Lecture 14 Interface Electronics (Part 2) ECE 5900/6900 Fundamentals of Sensor Design

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1 EE 4900: Fundamentals of Sensor Design 1 Lecture 14 Interface Electronics (Part 2)

2 Interface Electronics (Part 2) 2 Linearizing Bridge Circuits (Sensor Tech Hand book) Precision Op amps, Auto Zero Op amps, Instrumentation Amplifiers (Art of Electronics) Miniaturizing Sensor Systems

3 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Why Linearize? -The change in resistance and hence voltage is very small -The output of a Wheatstone Bridge with only a single active resistive sensor is inherently nonlinear - For all Bridge configurations: Nonlinearity comes from variation of the resistors in the bridge, wiring resistance and the sensor itself 3 R R R R+ R Sensor (Strain Gauge, RTD, Thermistor)

4 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Bridge Configuration: 1,2 or 4 element circuits Good R R R R+ R Sensor -Temp Better R R R- R R+ R 4 Sensors -Pressure -Flow Best Sensors -load cells -strain gauges R+ R R- R R- R R+ R Sensors -load cells -strain gauges

5 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Current or Voltage Drive? Linearity Error for Current Drive Bridge 5 Constant current source: free of wiring resistance

6 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Amplification Advantage: -Quick (& Dirty) Amplifier -Single Power Supply (use matched R F resistors to bring up DC level to Vs/2) -Single Opamp 6 Disadvantage: -Noise -Nonlinear -Low CMRR Use small tolerance resistors, low noise opamp, and decouple the power supply

7 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Precision, Low Noise Amplification 7 Advantage: -Gain accuracy -Balanced operation (differential) -High CMRR -Small Nonlinearity can be corrected in software Disadvantage: -Cost -Gain: may need more amplification Use small tolerance resistor, low noise opamp, and decouple the power supply

8 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Active Bridge with Single Sensor 8 1) Output voltage is equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity to the change in sensing voltage due to R 2) Linear output voltage given small change R 3) Second amplifier is required

9 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Active Bridge with Two Sensors 9 1) Output voltage is equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity to the change in sensing voltage due to R 2) Linear output voltage given small change R: twice the sensitivity as single element 3) Second amplifier is required

10 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Active Bridge with Single Sensor and Noniverting Amplifier 10 1) Bridge opamp maintains the current level through the sensor 2) Non-inverting opamp requires precise matching for accurate gain

11 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Problem:Wiring Resistance and Noise Pickup 11 1) Temperature rise will result in rise in the output voltage 2) Use R COMP to offset the error, or adjust the value in software

12 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Solution1 :Use 3-Wire Connection 12 1) Increase in temperature causes the lead resistor to change equally in each half of the divider 2) Sense lead is connected to high output impedance (no vol change) 3) The imbalanced offset error is reduced in half

13 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Solution2 : Kelvin (4-wire Connection) Sensing 13 Must have highly accurate bias voltage V B 1) Two sense-leads connect to high impedance opamp inputs: no current draw 2) Op amp ensures that any voltage variation due to wiring resistance will be negated and bias voltage V B (and 0 V at the bottom) is maintained

14 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Solution3 : Ratiometric Technique with Kelvin (4-wire Connection) Sensing 14 Eliminate dependency on V B 24-bit Σ ADC ADC minimizes offset and gain errors

15 Linearizing Bridge Circuits Solution3 : Ratiometric Technique with Kelvin (4-wire Connection) Sensing 15 Eliminate dependency on V B 24-bit Σ ADC ADC minimizes offset and gain errors

16 Interface Electronics (Part 2) 16 Linearizing Bridge Circuits (Sensor Tech Hand book) Precision Op amps, Auto Zero Op amps, Instrumentation Amplifiers (Art of Electronics) Miniaturizing Sensor Systems

17 Precision Op Amps Why use Precision Op-amps? 17 1)Control circuits: must be accurate, stable with time and temperature, and predictable 2) Measurement/Sensing circuits: must be accurate, must have high CMRR and precise gain selection, and must be stable Examples: Strain gauge (350 ohm): typical response= +/-10 mv at some DC level Light detector/photo diode/photo transistor: Stability is important Thermocouple: Accuracy is important

