Quantum limited noise figure operation of high gain erbium doped fiber amplifiers

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1 Downloded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 17, 2017 Quntum limited noise figure opertion of high gin erbium doped fiber mplifiers Lumholt, Ole; Povlsen, Jørn Hedegrd; Schüsler, Kim; Bjrklev, Anders Overgrd; Dhl-Petersen, Svend; Rsmussen, Thoms; Rottwitt, Krsten Published in: Journl of Lightwve Technology Link to rticle, DOI: / Publiction dte: 1993 Document Version Publisher's PDF, lso known s Version of record Link bck to DTU Orbit Cittion (APA): Lumholt, O., Povlsen, J. H., Schüsler, K., Bjrklev, A. O., Dhl-Petersen, S., Rsmussen, T., & Rottwitt, K. (1993). Quntum limited noise figure opertion of high gin erbium doped fiber mplifiers. Journl of Lightwve Technology, 11(8), DOI: / Generl rights Copyright nd morl rights for the publictions mde ccessible in the public portl re retined by the uthors nd/or other copyright owners nd it is condition of ccessing publictions tht users recognise nd bide by the legl requirements ssocited with these rights. Users my downlod nd print one copy of ny publiction from the public portl for the purpose of privte study or reserch. You my not further distribute the mteril or use it for ny profit-mking ctivity or commercil gin You my freely distribute the URL identifying the publiction in the public portl If you believe tht this document breches copyright plese contct us providing detils, nd we will remove ccess to the work immeditely nd investigte your clim.

2 1344 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. 8, AUGUST 1993 Quntum Limited Noise Figure Opertion of High Gin Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers Ole Lumholt, J0rn H. Povlsen, Kim Schusler, Anders Bjrklev, Svend Dhl-Petersen, Thoms Rsmussen, nd Krsten Rottwitt Abstrct-Performnce improvements by using n isoltor s n mplified spontneous emission suppressing component within erbium-doped fibers re evluted. Simultneous high-gin nd ner-quntum-limited noise figures cn be obtined by such scheme. The noise figure improves for input signl powers below -5 dbm nd n improvement of 2.0 db with simultneous gin increse of 4.1 db is mesured reltive to gin optimized fiber. The optimum isoltor loction is evluted for different pump nd signl wvelengths in both n WEr-doped fiber, for pump nd signl power vritions nd different pump configurtions. In ll cses the optimum isoltor position lies within 1037% of the totl fiber length for smll signl opertion. I. INTRODUCTION HE rpid development within the field of optimiztion T of gin efficiencies of erbium-doped fiber mplifiers (EDFA s) hs resulted in tremendous increse to 11 db/mw [l], nd gin s high s 51 db hs recently been reported [2]. However, even for such highly optimized fibers, most of the pump photons re still lost to mplify the spontneously rdited emission, yielding gin sturtion nd noise figure tht deprts considerbly from the quntum limit. The ltter is due to the strong interdependence between the noise figure nd the popultion inversion in the input fiber end, which is hevily diminished by the mount of bckwrd-trvelling mplified spontneous emission (ASE). A low noise figure cn be obtined either by shortening the fiber well below its optimum length [3] or by incresing the input signl power to the region where neither the ASE nor the signl sturtion will be determintive upon the popultion inversion [4]. However, both options result in considerble decrese in gin efficiency. Essentil demnds for pre-mplifier or in-line mplifier opertion of the EDFA re to chieve simultneous high gin nd noise figure close to the quntum limit. An obvious wy to comply with both requirements is to insert n isoltor s n ASE ttenuting component within the ctive fiber length [5]. Erlier reports on mplifier mesurements hve shown Mnuscript received August 5, 1992; revised Februry 19, This work ws supported by the Dnish Technicl Reserch Council nd by the Ntionl Agency of Industry nd Trde, Denmrk. 