Coherence length tunable semiconductor laser with optical feedback
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1 Coherence length tunable semiconductor laser with optical feedback Yuncai Wang,* Lingqin Kong, Anbang Wang, and Linlin Fan Department of Physics, College of Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan , Shanxi, China *Corresponding author: Received 13 October 2008; revised 14 January 2009; accepted 15 January 2009; posted 16 January 2009 (Doc. ID ); published 4 February 2009 We report the experimental results to continuously tune the coherence length of a semiconductor laser using an optical feedback scheme. The coherence length can be controlled by adjusting the feedback strength when a semiconductor laser operates in a coherence collapse regime. Fine structures of the fringe visibility of the laser output show that the coherence length of the semiconductor laser can be shortened from several meters of the solitary laser to 100 μm by the long-cavity optical feedback technique. Experimental results indicate that the coherence length of the laser, depending strongly on the feedback strength, is insensitive to its bias current Optical Society of America OCIS codes: , , , Introduction Generating high-coherent light is one of the important tasks for researchers in quantum frequency scale [1], coherent optical fiber communications [2], and optical metrology. However, in some other applications, such as fiber optic gyroscope [3], rainbow refractometry [4], and coherence tomography [5], well-directed, bright, incoherent light is required to avoid the interference effects of coherent light. At present, superluminescent diodes (SLDs) and ultrashort pulse lasers are the main bright incoherent light sources. SLDs, widely used as the incoherent source in some applications though, is inapplicable in many conditions owing to its low luminous efficiency and unsatisfied beam property [6]. Femtosecond pulse lasers, having the merits of broadening linewidth with high power, are impractical because of their high cost and large dimension [7]. Therefore it is an important issue to develop a simple and inexpensive bright incoherent light source with excellent beam properties and high wall-plug efficiency /09/ $15.00/ Optical Society of America Semiconductor lasers subject to optical feedback, as shown by experimental and theoretical studies, exhibit two kinds of opposite behavior [8]. The one is a stable single longitudinal mode with a narrow linewidth under weak or strong feedback. The other is the so-called coherence collapsed state, including low-frequency fluctuations (LFFs) and chaotic oscillations. The former has been widely investigated [9,10], and the latter has attracted much attention in recent years because the chaotic laser has potential applications in secrecy communication [11], chaotic lidar [12], and chaotic correlation optical time domain reflectometers [13]. Previous research has demonstrated that the linewidth could be broadened by optical feedback when the semiconductor laser operates in coherence collapse [14 16]. Lenstra et al. [14] first reported that its spectrum linewidth can be broadened to GHz when the semiconductor laser was operated in the coherence-collapsed state. Hamel et al. [16] measured the visibility of the semiconductor laser output for a series of feedback levels and found that the visibility strongly depends on the amount of feedback. So far, for long-cavity optical feedback, studies mainly focused on the systems with lower feedback levels, and the lasers operate in single mode. The higher feedback level has not been discussed and the coherence characteristics of the 10 February 2009 / Vol. 48, No. 5 / APPLIED OPTICS 969
2 semiconductor laser subject to long-cavity optical feedback have not been well understood. Recently, Peil et al. [4,17] investigated the coherence length of a semiconductor laser operating in multimode by using the short cavity optical feedback. They found that, by use of such a system, an incoherent laser light source (130 μm coherence length) was obtained [17], and the resolution of rainbow refractometry was improved by using the incoherent light [4]. Here we obtain a tunable-coherence length laser light source by using long-cavity optical feedback. The coherence length of the laser can be tuned continuously from several meters to 100 μm. 2. Experiments Our experimental scheme is shown in Fig. 1. For the tested semiconductor laser, the optical feedback from a flat mirror (M1) was used to tailor its coherence length. A half-wave plate (HWP) and a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) were inserted into the feedback path to adjust the power of the feedback light. The quarter-wave plate was employed to prevent any unwanted reflection. The dynamic state of the laser diode subject to optical feedback was identified by a RF spectrum analyzer (Agilent E4407B) and a digital real-time oscilloscope (Tektronix TDS3052B). The corresponding optical spectrum was measured by an optical spectrum analyzer (Agilent 86140B). The coherence property of the semiconductor laser was analyzed by measuring the interference fringe of a Michelson interferometer. A mirror (M5) was mounted on a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). The output power varies between constructive (P max ) and destructive (P min ) interference with the length difference varying in the two arms of the Michelson interferometer. In order to quantitatively estimate the coherence length of the semiconductor laser, we adopt visibility V ðlþ : V ðlþ ¼ P max P min P max þ P min ; ð1þ Fig. 1. Schematic of the tuning coherent length of the semiconductor laser. where l is the length difference of the two paths of the Michelson interferometer. V ðlþ is measured as a function of the length mismatch between the two arms of the interferometer. The wavelength of the laser diode is 780 nm, and its threshold current (I th )is49:5 ma. The reflective index of M1 is R ¼ 93%. The power dissipation index of the PBS and the HWP are η 1 ¼ 5% and η 2 ¼ 8%, respectively. The feedback strength is scaled with feedback ratio r being defined as the ratio of the power of the feedback light to the output of the laser. The direction of the optical axis of the HWP is also considered. 