18 Precision Op Amps Important Characteristics of a Precision Op-amp Circuit 18 1) Input Impedance 2) Input Bias Current - Variation with temperature - Variation with common-mode input voltage 3) Input Voltage Offset Radiation Hardened Precision Op-amps in Space Applications 4) Common-mode Rejection (Ratio of differential vol. output vs. common mode vol. output) 5) Power Supply Rejection (Change in power-supply causes change in output voltage)

19 Precision Op Amps Choosing a Precision Op-Amp: What to look for 19 1) Supply Voltage and Signal Range 2) Single-supply vs. Dual-supply 3) Offset voltage 4) Noise (voltage noise, current noise, and 1/f noise) 5) Bias Current 6) CMRR and PSRR 7) Gain Bandwidth Product (GBW), Transition Frequency (f T ), and Slew Rate 8) Harmonic Distortion

20 Auto Zero or Zero Drift Op Amps Auto Zero Op-amp Characteristics 1) Ultra-high precision 2) Very small input offset voltage (e.g. 2 mv) 3) Large Gain Bandwidth Product (e.g. 2 MHz) 4) Very Low Noise (e.g. 50 nv/ Hz) 5) Low Voltage Supply (e.g. 3.3 V, 5 V) When to use them? Load cells, Thermocouples, slow but accurate measurements Example: Microchip MCP6V26 MCP6V26 Specifications 20 Input Offset Voltage Drift CMRR and PSRR vs Temperature

21 Auto Zero or Zero Drift Op Amps Example Circuit Ultra-high precision measurement 21

22 Instrumentation Amplifiers Instrumentation Op-amp Characteristics 1) Differential In, Single-ended out 2) Very high input impedance (10 MΩ-10 GΩ) 3) Wide gain (G=1-1000) 4) Very high CMRR at high gains ( db at G=100 When to use them? Strain gauge, Audio, Weigh scales/ Load cells, ECG and medical electronis, process control Example: Analog Device AD CMRR vs Frequency Voltage Noise vs Frequency

23 Instrumentation Amplifiers Three Op-amp Design 23

24 Instrumentation Amplifiers AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier 1) The input transistors Q1 and Q2 provide lower input bias current through Superϐeta processing 24 2) Feedback through the Q1-A1-R1 loop and the Q2-A2-R2 loop maintains constant collector current of the input devices Q1 and Q2: this creates the input voltage across R G 3) This creates a differential gain from the inputs to the A1/A2 outputs given by G = (R1 + R2)/R G + 1 4) The unity-gain subtractor, A3, removes any common-mode signal, yielding a single-ended output referred to the REF pin potential

25 Instrumentation Amplifiers AD620 Instrumentation Amplifier Circuits Pressure Monitor at 5 V Single Supply 25 ECG Monitor Circuit Voltage-to-current Converter

26 Programmable Gain (Instrumentation) Amplifiers Gain is programmable by microprocessor 26 Robotic arm with thermistor and torque sensor: programmable gain amplifier with output directly interfaced with ADC (3.3 V)

27 Interface Electronics (Part 2) 27 Linearizing Bridge Circuits (Sensor Tech Hand book) Precision Op amps, Auto Zero Op amps, Instrumentation Amplifiers (Art of Electronics) Miniaturizing Sensor Systems

28 Miniaturizing Sensor Systems Data acquisition, process control and measurement can be miniaturized with Smart Sensors 28

29 Miniaturizing Sensor Systems What is a Smart Sensor? 29 Microcontroller Unit (MCU) must consume low power

30 Miniaturizing Sensor Systems Analog Devices Microconverter Series 30 ADUC7124

31 Miniaturizing Sensor Systems Analog Devices Microconverter Series 31 ADUC842

32 Miniaturizing Sensor Systems Texas Instruments Wireless Sensor Node with low power MCU ez430-rf2500 kit 32 CC GHz wireless transceiver MSP430F2274 microcontroller

33 Miniaturizing Sensor Systems Silicon Labs Wireless MCU Development Kit DK 33 Si106x/8x Wireless MCU DK (434 MHz)

34 Miniaturizing Sensor Systems Xbee Wireless Sensor Node with Solar Power and Arduino- Xbee Shield (Seedstudio) 34 Solar powered Xbee module Xbee-Arduino Shield Xbee is based on IEEE networking protocol for point-to-multipoint or peer-to-peer networking Ref:

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