THE SPICE BOOK. Andrei Vladimirescu. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore

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1 THE SPICE BOOK Andrei Vladimirescu John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore

2 CONTENTS Introduction SPICE THE THIRD DECADE THE EARLY DAYS OF SPICE SPICE IN THE 1970s SPICE IN THE 1980s SPICE IN THE 1990s CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCES 9 One INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL COMPUTER SIMULATION PURPOSE OF COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS WHAT IS SPICE? USER INTERACTION WITH SPICE AND THE COMPUTER Electric Circuit Specification The SPICE Input SPICE Simulation, DC Analysis SPICE Results for AC and TRAN Analyses SUMMARY 36 REFERENCES

3 XÜ CONTENTS Two CIRCUIT ELEMENT AND NETWORK DESCRIPTION ELEMENTS, MODELS, NODES, AND CONVENTIONS TWO-TERMINAL ELEMENTS Resistors Semiconductor Resistors (SPICE3) Capacitors Semiconductor Capacitor (SPICE3) Inductors Independent Bias and Signal Sources Pulse Function Sinusoidal Function Frequency-Modulated Sinusoidal Function Exponential Function Piecewise Linear Function MULTITERMINAL ELEMENTS Coupled (Mutual) Inductors Dependent (Controlled) Sources Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS) Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS) Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS) Switches Transmission Lines SUMMARY 71 REFERENCES 72 Three SEMICONDUCTOR-DEVICE ELEMENTS INTRODUCTION DIODES BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS DC Model Dynamic and Small-Signal Models Model Parameters JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (JFETs) METAL-OXIDE-SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MOSFETs) DC Model Dynamic and Small-Signal Models Model Parameters 108

4 CONTENTS XÜi 3.6 METAL-SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (MESFETs) SUMMARY 112 REFERENCES 113 Four DCANALYSIS ANALYSIS OVERVIEW Simulation Modes and Analysis Types Result Processing and Output Variables Analysis Parameters: Temperature OPERATING (BIAS) POINT DC TRANSFER CURVES SMALL-SIGNAL TRANSFER FUNCTION SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS NODE VOLTAGE INITIALIZATION SUMMARY 139 REFERENCES 140 Five AC ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION AC FREQUENCY SWEEP NOISE ANALYSIS DISTORTION ANALYSIS POLE-ZERO ANALYSIS SUMMARY 165 REFERENCES 167 Six TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS ANALYSIS DESCRIPTION 6.2 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

5 Xiv CONTENTS 6.3 INITIAL CONDITIONS FOURIER ANALYSIS SUMMARY 191 REFERENCES 192 Seven FUNCTIONAL AND HIERARCHICAL SIMULATION HIGH-LEVEL CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION SPICE SUBCIRCUIT AND CIRCUIT HIERARCHY SUBCKT Definition Subcircuit Instance Circuit Hierarchy IDEAL MODELS Operational Amplifiers Logic Gates and Digital Circuits FUNCTIONAL MODELS Nonlinear (Arbitrary-Function) Controlled Sources in SPICE Analog Function Blocks Digital Function Blocks Equation Solution MACRO-MODELS The Opamp Macro-Model SUMMARY 239 REFERENCES 240 Eight DISTORTION ANALYSIS DISTORTION IN SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS SMALL-SICNAL DISTORTION ANALYSIS High-Frequency Distortion Distortion in a One-Transistor Amplifier LARGE-SIGNAL DISTORTION ANALYSIS One-Transistor Amplifier Distortion Single-Device Mixer Analysis SUMMARY 276 REFERENCES 277

6 CONTENTS XV Nine SPICE ALGORITHMS AND OPTIONS OVERVIEW OF ALGORITHMS DC SOLUTION OF LINEAR CIRCUITS Circuit Equation Formulation: Modified Nodal Equations Accuracy and SPICE Options DC SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR CIRCUITS Newton-Raphson Iteration Convergence and SPICE Options TIME-DOMAIN SOLUTION Numerical Integration Integration Algorithms in SPICE, Accuracy, and Options SUMMARY OF OPTIONS Analysis Summary Linear Equation Options Nonlinear Solution Options Numerical Integration Miscellaneous Options 316 REFERENCES 317 Ten CONVERGENCE ADVICE INTRODUCTION COMMON CAUSES OF SOLUTION FAILURE Circuit Description Component Values DC CONVERGENCE TIME-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE CIRCUIT-SPECIFIC CONVERGENCE Oscillators BJT versus MOSFET Specifics Convergence of Large Circuits SUMMARY 375 REFERENCES 377

7 XVI CONTENTS APPENDIX A SEMICONDUCTOR-DEVICE MODELS 378 A.1 DIODE 378 A.1.1 DC, Transient, and AC Models 379 A.1.2 Temperature Effects 379 A.1.3 Noise Model 380 A.2 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR 380 A.2.1 DC Model 381 A.2.2 Transient and AC Models 382 A.2.3 Temperature Effects 383 A.2.4 Noise Model 383 A.3 MOSFET 384 A.3.1 DC Model 385 A.3.2 Transient and AC Models 389 A.3.3 Temperature Model 390 A.3.4 Noise Model 390 REFERENCES 390 APPENDIX B ERROR MESSAGES 391 B.1 GENERAL SYNTAX ERRORS 391 B.2 MULTITERMINAL ELEMENT ERRORS 392 B.3 SOURCE SPECIFICATION ERRORS 392 B.4 ELEMENT, SEMICONDUCTOR-DEVICE, AND MODEL ERRORS 393 B.5 CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY ERRORS 394 B.6 SUBCIRCUIT DEFINITION ERRORS 394 B.7 ANALYSIS ERRORS 395 B.8 MISCELLANEOUS ERRORS 398 APPENDIX C SPICE STATEMENTS 399 C.1 ELEMENT STATEMENTS 399 C.2 GLOBAL STATEMENTS 400 C.3 CONTROL STATEMENTS 401

8 CONTENTS XVÜ APPENDIX D GEAR INTEGRATION FORMULAS 402 APPENDIX E SPICE INPUT DECK 403 INDEX 405

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