0. Lumholt, J. H. Povlsen, A. Bjrklev, T. Rsmussen, nd K. Rottwitt re with the Center for Brodbnd Telecommunictions, Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmrk. K. Schiisler is with the NKT Reserch Center A/S, Sognevej 11, DK-2605 Br~ndby, Denmrk. S. Dhl-Petersen is with NKT Elektronik, NKT Alle 85, DK-2605, Br~ndby, Denmrk /93$ IEEE setups where n isoltor is inserted between two EDFA s in succession, but for quite different intentions. In [6] two different pump wvelengths re used with the isoltor in order to prevent gin sturtion by the 0.98-pm pump mplifying the 1.48-pm light. Another exmple is shown in [7] where gin equliztion is performed by using filter between fibers with different co-doping. An isoltor is inserted in order to suppress reflections from the filter. In this pper the im is to nlyze the mplifier performnce improvements obtined by using the isoltor s popultion inversion enriching component. The optimum isoltor loction is evluted nd the improvements re nlyzed for germnium s well s n luminum co-doped EDFA. The evlution is performed for both 0.98pm nd 1.47pm pumping, for different signl wvelengths, nd for different pump nd signl power levels nd different pump configurtions. Finlly, n experimentl verifiction is presented. 11. BACKGROUND FOR USE OF ISOLATOR All simultions presented in this pper re evluted by use of n ccurte numericl model tht is presented in [8], 151. Input to the model re the fiber design nd the mesured crosssection spectr of emission nd bsorption [9], s shown in Fig. 1. A high NA Al-co-doped nd high NA Ge-co-doped erbium fiber with index profiles (shown s inserts in Fig. 1) nd with Er profiles following the index distribution re considered. The centrl dip in the profile of the Ge-doped EDFA, which is due to vporiztion of dopnts during collpse of the preform, hs no significnt influence on the performnce of EDFA s with high NA. In order to describe the effects of including n isoltor within n EDFA, we will strt by exmining the fundmentl chrcteristics of trditionl forwrd-pumped EDFA, s illustrted in Fig. 2. This figure shows the vrition within the EDFA of the pump power, the ASE power in both directions, nd the internl gin coefficient of the forwrd-directed (smll) signl. The gin ccumultion within the EDFA cn simply be clculted by integrting the internl gin coefficient long the fiber. The signl nd pump wvelengths re 0.980pm nd 1.534pm, respectively, nd the EDFA is Ge-doped. The fiber length is djusted to mximum gin, tht is, 51 db. A chrcteristic lmost-symmetric shpe of the smll signl gin coefficient ppers, showing mximum ner the middle of the mplifier. At the fiber ends, the internl gin coeffiient is depressed by the huge ASE power levels. Specificlly, it is remrkble tht the pump light leving the fiber end is

3 0.OE Wve1ength;pm Wve1ength;pm LUMHOLT et l.: QUANTUM LIMITED NOISE FIGURE OPERATION OE d Q) rn E & Fig. 1. Emission nd bsorption cross-section spectr nd index profiles Left: Ge-doped EDFA. Right: Al-doped EDFA \. Gin coefficient;db/m Length;m Fig. 2. Vrition of gin coefficient, mplified spontneous emission, nd pump power inside forwrd-pumped Ge-doped EDFA t optimum gin length. Solid curves: forwrd propgting. Dshed curves: bckwrd propgting. Insert figure: Gin versus pump power. A, = 980 nm, A, = 1534 nm, P, = -60 dbm. fr bove pump threshold. As seen from the insert figure, the wsted pump power hs potentil for driving n extr smll signl mplifier with up to 40 db gin. When we increse the length of the EDFA bove its optimum gin length, the gin increse relted to the extr length of fiber is weker thn the gin reduction in the input end of the fiber, cused by genertion of stronger bckwrd-trveling ASE. However, the ltter cn obviously be suppressed by insertion of n isoltor within the EDFA, thereby mking it possible to increse