The KrF alternative for fast ignition inertial fusion
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1 The KrF alternative for fast ignition inertial fusion IstvánB Földes 1, Sándor Szatmári 2 Students: A. Barna, R. Dajka, B. Gilicze, Zs. Kovács 1 Wigner Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Department of Plasma Physics H-1525 Budapest, P.O.B. 49. Hungary 2 University of Szeged, Department of Experimental Physics 2 H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 9. Hungary 1
2 Content 1. KrF lasers in fusion research 2. Large scale facility KrF researches (NRL) beam quality 3. Concepts for IFE: - direct drive - Hybrid x-ray - direct drive - shock ignition - fast ignition 4. Requirements for a KrF fast ignitor 5. The short pulse discharge-pumped KrF laser of the HILL laboratory 6. Interferometric multiplexing 7. Temporal and spatial cleaning of the laser pulse 2
3 Advantages of KrF lasers Advantages of short wavelength (248 nm): Less disturbingnonlinearitiesduetotheiλ 2 scalinglaw. A gas discharge laser can provide better beam quality, higher symmetry in target illumination. Direct drive compression possible! Deeper penetration into the plasma due to the higher critical density. No need for frequency conversion, these losses can be avoided. Properties of KrF lasers: -fastrelaxationtime(6 ns) -longpumpingtime (e-beam: 100 ns, discharge: 15 ns) -beammultiplexingis necessarytouseefficientlythefullenergyof the active medium - high rep-rate possible 3
4 The NIKE laser of the NRL -Lifetime of e-beam amplifiers considerably increased: Electra program: 200 kv, 5 ka electron beam, 10 Hz 11.5 million shots in 319 hours!! development of preionizer (hibachi) -IFE: shots (2 years) needed with 7% efficiency (Sethian) 4
5 High-quality KrF beam in the NRL -Electra: 2-3 kj, 44 beams, 0.16% non-uniformity Beam smoothing by induced spatial incoherence (ISI) : Imposing different optical delays upon different transverse sections of the beam. Focal zooming of the incoming laser beam: Subsequent shocks need subsequent pulses. Zooming: The subsequent pulses have diameters corresponding to the varying target diameter 5
6 500 kj system(2006) Number of moduls: 32 Modul aperture: 1m 2 Amplified energy of one modul: 30 kj Numberof angularlymultiplexed beams: 40 Pump duration: 225 ns High repetition rate NRL design of a KrF DD laser fusion test facility 6
7 Traditional fusion schemes - Problems with indirect drive: plasma filling RT instability - KrF beam quality is OK for direct drive - Hybrid X-ray direct drive (Obenschain, 2014)
8 Shock or fast ignition with KrF - Shock ignition requires short pulses of several 100 ps duration: KrF is not appropriate due to the low saturation energy. - Fast ignition may be a possibility: KrF lasers penetrate more than an order of magnitude deeper than infrared ones
9 Advantages of short wavelength for fast ignition Hydrodynamical simulations (R. Betti): The optimal implosion for fast ignition has low velocity, low adiabat implosion with a large total mass. Optimal case kj PW laser: <ρ> g/cc, ρ homogeneous. The energy of fast electrons can be scaled with the ponderomotive force, and the penetration depth is energydependent: E hot R= 0.6 I ( λ/1.054µ m) = 19 2 E 10 hot Wcm g/ cm MeV If E>>1MeV, the electron energy is significantly larger than the optimum for fast ignition leading to poor efficiency. Shorter wavelength reduces the average energy of electrons, the stopping range and thus the minimum ignition energy. According to the scaling laws, for the 248nm KrF wavelength W/cm 2 intensity is needed for 1 MeV electrons. 9
10 A KrF fast ignitor Zvorykin s idea: Use of the same amplifier for the nanosecond pump laser as for the PW ignitor laser! KrF laser properties: 2ns needed for recovering population inversion E-beam pumped amplifier: >100ns amplification via beam multiplexing. Short(<100ps) pulses: maximum output energy density: 6mJ/cm 2 (saturation). The scheme for the FTF: Full aperture: 20m 2 1.2kJ energy/pass. 40 pass: 48 kj in80 ns, 80 pass: 96 kj in 160 ns. It needs a significant part of the total pump duration longer pumping of amplifiers needed (30%). Angular demultiplexing is planned, then focusing them onto the target. Problem: phase front matching of the short pulse
11 Properties of KrF lasers, 20ps vs 1ps pulses 20ps pulses:. Problem: Bandwidth of the KrF laser: transform-limited pulse: 100fs, therefore the bandwidth for 20ps is small. Amplifier efficiency maybe low, coherence effects must be suppressed, beam smoothing techniques are needed. That is why KrF is not appropriate for shock ignition. Short pulse amplifiers work in the saturation regime. The output laser energy is independent on pulse duration from 100fs to several 10 ps. It is possible to obtain the 48 kj energy in a ~1ps pulse. But: Angular demultiplexing does not work well, the pulse duration corresponds to 300µm alignment accuracy. The wavefronts must be matched as well. Interferometric multiplexing is needed, e.g. the method based on polarization multiplexing. 11
