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1 INDIANA UNIVESITY, DEPT. OF PHYSICS, P400/540 LABOATOY FALL 2008 Laboratory #7: Comparators, Oscillators, and Intro. to Digital Gates Goal: Learn how to use special-purpose op amps as comparators and Schmitt triggers. Become familiar with the digital parts of your breadboard and begin investigating combinatorial digital gates. 1. Comparators Comparators work best with positive feedback. Before using positive feedback, let's first look at two poor comparator circuits: one using your good old 741 op amp, and the other using a special-purpose comparator chip. These circuits will perform relatively poorly; they will help you to see what's good ab the improved comparator that does use feedback. Op Amp as Comparator in 2! 7 LM !15 V Op amp as a simple comparator. You should recognize this "comparator" circuit as the very first op amp circuit you wired, where the point was to show you the amazingly high gain of the device. At that point, the excessive gain probably looked useless. Here, when we view the circuit as a comparator, the very high gain and "pinned" put are what we want. Build and drive the circuit above with a sine wave at around 100 khz, and notice that the put "square wave" is not as square as one would hope. Why not? Sketch the wave and determine if it is as you expected with your knowledge of the skew rate of the 741. Special-Purpose Comparator IC Now substitute a LM11 comparator for the 741 (note the pins are different!!) Check the schematic below, and check a typical specification sheet that I have a copy of in the lab. Does the LM11 perform better than the 741? In what way? Sketch the put wave.

2 in 2! 8 LM k LM11 comparator, but with no feedback. A side effect of the LM11's fast response is its readiness to oscillate when given a "close question", i.e., a small voltage difference between its inputs. Try to tease your LM11 into oscillating by feeding it a small sine wave with a gentle slope. If you can get it to oscillate, you will see some pretty bizarre waveforms... Good Comparator: Schmitt Trigger in 2! 8 LM k 100k The positive feedback used in the circuit above will eliminate those oscillations above. Predict the thresholds of the circuit above; then try it and describe your results. Notice that triggering stops for sine waves smaller than some critical amplitude. Explain. Measure the hysteresis. Observe the rapid transitions at the put, independent of the input waveform or frequency. Look at both comparator terminals.

3 2. C elaxation Oscillator Let's return back to the LM741 op amp (but the LM11 should work fine too.) Build the circuit below: C 2! LM !15 V Choose appropriate values of and C for this oscillator. We now have an C network in the inverting loop. This feedback signal replaces any external signal source; the circuit has no input! Here you are providing both negative and positive feedback at the same time. Sketch the put. Predict the frequency of oscillation (see your notes or text for the development) and compare your prediction with what you observe.. IC elaxation Oscillator The 555 IC chip and its derivatives have made the design of moderate frequency oscillators easy. There is seldom any reason to design an oscillator from scratch, using an op amp as we did above. Connect a 555 in the classic relaxation oscillator configuration as shown below. Look at the put. Is the frequency correctly predicted by the formula we wrote during lecture?

4 A = 4 8 B = 7 2 D T 555 V CC OUT C = 0.1 µf 6 TH G 1 Look at the waveform on the capacitor. What voltage levels does it run between? Does this make sense? eplace B with a short circuit. What do you expect to see at the capacitor? At the put? 4. Digital Electronics: Preliminary Some ground rules that should be followed when using digital logic: 1. Never apply a signal beyond the power supplies of any chip. For the logic gates that we use, that means Keep signals between 0 and +5 V. 2. Power all your circuits from +5 V and ground only. This applies equally to CMOS (although you could in principle use higher voltages) and to TTL (restricted to +5 V). Logic Probe The logic probe (we have two of them in the lab; please share!) is a device ab the size of a fat long pencil, with a cord on one end and a sharp point on the other. It tells you what logic level it sees at its point; in return, it needs to be given power (+5 V and ground) at the end of its cord. Clip the black alligator clip to ground, and the red minigrabber clip to a wire plugged into the +5 V bus.

5 Once the probe is powered, touch the tip to ground, and then to +5 V. You will be able to distinguish +5 V and ground from "float" (simply "not driven at all"; "not connected"). This ability of the probe is extremely useful. Use the probe to look at the put of the breadboard function generator when it is set to TTL. Crank the frequency up to a few khz. Does the probe wink at the frequency of the signal it is monitoring? Why not? Tour of the Digital Features of the Breadboard LED Indicators The eight LED's on the breadboard are buffered by logic gates. You can turn on a red LED with a logic HIGH, and a green LED with a logic LOW. The gate conveniently presents a high input impedance (~100 kω to ground). To appreciate the logic probe, try looking at a quick pulse train using an LED rather than the logic probe. Use the breadboard oscillator (TTL) at ab a khz. Does what you see make sense? The logic probe stretches short pulses to make them visible to our eyes. Even a pulse as short as 10 ns turns into a "wink" of ab 1/10 sec. Switches 1. Two debounced pushbuttons: these deliver an open collector put, and that means that they are capable of pulling to ground only. To let this level go to a logic HIGH, you will need to add a pullup resistor, to +5 V. Switch contacts normally "bounce", i.e., when the switch is closed, the two contacts actually separate and reconnect, typically 10 to 100 times over a period of ab 1 ms. "Debouncing" gets rid of these multiple pulses and gives a clean, single digital signal. +5 V +5 V "NO" (normally open) Debouncer Pullup resistors that need adding if want logic HIGH also "NC" (normally closed) 2. An 8-position DIP switch fed from a +5 V/0 V slide switch. The DIP switch is an in-line switch that delivers the level set by the slide switch, if closed, and nothing (a "float"; neither HIGH or LOW) if the DIP switch is open. To get 8 independent levels, you would need to add 8 pullup resistors as above.

6 . Two single-pole double-throw (SPDT) slide switches. These are on the lower right and are "bouncy". To make them useful (for the following tests), tie one end to ground and the other to +5 V, and then use the common terminal as put. You can wire these now, use them today, and then leave them wired for later use in later labs. +5 V SPDT Switch Use as input to digital gate 5. Integrated Gates: TTL and CMOS A. Output, TTL & CMOS Use the slide switches to provide 0 or +5 V to the two inputs of a NAND gate, first using a TTL chip (74LS00) and then a CMOS chip (74HC00) V CC (+5 V) GND N.B.: for the CMOS chip (but not TTL), tie all the six unused input lines to a common line, and temporarily ground that line. Now note both the logic and voltage levels, as you apply the four input combinations (only one logic- column is provided below, because here TTL and CMOS should agree you can use the breadboard LED's to determine the put logic levels) and copy this into your lab logbook. Input Output: Logic Levels Output Voltages: TTL Output Voltages: CMOS

7 B. (Floating) Input, TTL Disconnect both inputs to the NAND, and note the put logic level (from here on, we will worry only ab the only the logic levels rather than voltages). What input does the TTL "think" it sees, therefore, when its input floats? C. (Floating) Input, CMOS Tie one input to the NAND gate HIGH, tie the other to 6 inches or so of wire and leave the end of that wire floating and watch the gate's put with a logic probe as you wave your hand near the floating-input wire. Try touching your other hand, as you do this waving, to +5 V, ground, the TTL oscillator put. Hopefully this will convince you that floating CMOS inputs are less predictable than TTL inputs, although it is urged that you leave no logic inputs floating.

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