the gin bove the optimum gin vlue. Before we discuss the use of n isoltor s n ASEttenuting component, it my be instructive to demonstrte tht ASE reduction under certin circumstnces occurs by itself when the signl wvelength is ner the long wvelength emission pek t 1.55 pm. For this signl wvelength, nd for 0.98-pm pump source, Fig. 3 shows tht the bidirectionl pumping scheme enhnces the gin with 4 db (AI-EDFA) nd 10 db (Ge-EDFA) compred to either the CO- or the 60 contrdirectionl pumping schemes. Similr clcultions for signl wvelengths round the 1.53-pm emission pek show, contrry to Fig. 3, tht the gin is lmost independent with respect to the degree of bckwrd pumping. Still, the bidirectionl pumping scheme is best, but the enhncement becomes less thn 1 db. The huge gin enhncements of Fig. 3 cn be understood from Fig. 4. It shows the internl vrition of gin, ASE, nd pump power for the Ge-EDFA t optimum gin length in bidirectionl pumped configurtion using pm sources nd hving signl wvelength t 1.55pm. The length of the fiber is 8 m, which is 6 times the length of the fiber in Fig. 2. It is seen tht most pump power is consumed within the first 2 m from the ends, leving 4 m in the middle where only ASE nd signl re present. In this prt of the EDFA the ASE cts s pump source on the signl. This is possible only becuse the signl wvelength t 1.55pm is on the long wvelength side of the ASE pek t 1.53pm. Thus the bidirectionl pumping scheme my be viewed s three series-connected mplifiers, with the middle mplifier being pumped by forwrd nd bckwrd ASE generted in the surrounding mplifiers. However, only very minor prt of the 10-dB gin improvement is directly dded by the extr gin from the middle mplifier which, s seen from Fig. 4, is very modest. The mjor prt of the gin improvement is indirectly chieved through the strong 20-dB ASE ttenution in the middle prt of the EDFA. This hs the effect tht fewer pump photons re spent to mplify the spontneous emission, thereby incresing the pump efficiency. Even though ASE ttenution is strongly present in this sitution, it is still dvntgeous to implement n isoltor. The reson is tht the ASE ttenution in Fig. 4 occurs in the middle of the fiber, while the optimum plcement is found to be to be close to the signl input end of the EDFA. The internl vrition of gin, ASE, nd pump power for the sitution with n optimlly plced isoltor within the Ge-EDFA t optimum gin length is shown in Fig. 5. The isoltor hs loss of 2.3 db in codirection nd 41.6 db in counterdirection. Compred with Fig. 4, the totl length hs incresed 40%, nd pronounced symmetric vrition ppers. The gin coefficient hs incresed 30% in the input end of the EDFA becuse the bckwrd-trveling ASE is ttenuted to 15% of

4 1346 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. 8, AUGUST 1993 Gin coefficient;db/m Amplified spontneous emission;mw Frction of bckwrd pump power Fig. 3. Gin nd noise figures for Ge-doped EDFA nd AI-doped EDFA ginst frction between bckwrd pump power nd totl pump power. Right xis curves: dshed. Left xis curves: solid. A, = 980 nm, A, = 1552 nm, P, = 60 mw, P, = -60 dbm. 2o 10 Gin coefficient;/m ''R 10 Pump porer:mw Fig. 5. Vrition of gin coefficient, mplified spontneous emission, nd pump power inside bidirectionl pumped Ge-doped EDFA t optimum gin length nd with WDM-isoltor (see Section 111) implemented t optimum plcement. Solid curves: forwrd propgtion. Dshed curves: bckwrd propgtion. A, = 980 nm, A, = 1552 nm, Pp = 60mW, P, = -60 dbm. t 0.980pm, signls t the fluorescence pek t 1.530pm, nd Ge-doped EDFA's re lso included in some simultions for exemplifying mjor differences between the choice of wvelengths or EDFA type. Amplified spontneous emission;mw 10 Pump power;mw n Length;m Fig. 4. Vrition of gin coefficient, mplified spontneous emission, nd pump power inside bidirectionl pump Ge-doped EDFA t optimum gin length. Solid curves: forwrd-propgting pump frction. Dshed