press [RETURN] or [ESC]. [V] - View Pressing [V] will change (toggle) the trace being viewed from INPUT (the default selection) to BOTH (meaning input and output traces) if the horizontal sweep speed is 20 ms/div or slower, or from INPUT to OUTPUT if the horizontal sweep speed is 20 ms/div or faster. 7

14 Power Amplifier II A [Q] - Quit Pressing [Q] will quit the program. DO YOU REALLY WANT TO QUIT? will appear. The default selection is [NO]. To quit, select [YES] and press [RETURN]. QUIT TO PRODOS will appear. The default selection is [YES]. If you press [RETURN], the screen will show /PA/ in the upper left corner and the choices PRODOS and BASIC.SYSTEM. (If you press [RETURN], the program will be rebooted.) Harmonics The Harmonics feature allows you to mark a particular frequency as the fundamental frequency and then step through the harmonics simply by pressing numbers. ➀ Press zero [0] to mark the output wave that is currently on screen as the fundamental frequency. The computer will keep this frequency as the marked frequency until zero is entered again while a different frequency is being displayed. ➁ Once the fundamental frequency has been marked, press [2] to change the output frequency to twice the marked frequency. ➂ Pressing [3] through [9] will step the frequencies through 3 times the marked frequency to 8 times the marked frequency. ➃ Press [1] anytime it is desired to return to the marked frequency. ➄ Pressing [SHIFT];[2] will change the output frequency to 1/2 the marked frequency and pressing [SHIFT];[3] will change the frequency to 1/3 the marked frequency. This works for 2 through 9. Power Amplifier Output Controls The controls for changing the way the output wave looks on the oscilloscope screen were discussed in the previous section. This section discusses how to change the output wave itself. In general, it is necessary to enter the Options menu to make a change in the output wave. However, the frequency of the output wave may be changed either by entering the Options Menu or directly from the keyboard. To control the frequency of the output wave from the keyboard, press the, or. ([COMMA] or [PERIOD]) keys. To change the frequency by larger increments, press the [<],[>] keys ([SHIFT] plus comma or [SHIFT] plus period. The fine adjustment will change the frequency by about one percent. The coarse adjustment will change the frequency by about 12% when frequency is being increased and by about 14% when frequency is being decreased. Coarse Adjustment: Fine Adjustment: Decrease Frequency: <, Increase Frequency: >. 8

15 A Power Amplifier II USING THE OPTIONS MENU To enter the Options menu, press [O] and the following menu will appear. The waveform will be changed and the user is returned to the Options Menu. The types of waves available are shown as follows: OTHER OPTIONS A - SET OUTPUT AMPLITUDE W - SET OUTPUT WAVEFORM F - SET OUTPUT FREQUENCY G - TURN BACKGROUND GRID ON R - RETURN TO SCOPE (default selection) TYPE LETTER OR USE THE ARROW KEYS THEN PRESS [RETURN] [ESC] TO RESUME SCOPE Q-Square Wave S-Sine Wave NOTE: Whenever a menu is activated, the output of the Power Amplifier is set to zero until the user returns to the oscilloscope screen. This is to prevent voltage spikes which might damage circuits. Navigating within the Menus: To position the cursor at a particular selection in the menu, you may use the [ ] and [ ] keys or you may press the letter that corresponds to the selection. To escape from a procedure, press the [ESC] key. This will take you back to the previous choice or to the oscilloscope display. [A] SET OUTPUT AMPLITUDE: To change the amplitude of the wave, press [A]. The default setting for output amplitude is 5 Volts. To delete this, use the left arrow key [ ], [CONTROL][D], or [CONTROL][X]. Enter the new amplitude and press [RETURN]. This new amplitude will take effect when the user returns to the oscilloscope screen. [W] SET OUTPUT WAVEFORM: The type of wave can be selected by pressing [W];[RETURN]. When the waveform sub-menu appears, press the letter corresponding to the desired waveform and press [RETURN]. SET OUTPUT WAVEFORM S SINE WAVE (default selection) Q SQUARE WAVE W SAWTOOTH WAVE T TRIANGLE WAVE R RETURN TO PREVIOUS MENU 9 T-Triangle Wave R-Sawtooth Wave [F] SET OUTPUT FREQUENCY: The output frequency can be changed directly from the keyboard as previously discussed. The frequency can also be changed to a specific number by entering the Options Menu. To specify a specific frequency, press [F].The current frequency will be displayed. To delete the current frequency, press [CONTROL] [X]. You may also use the left arrow key or press [CONTROL][D] to delete one character at a time. Then enter the frequency and press [RE- TURN]. NOTE: To return to the default frequency, press [CONTROL][Z]. When you return to the oscilloscope screen, the wave will have the new frequency. [G] TURN BACKGROUND GRID ON: When this option is turned on, there will be a background grid on the oscilloscope screen. This is helpful when measurements are made directly from the screen. To turn the grid on or off, press [G];[RETURN]. [R] RETURN TO SCOPE: Press [R];[RETURN] to return to the oscilloscope screen. When the computer returns to the oscilloscope screen, all changes that were made to the output wave are in effect and the output wave, which was turned off while the menu was being used, will now be turned on again.