3. Results and Discussion Here we analyze the coherence characteristics of the laser by the fringe visibility. The bias current was set to 1.5 times the threshold current, and the external cavity length was 30 cm. From Fig. 2(c) we can see that the solitary laser operates in single mode, and the side-mode suppression ratio is more than 20 db. The corresponding time series is shown in Fig. 2(a). When the feedback strength increases to 20:6 db, the laser operates in multiple modes [see Fig. 2(b)], and its output is chaotic [see Fig. 2(d)]. The corresponding fringe visibility of Figs. 2(c) and 2(d) are shown in Figs. 2(e) and 2(f), respectively. Figure 2(e) shows the fringe visibility of the laser without optical feedback when two arms of the Michelson interferometer exist with a 4 mm length difference. According to Eq. (1), we obtain V ¼ 0:761. Figure 2(f) is the fringe visibility of the laser with 20:6 db optical feedback, corresponding to V ¼ 0:057. This obviously shows that the coherence is significantly destructed by the optical feedback. The coherence length of the laser subject to a different feedback level [8] is investigated. The coherence length l c is defined as l c ¼ 2l, where l is the length difference when the visibility is 1=e times the visibility without length difference. The coherence length of the solitary laser is beyond the measurement range of the Michelson interferometer, so the measured coherence length is several meters according to Young s double-slit interference. Figure 3 shows the coherence length of the laser output versus the feedback strength. The laser undergoes, in turn, Period 1, Period 2, and chaos oscillation when the feedback strength is increased from 33 to 13 db. The corresponding time series of the laser output are shown in Figs. 3(a) 3(c). Our experiments show that the change of coherence length with the feedback strength is nonlinear, and there are obviously three different regimes. From Fig. 3 we can see that, when the laser is oscillated at Period 1, the average coherence length is maintained around 40 cm. When the output of the laser transits from Period 1 to Period 2 with the increase of the feedback strength, the coherence length of the laser is shortened gently; however, the coherence length is shortened rapidly with the further increase of the feedback strength. 970 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 48, No. 5 / 10 February 2009
3 Fig. 2. Time series, optical spectrum, and interference fringe of the laser s output (a), (c), (e) without optical feedback and (b), (d), (f) with optical feedback strength of r ¼ 20:6 db. (e), (f) Length difference l is 4 mm, and Δl is the variation of the length difference. Bias current I b ¼ 1:52I th. Meanwhile the output of the laser becomes chaotic, and the laser operates in the multimode state. The coherence length declines from 30 to 3 cm within a 1 db feedback strength variation. The rapid shortening of the coherence length in this regime makes the adjustment difficult, but it is possible to precisely control the feedback strength using a digital variable reflector and a precise variable attenuator. Moreover, the most important merit of this technique is to obtain shorter coherence length. This means that the laser should operate in chaos oscillation in many practical applications when we use the laser as a bright, incoherent light source. In the chaos regime, the coherence length decreases to a few hundred micrometers in our experiment when we further increase the optical feedback strength. Figure 3 shows that the coherence length can be shortened to 100 μm when the feedback strength reaches 13 db. Here we must mention that the 100 μm coherence length is too long to apply in optical coherence tomography, but by evaporating antireflecting film on the emitting side of the semiconductor laser, we may shorten the coherence length to several micrometers. The further increase of the optical feedback strength causes the laser to enter stable external cavity mode operation and increases the coherence length. Moreover we investigated the coherence length of the laser depending on its bias current. Figure 4 shows that the coherence length varies with the bias current ranging from 0:98I th to 1:56I th when the optical feedback strength is fixed to 23.0, 20.2, and 18:6 db, respectively. We found that, when the laser is pumped close to its threshold current, the laser operates in LFF and emits multimode spectra due to the optical feedback and the spontaneous emission 10 February 2009 / Vol. 48, No. 5 / APPLIED OPTICS 971