curves: bckwrd-propgting pump frction. A, = 980 nm, A, = 1552 nm, P, = 60 mw, P, = -60 dbm. the sitution in Fig. 4. This gin increse is lso dvntgeous becuse the noise ccumultes more slowly when the inversion becomes more complete. In the ctul sitution the noise figure is very close to the 3-dB limit nd 1.5 db better thn in the sitution without n isoltor. It should lso be noticed from Fig. 5 tht the isoltor divides the EDFA into two EDFA pieces, ech hving significnt gin. Therefore, nother dvntge is tht the EDFA with n implemented isoltor becomes resistnt ginst lsing. After this survey of the min differences between the ASE buildup for different source wvelengths nd co-doping mterils, we now focus mostly on the 1.47-pm pumping of the 1.55-pm signl in n Al-doped EDFA. These prmeters re chosen in greement with the mesurements presented in the lst prt of the pper. Unless otherwise stted, the mount of pump power is 60 mw nd the signl input power is -60 dbm. However, the other relevnt pump bnd 111. ISOLATOR LOCATION FOR DIFFERENT PUMP CONFIGURATIONS A min difference exists in the improvement of the performnce tht cn be obtined by using the isoltor within the fiber when pumping t the two most relevnt pump wvelength bnds for EDFA opertion, nmely the 0.98-pm nd the pm bnd. As mesurements of the isoltor insertion loss for the forwrd propgting light show vritions of severl tens of decibels within the considered spectrl rnge from 0.98 pm to 1.55 pm, the use of WDM couplers will be suggested in connection with 0.98-pm pump source. Let us first consider the 1.47-pm pump source. The pump wvelength is tht close to the signl tht the isoltor will decrese the CO- nd counterpropgting pump light in wy similr to the decrese for the CO- nd counterpropgting signl. Improvements cn therefore hrdly be obtined for counterpumped EDFA's. In the cse of the 0.98-pm pump source, high loss vlues re mesured for both directions. These re 37.8 db for the copropgting nd 27.1 db for the counterpropgting pump, leving only the bidirectionl pumping scheme s potentil configurtion for isoltor optimiztion. However, by using two WDM couplers (Fig. 6), it is possible to guide the pump pst the isoltor with two times the insertion loss of the WDM coupler, which hs been mesured to 1.5 db in ech direction. We will denote this configurtion s WDM isoltor, nd the former s pure isoltor. The signl nd the ASE will still be guided through the isoltor with loss of 2.3 db in the codirection nd 41.6 db in the counterdirection, which includes the extr loss from the WDM couplers. All considered losses include splice losses.

5 LUMHOLT et l.: QUANTUM LIMITED NOISE FIGURE OPERATION (980nrn)=37.8 db ; 1 (%Onrn)-z7.1 db performnces re obtined by CO- nd bidirectionl pumping (l550nrn)- 1 3 db -: m ; <(1550nm)-40.6 db () nd the globl lowest noise figure of 3.2 db is very close to 7 the theoreticl lower limit when pumped t 0.98 pm. Omitting > L ~ J Er-fibre L ~ ~- Er-fibre the pump bypss coupling of the bidirectionl scheme, it is seen tht deteriortion of 0.6 db in the noise figure dds to the 1.5 db gin reduction, for the pure isoltor. (980nrn) db! (980nrn) = 1.5 d8 (1550nrn) 23dB : (1550nrn) 41.6 db L- --- : t--- (b) + Fig. 6. Isoltor configurtions. () An isoltor directly inserted in the erbium-doped fiber will be denoted s the pure isoltor scheme. (b) The pump by-pss coupling round the isoltor will be denoted s the WDM isoltor. h 8 36 Y U.r( s Reltive Isoltor Loction (%) -7 h %. Y Fig. 7. Optimum gin nd the corresponding noise figure versus the reltive isoltor loction in percent. Curves re shown for CO-, counter-, nd bidirectionl pumped mplifiers with WDM isoltor inserted. An dditionl curve shows the results for the ltter scheme when using pure isoltor. A, = 0.!38pm, A, = 1.55pm, P, = -60 dbm, nd Pp = 60 mw. As shown in Fig. 3, the frction between the bckwrd- nd forwrd-trvelling pumps plys significnt role in the performnce of the