16 Power Amplifier II A FILE MENU OPTIONS The File Menu is used to manipulate and save data, to print screens and graphs, and to quit the program. To enter the File Menu, press [F] and this menu will appear: FILE OPTIONS T - DATA TABLE P - PRINT DATA S - SAVE DATA O - PRINT SCREEN F - EXPORT SCREEN Y - SET PRINTER SLOT Z - SAVE CONFIGURATION A - ABOUT PROGRAM Q - QUIT PROGRAM R - RETURN TO SCOPE (default seletion) [T] - DATA TABLE When this option is selected, the data on the oscilloscope screen is stored in memory. This may take several seconds. The complete data table with row numbers, times, and readings from one or both traces displayed on the oscilloscope will be shown. Use the arrow keys to scroll one row of data at a time, or press [ESC] to exit. [P] - PRINT DATA When this option is selected, you will be prompted to make sure that the printer is ready. Then press [RETURN] to make a paper copy of the data table. SERIES 6500 ➁ TECHNICAL NOTE: Check the Hardware Requirements section of this manual for information about printers. Or, check the Series 6500 Technical Manual for more information. A Quick Summary of ProDOS Filename Rules: A filename must begin with a letter. A filename may include only letters, numbers, and periods (no spaces or hyphens). A filename may have no more than 15 characters. All ProDOS filenames use upper case letters. If you enter a filename in lower case letters, it will automatically be converted to upper case by ProDOS. If you enter a name starting with anything other than [/], the name you enter is added onto the current prefix to form the complete pathname. If you enter a name starting with a [/], that entry by itself is taken as the complete pathname. Data saved in this manner can be modified by data analysis programs such as Vernier s Graphical Analysis program. [O] - PRINT SCREEN This option prints the oscilloscope screen as is. Press [O] and [RETURN] and the following sub-menu will appear: SELECT PRINTER I - IMAGEWRITER (default selection) G - GRAPPLER P - PKASO/U R - RETURN TO PREVIOUS MENU If your computer has a SuperSerial printer interface card installed, or is an Apple IIGS with a built-in printer interface, and is connected to an Imagewriter printer, select [I]. If your computer has a Grappler or PKASO/ U printer interface card installed, select [G] or [P]. [S] - SAVE DATA When you have collected a table of data that you may want to use later, you should select this option. SERIES 6500 ➁ TECHNICAL NOTE:Check the Hardware Requirements of this manual for information on compatible printer hardware, or see the Technical Manual. NOTE: If you wish to save the data onto a data disk, replace the Power Amplifier program disk with the formatted data disk. Follow the ProDOS filename rules listed as follows. Also, be sure to use a unique filename (one that has not already been used for a file on the disk). If you use a filename that has already been used, this will cause the new data to overwrite the old data. Type in the name and press [RETURN]. After the selection is made, press [RETURN] and the PRINTOUT FORMAT sub-menu will appear: 1 - SMALL GRAPH - NO FORM FEED 2 - LARGE GRAPH - NO FORM FEED 3 - SMALL GRAPH FOLLOWED BY FORM FEED 4 - LARGE GRAPH FOLLOWED BY FORM FEED R - RETURN TO PREVIOUS MENU (default selection) 10