4 Fig. 3. Coherence length l c versus optical feedback strength r with a time series of (a) P1, (b) P2, (c) chaos. P1, Period 1 oscillation; P2, Period 2 oscillation. noise [18]. With the further increase of its bias current, the laser experiences a change from the LFF to the chaos state [19]. However, the coherence length is always around several millimeters. These experimental results indicate that the coherence length is insensitive to its bias current. We also analyzed the fine structure of the fringe visibility generated by chaotic light interference. The laser oscillates in the chaos state when its biased current is 1:5I th and its optical feedback strength is 13 db. We used a Michelson interferometer to measure the visibility envelope and its fine structure. One arm of the Michelson interferometer is set 10 cm away from the beam splitter (BS3) as the signal light and the other as the reference light is mounted on a PZT. The visibility envelope is plotted in Fig. 5 by moving the reference mirror. The envelope of the fringe visibility is approximate to a bell-shaped curve. A distance of 10 cm is measured Fig. 4. Coherence length l c versus current ratio I b =I th at different feedback strengths. Optical feedback strength r ¼ 23:0, 20:2, and 18:6 db. Fig. 5. Measured visibility versus the length difference of the Michelson interferometer. The optical feedback strength is r ¼ 13 db. from the peak. The solid curve shows its fine structure, which discloses the peaks at multiples of 1:02 mm. The space between the peaks equals the optical length of the laser diode cavity. From the Fig. 5 inset, we can see that the visibility rapidly decreases to lower than 1=e within a 50 μm length difference, i.e., a 100 μm range resolution can be derived from the FWHM of the fine structure. 4. Conclusions In conclusion, we experimentally obtained a tunablecoherence length laser light source by using longcavity optical feedback based on a semiconductor laser. The coherence length of the semiconductor laser can be continuously shortened from several meters of the solitary laser light to 100 μm. The coherence length of the laser strongly depends on the feedback strength. Experimental results also indicate that the coherence length of the semiconductor laser decreases with the increase of the optical feedback strength, but it has no distinct variation with the increase of the bias current. We also analyzed the fine structure of the visibility of the incoherent light and achieved a 100 μm range resolution from the FWHM of the fine structure. We gratefully acknowledge funding by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (grant numbers and ) and thank Agilent Technology Co., Ltd. for providing the RF spectrum analyzer. References 1. R. Afzali and A. T. Rezakhani, Order parameter of a nanometre-scale s-wave superconducting grain in quantum tunnelling process: frequency space analysis, Chin. Phys. Lett. 23, (2006). 2. Y. Yamamoto and T. Kimura, Coherent optical fiber transmission systems, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17, (1981). 3. S. Donati, Gyroscopes, in Electro-Optical Instrumentation: Sensing and Measuring with Lasers (Prentice-Hall, 2004), Chap. 7, p APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 48, No. 5 / 10 February 2009
5 4. M. Peil, I. Fischer, W. Elsässer, S. Bakic, N. Damaschke, C. Tropea, S. Stry, and J. Sacher, Rainbow refractometry with a tailored incoherent semiconductor laser source, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, (2006). 5. D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, Optical coherence tomography, Science 254, (1991). 6. M. Tziraki, R. Jones, P. M. W. French, M. R. Melloch, and D. D. Nolte, Photorefractive holography for imaging through turbid media using low coherence light, Appl. Phys. B 70, (2000). 7. A. M. Weiner, Femtosecond pulse shaping using spatial light modulators, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, (2000). 8. R. W. Tkach and A. R. Chraplyvy, Regimes of feedback effects in 1:5 μm distributed feedback lasers, J. Lightwave Technol. 4, (1986). 9. G. P. Agrawal, Line narrowing in a single-mode injection laser due to external optical feedback, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 20, (1984). 10. P. Dowd, I. H. White, M. R. T. Tan, and S. Y. Wang, Linewidth narrowed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for millimeter-wave generation by optical heterodyning, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 3, (1997). 11. A. Argyris, D. Syvridis, L. Larger, V. Annovazzi-Lodi, P. Colet, I. Fischer, J. Garcia-Ojalvo, C. R. Mirasso, L. Pesquera, and K. A. Shore, Chaos-based communications at high bit rates using commercial fiber-optic links, Nature 437, (2005). 12. F. Y. Lin and J. M. Liu, Chaotic lidar, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 10, (2004). 13. Y. C. Wang, B. J. Wang, and A. B. Wang, Chaotic correlation optical time domain reflectometer utilizing laser diode, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, (2008). 14. D. Lenstra, B. H. Verbeek, and A. J. Den Boef, Coherence collapse in single-mode semiconductor lasers due to optical feedback, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 21, (1985). 15. J. S. Cohen, F. Wittgrefe, M. D. Hoogerland, and J. P. Woerdman, Optical spectra of a semiconductor laser with incoherent optical feedback, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26, (1990). 16. W. A. Hamel, M. P. van Exter, and J. P. Woerdman, Coherence properties of a semiconductor laser with feedback from a distant reflector: experiment and theory, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, (1992). 17. M. Peil, I. Fischer, and W. Elsässer, Spectral broadband dynamics of semiconductor lasers with resonant short cavities, Phys. Rev. A 73, (2006). 18. A. Hohl, H. J. C. van der Linden, and R. Roy, Determinism and stochasticity of power-dropout events in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback, Opt. Lett. 20, (1995). 19. T. Heil, I. Fischer, and W. Elsaesser, Coexistence of low-frequency fluctuations and stable emission on a single high-gain mode in semiconductor lasers with external optical feedback, Phys. Rev. A 58, R2672 R2675 (1998). 10 February 2009 / Vol. 48, No. 5 / APPLIED OPTICS 973
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