EDFA. This is lso the cse when n isoltor is implemented (Fig. 7). Here the performnces of copumped, counterpumped, nd bidirectionl-pumped configurtions re shown for vrious plcements of pure isoltor or WDM isoltor (for A, = 0.98 pm). The signl wvelength is 1.55 pm. The optimum isoltor plcement is seen to be between 15% nd 37% of the totl EDFA length. Compring the reference gin for similr EDFA s in Fig. 3, it is seen tht the copropgting pumping scheme benefits the lrgest improvements, while the globl best performnce is chieved with the bidirectionl pump configurtion including WDM isoltor. Looking t the 0.98-pm bidirectionl-pumped pure isoltor scheme, it is seen tht isoltor plcement more thn 25% from the middle results in poor noise nd gin performnce. Further, the optimum plcement in the middle yields only 1.5-dB lower gin thn the more complicted WDM-isoltor scheme. Compring the isoltor loctions optimized with respect to noise with those optimized with respect to gin, it is seen tht the former is few percent closer to the front end of the EDFA. However, the difference is not significnt; therefore, optimizing the bidirectionl pumping scheme with respect to gin only results in 0.3-dB noise figure deteriortion. The best m.r( s IV. PERFORMANCE DEPENDENCE UPON THE WAVELENGTH CHOICE The quntities of corresponding gin nd noise figure improvements lso much depend on the choice of pump nd signl wvelength due to their different influence upon ASE genertion. Therefore, the influence of the isoltor insertion is investigted for different signl wvelengths when pumping t pm or pm. Clcultions re mde for both n Alnd Ge-co-doped erbium fiber. For the ltter, signl wvelengths corresponding to the two locl fluorescence mxim t pm nd pm re ssumed, while for the former signl t the fluorescence mximum t 1.530pm nd signl in the low loss window t 1.550pm re considered. Concerning the noise figure, it is seen from Fig. 8 tht combintion of 1.47-pm pump nd 1.55-pm signl will benefit most from the insertion of n isoltor in n luminum co-doped EDFA. A decrese of 2.8 db is chieved. However, the fvorite configurtion with respect to the lowest ttinble noise figure for high-gin mplifier is the 0.98-pm pumping of the pm signl yielding noise figure of less thn 3.2 db, which is very close the theoreticl 3.0-dB lower limit. The lrgest gin improvement, 4.9 db, is obtined for pm nd 1.47-pm pumping of the 1.53-pm signl, nd in ddition the overll highest gin of 50.5 db is clculted for the former. For the germnium fiber the isoltor increses the gin by 10 db nd improves the noise figure by 6 db for the cse with the 1.47-pm pump nd 1.53-pm signl. The best noise nd gin performnces re obtined with 0.98-pm pump, where signl wvelength t 1.53pm gives 58-dB gin nd 3.1-dB noise figure. For the 1.55-pm signl, the bsolute vlues re 48-dB gin nd 3.3 db for the noise figure. Recently it hs been reported [lo] tht pumping t the bsorption pek does not give the highest gin in the 0.98-pm bnd when signl wvelengths round 1.55 pm re considered. This gin hole spectrum is illustrted s dshed line in Fig. 9, which shows simultneous vlues of gin nd noise figure for gin-optimized fiber lengths versus the pump wvelength. A copropgting pump configurtion is ssumed with ll dt similr to the bove-mentioned, except for the pump wvelength. A 1.1-dB gin hole is observed when pumping t 0.980pm insted of detuning to the gin shoulders round pm or pm, but still the lowest noise figure is chieved t pm. As the gin hole phenomenon is cused by ASE sturtion of the mplifier when the emission cross section exceeds certin level, the hole cn be eliminted by insertion of the ASE ttenuting isoltor in the fiber. Clcultions with the isoltor t the optimum loction give the solid lines showing tht both mximum gin nd the minimum noise figure in