17 A Power Amplifier II After the selection is made, you will be prompted to BE SURE PRINTER (SLOT #1) IS READY, THEN PRESS [RETURN]. When the printing is complete, the program returns to the File menu. [F] - EXPORT SCREEN This option allows you to save the high-resolution graphics screen containing the oscilloscope display as a file for later use. This type of file cannot be used again by Power Amplifier, but may be used by other graphics programs. Examples include programs that allow you to paint on the screen using a mouse. These programs can be used to add notes, arrows, etc., to the screen. When saving the screen on disk, you will be prompted to SELECT A FILENAME FOR THE SCREEN:. NOTE: If you wish to save the screen onto a data disk, replace the Power Amplifier program disk with the formatted data disk. Follow the ProDOS filename rules listed previously. Also, be sure to use a unique filename (one that has not already been used for a file on the disk). If you use a filename that has already been used, this will cause the new data to overwrite the old data. Type in the name and press [RETURN]. If you wish to save the configuration, select [YES] and press [RETURN]. The current settings will be saved and will be used the next time the program is started. The program returns to the File Menu after the configuration is saved. [A] - ABOUT PROGRAM This selection causes a screen of information about the Power Amplifier program to be displayed. It gives a telephone number to call for more information. Press [RETURN] to return to the File Menu. [Q] - QUIT PROGRAM To quit the program, press [Q][RETURN]. DO YOU REALLY WANT TO QUIT? will appear. The default selection is [NO]. To quit, select [YES] and press [RETURN]. Note that you can also quit the program while in the oscilloscope display by pressing [Q]. After the screen is saved, the program returns to the File Menu. Note that saving a screen on disk is not the same as saving data on disk. If you want to save data so that it can be loaded into memory at a later time, use the S - SAVE DATA option of the File Menu. [Y] - SET PRINTER SLOT This option allows you to change the printer slot number from the default setting of SLOT #1 to another value. [Z] - SAVE CONFIGURATION Use this option to cause the program to begin with different settings than the default settings. This options saves the current settings for the oscilloscope screen, the output wave, the type of printer, and type of graph. This will customize your settings to your computer and your specific use of the Power Amplifier program. After you select [Z][RETURN], you will be prompted to SAVE CONFIGURATION, ARE YOU SURE? The default selection is [NO]. 11

18 Power Amplifier II A Features of the Experiment Guide Time Chart This is an estimate of the time it will take students to complete each lab. Each experiment s length is rated as Short (0.5 to 1 hours), Medium (1 to 2 hours), or Long (2 to 3 hours). Equipment Chart All the equipment required to do each experiment is listed here. In addition to the listings for all the experiments in this manual, the equipment for the Power Amplifier experiments is also listed here but the Power Amplifier experiments are found in the Power Amplifier II Manual. Notation Conventions Brackets [] used in the experiments indicate that the user should press the key indicated or use the cursor arrows to move the highlight bar to the option labeled by the letter in the brackets. Type followed by one or more letters means that the user should type those letters. [RETURN] refers to the Return key on your keyboard. NOTE: The experiments specific to the Series 6500 Interface System without the Power Amplifier are not included in this manual. They are listed in the chart for reference only and are included in the Getting Started and Experiment Guide. SERIES 6500 ➀ START Copy-Ready Experiments The following experiments are written in worksheet form. Feel free to photocopy them for use in your lab. NOTE: The first paragraph in each experiment lists all the equipment needed to perform the experiment. Be sure to read this equipment list first, as the requirements vary with each experiment. 12

