Extending Body Sensor Nodes' Lifetime Using a Wearable Wake-up Radio

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1 Extending Body Sensor Nodes' Lifetime Using a Wearable Wake-up Radio Andres Gomez 1, Xin Wen 1, Michele Magno 1,2, Luca Benini 1,2 1 ETH Zurich 2 University of Bologna

2 Introduction Headphone for auditory feedback Sink Node (SINK): Large Energy Supply Data Request via Bluetooth [1] Central Unit Gait Detection: Sink Node requests data from different sensor nodes at different times Both sensor nodes need to be on Sink node processes data to detect gait disturbances Sensor Node(S.N.): Limited Energy Supply Inertial Sensors [1] Casamassima, F.; Ferrari, A.; Milosevic, B.; Ginis, P.; Farella, E.; Rocchi, L. A Wearable System for Gait Training in Subjects with Parkinson s Disease. Sensors 2014, 14,

3 Power consumption of wearable nodes Synchronization schemes: Synchronous (duty-cycling) Asynchronous Wake-up radio shown to reduce idle power [2] Our Wake Up Radio (WUR): High sensitivity (up to -42dBm) Low power consumption (400 nw) fast reactivity (8us) Addressing capability Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Body Area Networks (BAN)? [2] Hyocheol Jeong, Jeonghyun Kim, and Younghwan Yoo Adaptive Broadcasting Method Using Neighbor Type Information in Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2011, 11(6),

4 Contributions Evaluation of WUR for BAN applications How much energy can be saved? Are there any performance trade-offs? Range/sensitivity Addressing or not addressing

5 System Architecture Bluetooth(BLU): BLU+Wake-up Radio Sensor MCU BLE Sensor MCU BLE interrupt WUR Sensor Sink P BLU Idle Listening t1 request t0 Tx Rx E IDLE,BLU E IDLE,WUR P WUR wake up Trade-off: small additional Main Radiocost, t higher latency WUR Idle listening t Sink request interrupt Tx Rx go to sleep t t t

6 Wake-up Radio Architecture WUR has two outputs: -TRIGGER: Non-addressing mode: Sensor Node 1 Sink Node -DATA: Addressing mode: Sensor Node 2 Sensor Node 3 Sensor Node 1 Sink Node address? Sensor Node 2 Magno, M.; Benini, L., "An ultra low power high sensitivity wake-up radio receiver with addressing capability," Proc. IEEE WiMob Conf Sensor Node

7 Integrated Systems Laboratory What parameters are we interested in? Range/sensitivity Packet loss: number of lost packets during transmission TRIGGER OUTPUT: Success rate for trigger (SRT): SRT = number of received triggers total number of packets 100% DATA OUTPUT: Success rate for data transmission (SR): Data error rate (DER): DER = SR = number of wrong bits total number of bits 100% number of correct packets total number of packets 100%

8 What parameters are we interested in? False positives (FP): Waking up when you don t need to Energy LOSS! Ex: Sink [Addr. A] SN1 Addr. A SN2 Addr. B False negatives (FN): Not waking up when you need to No energy loss, SINK sends new request Greater Latency Sensor Node 1 (Addr. A): if [DataReceived]==[Addr A]: True Positive Else < False Negative> Sensor Node 2 (Addr. B): if [DataReceived]==[Addr A]: True Negative if [DataReceived]==[Addr B]: < False Positive>

9 Experimental Set-Up: Sink Nodes Sink Node with low gain antenna (MSP430FR5969+CC110L) 868 MHz 1.2 Kbits/s +10 dbm OOK modulation On chip antenna (0dBi) Sink Node with low gain antenna (EM430F6137RF900) 868 MHz 1.2 Kbits/s +10 dbm OOK modulation Off chip antenna (2dBi)

10 Antenna Experimental set-up: Wearable Antennas (Sensor Node) Fxp280 Fxp14 Molex Frequency (MHz) 863 to to 896 Return Loss (db) Efficiency (%) Gain (dbi)

11 Initial Characterization Sink 10cm 315cm SN 0xD5 ( )... 0xFF ( ) 3 seconds interval 4 * 128 packets Compared TX/RX [Sink Node] Vs [Sensor Node]

12 success rate [%] Experimental Result for Trigger Output 145cm 310cm As expected, the sink node with high gain antenna reaches a larger range. Low SN with gain low sink gain nodeantenna High SN with gain high sink node gain antenna distance [cm]

13 Success Rate [%] Experimental Result for Data Output Success Rate for data transmission SN with low gain antenna SN with high gain antenna Data Error Rate [%] Low gain SN: success rate decreases dramatically after 40cm. 40 High gain SN: works well up to 3.1 m Distance [cm] 20 Data Error Rate Distance [cm] SN with low gain antenna SN with high gain antenna

14 Application scenario with CC430F6137 Payload A: address 1 Payload B: address 2 Distinguish between two feet Sink 100 packets, Molex, +10dBm, 868MHz, 1.2Kbits/s, OOK Two scenario: standing, walking 83cm Without addressing FP FN SN Left foot 50% ~0% Right foot 50% ~0%

15 Experimental Result in addressing mode Percentage(%) Standing FP FN LOSS Percentage(%) 100 FP FN LOSS 80 Walking Left foot Right foot 0 Left foot Right foot PERFECT

16 Lifetime Extension Bluetooth Bluetooth +WUR Idle power 92.4mW 400nW Tx Power 135.3mW 135.3mW Wake-up Time 3 seconds Walking Period 30 minutes Sitting Period 0-30 minutes Battery 150 mah E cycle = P idle t idle + P active t active Lifetime = C batt V cc E cycle t idle + t active

17 Summary The WUR is suitable for BAN It decreases the total energy consumption, therefore extend the lifetime of BAN But it has some trade-offs with performance/cost : Sink node s antenna / transmit power Reduced range, FNs,packet loss

18 Thank you for your attention!

19 System Architecture Bluetooth(BLU): BLU+Wake-up Radio Sensor MCU BLE Sensor MCU BLE interrupt WUR Main Radio (SEN) P BLU Idle Listening t1 Sink Node request t0 Tx Rx t t Main Radio (SEN) WUR (SEN) Sink Node P WUR wake up interrupt Idle listening request Tx Rx sleep t t t

20 Wake-up Radio Architecture Radio Frequency Wake-up radio Fully passive circuits Semi-active circuits Fully active circuits 0 power consumption x limited range/sensitivity: -25 dbm High sensitivity: -90dBm x Non-negligible power consumption: > 10 s μw Trade-off between power consumption and sensitivity Our WURxHigh sensitivity (up to -42dBm), low power consumption (400 nw), fast reactivity (8us), with addressing capability

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