The B7 Discrete Operational Amplifier Author: Tamas G. Kohalmi 7/5/2004
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1 The B7 Discrete Operational Amplifier Author: Tamas G. Kohalmi 7/5/2004 Table of Contents Part 1... pages 2-4 Part 2 pages 5-7
2 Part 1. This document describes a simple discrete operational amplifier that I have partly designed and completely built. The circuit was inspired by Nelson Pass article on DIY Opamps. I am grateful that there are people like Nelson taking time out of their schedules to share some of their knowledge and experiences with others. Also, I want to acknowledge Douglas Self who has made years worth of experience available on the web as learning material for others. And I want to thank PRR at the Lab who has helped fixing some of the problems with the design. The purpose of this circuit is to be used in low gain type circuits such as make up gain for an equalizer or a compressor. My goals for a discrete opamp were the following: Be easy and quick to build Use easily obtainable and low cost parts Operate in Class-A mode as much as possible with a 600 ohm load Have a high headroom and run off +-24V rails Provide 6dB to 26dB gain with a bandwidth of 100kHz Be stable at x2 gain in non-inverting mode First, I started with a PSICE simulation of the circuit. I aimed to set bias points for components and ensure a decent bandwidth using the simulation. After that I set out to build the circuit on a breadboard. Measurements proved that most parameters were within 20% of the predicted values of the simulation. The opamp itself is rather simple. It consists of three distinct sections: Differential amplifier on the input formed by Q1 and Q2 Voltage amplifier, Q3 Push-pull followers, Q4 and Q5 The two JFETs serve as constant current sources and are used due to their simplicity. It doesn't get much simpler than a FET and a resistor, but it provides fairly good stability. It took about an hour to build and a several hours to tune it. The parts for this opamp cost about $3 and most of the parts were obtained from Mouser Electronics. Since the parts used are currently available from many different sources I have given little thought to possible substitutions. The MPSA18 pair on the input are very high gain and low noise devices and I would not use anything else there. Other parts may be more freely swapped while retaining similar performance. I will add a few words here on the details of the circuit. The first JFET, J2, should be set to provide 4mA to the differential pair. The 330 ohm resistor between the source and the negative power supply is a good guideline, but depending on the characteristics of the FET. The second JFET, J3, should be set to provide between 7ma and 8ma. Again the 100 ohm resistor is just a starting point. You can take the JFET and a resistor (or a potentiometer) and hook them up as they are shown in the circuit, gate to negative rail, source to resistor that connects to the negative rail. Then connect the drain to the positive rail through a milliamp-meter setting the voltage at 24V rail to rail. Change the value of
3 the resistor to get the current you need. (Smaller resistor more current, larger resistor less current.) For the output transistors I picked the BC639/BC640 because they can take a little more current and dissipate a bit more heat than the average TO-92 cased transistor. They have high current gain and are relatively fast when compared to higher current devices like the BD130/BD140. The output transistors can dissipate 1W only, and they MUST be attached to heatsinks. You can see in the background of the breadboard picture the little flag looking metal bits. When building them on a PCB it is best to make sure D1 touches Q4 and D2 touches Q5. The output transistors pass from 10 to 15mA. I tested with a 600 ohm transformer and the opamp was able to swing +-21V into it before clipping, using 24V power supplies. With the transformer attached it will do about +10dB and stay in Class-A. When terminating the opamp with a 2k resistor and a mixer input it can swing 23dB and stay in Class-A all the time. There are several ways to kill this opamp. Two of the most common ones would be connecting the output to ground directly or connecting only one rail for more than a few seconds. There is no short circuit protection in it at all. (not yet) So far I have used the opamp in non-inverting mode with a 2k ohm feedback resistor and a 2k reverse log potentiometer that connects to ground through a 3300uF capacitor. I had to add a 100pF capacitor across the feedback resistor to preserve high frequency stability. I was pleasantly surprised how well a little circuit like this performed on the bench after a day s worth of fiddling with it. I would recommend it as a general purpose opamp for lighter duty tasks in the audio chain. The opamps should consume 20 to 30mA on each rail. A drastic deviation from that means something is going wrong. The following page shows the current circuit. If anything needs further experimenting it is the phase compensation network, C1 and R7 to make the circuit more tolerant. On my bench the opamp was stable, but I am uncertain how robust it may be.
4 Eventually the opamp will find its place onto a PCB where some more fine tuning may take place. You need to have a low interference environment otherwise you can be mislead by strange things happening with your circuit (as I have been). The opamp assembled on a breadboard:
5 Part 2. This is a follow up section for the first part. Some changes were applied to the original circuit: Lowered the differential input pair current from 4ma to 1.75ma. That brings the input current noise down to around 1.5pA at 1KHz from 3pA. The noise voltage is around 4nV/sqrt(Hz) at 1KHz. The slew rate is still pretty high at 24V/uS using a 33pF compensation capacitor. Note: dropping the current to 300uA would result in just 0.4pA current noise at 1KHz and the voltage noise would remain around 4nV. However, the slew rate of the input would drop to 11V/uS when using a 27pF compensation capacitor. Increased the emitter feedback resistors on the input pair from 22 to 100 ohm to reduce the current gain. This helps with the stabilization of the opamp and it helps reduce distortion in the input pair due to matching error. Replaced the output emitter follower transistors with higher dissipation transistors, the MJE181 and the MJE171, in case the output is accidentally shorted for a long time. These transistors can dissipate 12W instead of the 1W of the originals. Added two diodes to the output for short circuit protection. The next page shows the schematic of the new version of the opamp:
6 Also, I tried adjusting the emitter degeneration resistor of Q3 to a lower value to get more gain at that stage, but under 150 ohms it caused more instability in the form of a large overshoot and a slight ringing so I just left the value at 168 ohms. Currently, the overshoot at x2 gain is very small and there is no ringing at all. I think I have met all of my design goals that I set out to accomplish in the beginning. Some issues have surfaced, one of them being the higher than usual DC offset on the output of the opamp. Capacitor coupling is necessary at the output due to the high offset, but it is not large enough to effect the headroom. It effects clipping so when the circuit is driven to clip it does it so somewhat asymmetrically. The next page show the test circuit that was utilized to develop the opamp.
7 The following test circuit was used to test the opamp. Lower values of the feedback resistor such as 5k or 2 k work as well: In conclusion, I would recommend using this opamp in lower impedance circuits. When driving a 600 ohm output transformer I you should use the MJE181/171 transistor pair on the output. If you do not plan to drive a transformer the BC639/640 pair works extremely well. Cheers, Tamas
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