19 A Power Amplifier II Experiments Numbering System: All the experiments are numbered using a system which arranges them by subdivisions of Physics. Each experiment is labeled X.X.S, where X.X refers to the following list of subdivisions and.s is a sequential number within that subdivision which simply indicates the order in which the experiments were added to that category. (Experiments using the optional Power Amplifier are listed X.X.S.PA to differentiate them.) Pages of the individual experiments have this number on the upper right-hand corner and are also numbered sequentially at the bottom of the page. Each experiment starts with page 1 so the experiment can be pulled out of the sequence at random to be copied and used in class as a stand-alone experiment. 1. Mechanics 1.1 Methods of Measurement 1.2 Statics 1.3 Dynamics of Point Masses 1.4 Dynamics of Rotational Motion 1.5 Oscillations 1.6 Waves 1.7 Acoustics 1.8 Fluids 2. Heat 2.1 Thermal Expansion 2.2 Heat Transfer 2.3 Heat Capacity 2.4 Phase Transitions 2.5 Kinetic Theory of Gases 2.6 Thermodynamic Cycles 3. Electricity and Magnetism 3.1 Electrostatics 3.2 DC Circuits 3.3 Magnetism 3.4 Electromagnetism 3.5 Electromagnetic Induction 3.6 Electromagnetic Waves and Oscillations 3.7 Free Charge Carriers 4. Electronics 4.1 Electrical Measurements 4.2 Circuit Components (R,C,L) 4.3 Electronics Applications 4.4 Electronic Servo Control 4.5 Analog Computer 4.6 Digital Circuits 5. Optics 5.1 Geometrical Optics 5.2 Dispersion, Colors 5.3 Wave Optics 5.4 Polarization 5.5 Photometry, Laws of Radiation 6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics 6.1 Structure of Matter 6.2 Atomic Structure 6.3 X-Ray Physics 6.4 Nuclear Physics 7. Solid State Physics 7.1 Properties of Crystals 7.2 Energy Band Model 7.3 Dia-, Para-, and Ferro-magnetism 7.4 Magnetic Resonance 8. Applied Physics 8.1 Mechanical Engineering 8.2 Heat Pumps 8.3 Solar Energy 8.4 Motors and Generators 13

20 Power Amplifier II A Equipment Reference Chart EQUIPMENT Signal Interface (CI-6510) Power Amplifier II (CI-6502A) Voltage Sensor (CI-6503) Light Sensor (CI-6504) Temp Sensor (CI-6505) Force Sensor (CI-6511) RLC Network (CI-6512) Motor /Generator (CI-6513) DIN Adapter (CI-6515) Bar Magnet (EM-8620) Photogate (ME-9204A) Free Fall Adapt (ME-9207A) Rotational App (ME-9341) Mass Set (ME-9348/SE-8703) Lab Stand (ME-9355) Force Trans Mount (ME-9356) Univ Clamp (ME-9376A) Smart Pulley (ME-9387) Super Pulley (ME-9450) Polarizer (OS-9109) Comp Carrier (OS-9107) Volt Source (PI-9593) Function Gen (PI-9598) LRC Meter (SB-9754) Physics String (SE-8050) EXPERIMENT Free Fall Kinetic Friction Collision Rotational Inertia Conserv Ang Momentum Centrip Force Pendulum PA Waves on a String PA Waves - String Demo Interfer - Sound Waves Buoyant Force Heat Transfer Electr Equiv Heat PA Electr Equiv Heat PA Ohm's Law PA Motor/Gen Efficiency I PA Motor/Gen Efficiency II Mag Field - Perm Magnet Mag Field - Solenoid Mag Field - Helmholtz Coils Induction PA Transformer LR Circuit PA LR Circuit RC Circuit PA RC Circuit LRC Circuit PA LRC Circuit PA Diodes Polarization Light Bulb Intensity Inverse Square of Light

21 A Power Amplifier II Coils Prim/Second (SE-8653) Mass Balance (SE-8723) Lab Jack (SE-9374) Wave Cord (SE-9409) Ammeter (SE-9618) Patch Cords (SE-9750/51) Multimeter (SE-9755) Calipers (SF-8711) Air Track w/supply (SF-9214/16) Wave Driver (SF-9324) DC Power Source (SF-9582) Dual Funct Gen (WA-9301A) Speaker (WA-9303) Clamp, Rt angle Clamp, Rod Knife Switch Heat Lamp, Thermal Pads Fan Mass Set.5-2 kg Heating Resistor (P/o CI-6514) Beaker w/water, Cup Aluminum Cans (P/o CI-6514) Vegetable Oil Mass Set (SE-8705) Stl Ball Bearing Inc Light Bulb w/base Fluorescent Light Cylinder w/hook (ME-8569) Wood Block w/hook Meter Stick, Ruler 6V Battery, Flashlight Magnetic Field Sensor (CI-6520) Neodymium Magnets (EM-8621) DC Power Source (SF-9582) Helmholtz coils (SE-9638) Paper Clips, Other () () 15