12 Multiple beam fast ignition Laser energy at the output of a 1m 2 output of an amplifier after interferometric multiplexing of 2 beams of 1ps pulse duration: 120J. I= W/cm 2 needed!this is sufficient for 1MeV electrons. a) Focusing 400 such beams onto an r=160µm spot: phase problems. b) Separate focusing of the 400 beams to r=8 µm spot with a common apex w here the electron beams meet. Difficult realization. Both case fulfills the energy- and intensity requirements! ρr~0.3g/cm 2 can be obtained. Multiple beam multiplexing needed!! Clean pulses for efficient electron acceleration!! These topics may be investigated in small laboratories. 12
13 The High Intensity Laser Laboratory (HILL ), joint lab University of Szeged - Wigner Research Centre A short-pulse KrF laser based, high intensity laser-matter interaction laboratory, a user facility, Laserlab access provided. KrF discharge-pumped excimer system Pulse parameters: 248 nm 80 mj 600 fs λ λ 250 Focused intensities Intensity contrast up to W/cm 2 better than 10 9
14 Interferometric multiplexing Interferometric multiplexing is crucial for obtaining high-intensity short KrF pulses. New methods for multiple beams multiplexing and larger discharge sizes needed. The 2 beams have the same path in different directions, therefore the wave fronts are matchedautomatically. The problemis thatitisapplicableonlyfora fewbeams. For 2 beams 1.7 times energy multiplication obtained. 14
15 The 100 mj KrF system of the HILL The new laser system uses interferometric multiplexing of the KrF laser system. Pulseenergy> 100 mj Reprate: 10 Hz Beamsize: 32* 39 mm Uniformity of the beam profile at laser output is <10% measured within the central 80% of thefullbeamsizealongthelongaxiswhileaveraged acrosstheshortaxis. Beam divergence: less than three times the diffraction limit 15
16 Problems of the temporal contrast Early system of HILL without last amplifier, 3 pass amplification, 15 mj energy: ASE not focused into a small spot. Energy contrast >10:1, power contrast >10 5 :1, intensity contrast :1. In case of tight focusing (2µm spot) it works well. The present (upgraded) system with 60 mj energy: - High energy contrast (>100) due to the spatial filter. - But: the ASE going through the pinhole is further amplified and focused into a small spot the contrast is worse in focus (10 18 to 10 9 W/cm 2 ) photoionization is present in case of interaction with solids. Prepulses of < 10 7 W/cm 2 intensity are necessary. Pulse cleaning efforts: 1. amplitude modulation(plasma mirror) 2. phase modulation in self-generated plasmas 16
17 Fast ignition needs prepulse-free pulses: Plasma mirror possible! Arrangement for the study of plasma mirror effect. The laser beam is s-polarized. The target is AR-coated. Experimental optimum is at 12.4 angle of incidence. 17
18 Comparison with Ti-sapphire plasma mirror KrF Ti-sapphire Reflectivity up to 50% was obtained for a pulse of 620fs duration at 12.4 angle of incidence, Specular reflectivity for a pulse duration of 500 fs and an angle ofincidence of 19. Ziener et al, J. Appl. Phys. 93, 768 (2003) Applying a plasma mirror in front of the main amplifier will reduce the ASE pedestal whereas the main pulse will not be decreased so strongly due to saturation in the amplifier. For shorter (100 fs) laser pulses higher conversion expected. 18
19 Combination of the plasma mirror with a conjugate spatial filter The plasma mirror is positioned in the Fourier-plane of the focusing mirror. The use of an annular input beam and an output aperture - allowing transmission only in the central hole of the annular beam - gives no transmission as long as the reflectivity is the same for the different diffraction orders. If the reflectivity (either the amplitude or the phase) is different for the more intense central lobe of the diffraction pattern, the central hole of the aperture becomes illuminated. Extremely high contrast! Idea: S. Szatmári, Z. Bakonyi, T. Nagy; Opt. Commun. 134, 199 (1996) 19
20 Intensity distribution in the Fourier-plane and at the output without modulation Output distribution. 0th order in Fourier-plane increased 5x (plasma mirror) Output distribution. 0th order in Fourier-plane increased 25x (plasma mirror) No more annularity for plasma mirror, but week spatial filtering. 20
21 Phase modulation for temporal and spatial filtering Output distribution with phase modulation at the Fourier-plane: the 0th order is shifted by λ/2 (in a self generated plasma) Output Fourier-plane 21
22 Experimental realization of the nonlinear plasma filter 22
23 Experimental results No gas in focus No modulation Plasma in focus Modulation with >40% transmission 23
24 Summary 1. The high quality of KrF laser beams makes it a serious candidate for direct drive ICF. 2. The short wavelength of KrF system allows its application as fast ignitor. 3. For the possible applications a new system using polarization multiplexing was developed for short pulses. 4. Plasma mirror effect for cleaning the laser pulses was demonstrated to be applicable for KrF beams. 5. Phase modulation with a nonlinear plasma filter is an alternative for cleaning temporal and spatial quality in the same time. 24
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