22 Power Amplifier II A Lab Time Reference Chart S = Short: 1/2-1 hour M = Medium: 1-2 hours L = Long: 2-3 hours Experiment Time Reference Free Fall S Kinetic Friction L Collision M 1.4.1* Rotational Inertia M 1.4.2* Conservation of Angular Momentum S PA Waves on a String M PA Waves on a String Demonstration M Buoyant Force M Heat Transfer L Need time to heat water Electrical Equivalent of Heat M PA Electrical Equivalent of Heat PA M PA Ohm's Law M PA Efficiency of a Motor/Generator I M 2.3.1: Magnetic Field of a Perm. Magnet S 3.3.1: Magnetic Field of a Solenoi d S 3.4.1: Magnetic Field of Helmholtz Coils M PA Efficiency of a Motor/Generator II M Induction S PA Transformer M LR Circuit M PA LR Circuit M RC Circuit M PA LRC Circuit L Manual graphing PA RC Circuit M PA Diodes M Polarization M Light Bulb Intensity S Inverse Square Law of Light M (* Experiment requires Smart Pulley Timer program.) 16

23 A Section 1 Mechanics Exp Experiment PA: Waves on a String Purpose Theory EQUIPMENT NEEDED: Series 6500 Interface System Mass Hanger (SE-8703) Power Amplifier II (CI-6552A) Mass Set (SE-8704) Power Amplifier Program Meter Stick Wave Driver (SF-9324/WA-9753) (2) Banana Patch Cords (SE-9751) (10 m) Braided Physics String (SE-8050) Rod Super Pulley (ME-9450) (2 sheets) Graph Paper (2) Universal Clamp (ME-9376A) The purpose of this experiment is to study standing waves in a string and to use the relationship between the tension in the string, the frequency of oscillation, the length of the string, and the number of segments in the standing wave to find the linear mass density of the string. When a stretched string is plucked it will vibrate in its fundamental mode in a single segment with nodes on each end (see Figure 1). If the string is driven at this fundamental frequency, a standing wave will be formed. Standing waves will also be formed if the string is driven at any integer multiple of this frequency. These higher frequencies are called the harmonics (see Figure 2). ANTINODE NODE NODE L (1/2 λ) Figure 1 Fundamental Mode (First Harmonic) L ( λ) L (3/2 λ) Figure 2A Second Harmonic Each segment is equal to half a wavelength. So, in general for a given harmonic, the wavelength λ = 2L/n where L is the length of the stretched string and n is the number of segments in the string. The linear mass density of the string can be found directly by weighing a known length of the string: µ = mass/length. The linear mass density of the string can also be found by studying the relationship between the tension, frequency, length of the string, and the number segments in the standing wave. To derive this relationship, the velocity of the wave is expressed in two ways. 1 Figure 2B Third Harmonic

24 Exp PA Waves on a String A The velocity of any wave is given by v = λν, where ν is the frequency of the wave. So for a stretched string, v = 2Lν n The velocity of a wave traveling in a string is also dependent on the tension, T, in the string and the linear mass density, µ, of the string: v = T µ Setting these two expressions for the velocity equal to each other and solving for the tension gives T =(4L 2 ν 2 µ)( 1 n 2) Thus, if the tension is varied while the length and frequency are held constant, a plot of tension vs. (1/n 2 ) will give a straight line which will have a slope equal to 4L 2 ν 2 µ. So once the slope has been determined, the linear mass density of the string can be determined. The equation for the tension can also be solved for the frequency: ν = T 4L 2 µ n so that if the frequency is varied while the tension and the length are held constant, a plot of frequency vs. number of segments will give a straight line. The slope of this line can be used to calculate the linear mass density of the string. Setup ➀ Tie one end of a 2-meter long string to a rod that is clamped to the table and pass the other end of the string over a pulley that is clamped to the table. Tie a mass hanger on the end of the string that hangs over the pulley as shown in Figure 3. ➁ Insert the string in the slot on the vertical post of the Mechanical Wave Driver. You may have to tie it on. Use the banana patch cords to plug the Wave Driver into the output jacks on the Power Amplifier II. ➂ Plug the DIN plug on the Power Amplifier II into Channel C of the interface box. To avoid overloading the equipment, do not turn on the power switch on the back of the Power Amplifier II until the program has been started. SE-8050 String DIGITAL ANALOG A B C ME-9450 Pulley OUTPUT SF-9324 Wave Driver CI-6552A Power Amp II ON CAUTION! + ME-9376A Clamp Figure 3 Equipment Setup Mass 2