6 1348 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. 8, AUGUST I., I., r. I! Reltive Isoltor Loction;(%) Fig. 8. Gin nd noise figure improvements versus the reltive isoltor loction in percent for four different combintions of pump nd signl wvelengths. Lefi: Results for n AI-doped EDFA. Right: Results for Ge-doped EDFA. A bi-directionl pumping scheme is considered. 35 E 30 Y d.d rd Wvelength (pm) Fig. 9. Optimum gin nd corresponding noise figure for different pump wvelengths in the 0.98-pm bnd. Dotted lines: Results on the reference fiber. Solid lines: Results with n inserted WDM isoltor. A, = 1.55pm, P, = -60 dbm, nd P, = 60 mw. this cse re obtined for pumping t the bsorption pek t 0.98 pm. v. VARIATION OF THE POWER LEVELS For the bove-mentioned pump configurtions, the optimum isoltor loction within the erbium fiber ws nlyzed for EDFA's operted in the smll signl regime nd using fixed pump power of 60 mw. However, when chnging either the signl or the pump power, the ASE buildup nd thereby lso the optimum isoltor loction will chnge. Clcultions of the gin nd noise figure for incresing input signl power in the erbium fiber re shown in Fig. 10. Signl wvelengths t io Input Signl Power (dbm) Fig. 10. Optimum gin nd corresponding noise figure versus the input signl power to the erbium-doped fiber. Both signls t 1.53pm nd t 1.55 pm re considered. Dotted lines: results of the reference fiber. Solid lines: results when pure isoltor is considered. Insert: Optimum isoltor loction versus input signl power. A, = 1.47pm nd Pp = 60 mw pm nd 1.55 pm re considered together with 60 mw of lunched pump power t 1.47 pm. The dshed reference lines illustrte the performnce of gin-optimized fiber without n isoltor, while the solid lines show the results for gin-optimized fiber with n isoltor inserted t its optimum loction. The ltter is denoted s the test fiber. For both signl wvelengths n input signl power below -5 dbm llows for net improvement in the noise figure by insertion of the isoltor, while minor noise figure increse reltive to the reference rises for higher power levels. Improvements of 2.1 db nd 2.8 db re chieved t 1.53pm nd 1.55 pm, respectively, in the smll signl regime where the lrge mount of ASE deteriortes the popultion inversion of the reference fiber. For incresing power levels the reference noise figure will improve, s the signl sturtion rther thn the ASE will determine the popultion inversion. However, 7 1

7 LUMHOLT et l.: QUANTUM LIMITED NOISE FIGURE OPERATION 1349 R. - 6 Y 0) e 4 t;: 0).r( Erbium n -0 ' 20 io Pump Power (mw) Fig. 11. Optimum gin nd corresponding noise figure versus the pump power into the erbium-doped fiber. Clcultions re mde both with nd without n inserted isoltor. Dotted lines: results for 0.98-pm pumping. Solid lines: results for 1.48-pm pumping. Insert: Optimum isoltor loction versus pump power. A, = 1.55pm nd I?, = -GO dbm. in the lrge signl regime the signl sturtion lone will be determintive; hence, there is no improvement by using the isoltor nd both the reference s well s the test fiber noise figures increse rpidly. Gin improvements up to 4.9 db for 1.53-pm nd 4.6 db for 1.55-pm signls re chieved for signl powers below the 3-dB sturtion point, which re -28 dbm nd -18 dbm, respectively. However, it is seen tht the input signl hs to be pproximtely 10 db lower thn the 3-dB sturtion point to llow for gins within few tenths of decibel from the vlue in the extreme smll signl region. In the lrge signl regime the isoltor insertion loss hs more weighty influence upon the mplifier performnce thn the moderte profit of ASE reduction, resulting in minor gin decrese. The optimum isoltor loction within the fiber is illustrted versus the input signl power in the lower right prt of Fig. 10, showing lrge difference between the two considered signl wvelengths. In the lrge signl regime signl wvelength t 1.53 pm gives more noisy mplifier thn the one t 1.55 pm. Therefore, the 1.53-pm signl leds to shorter optimum loction thn the one t 1.55pm. However, for decresing signl power the ASE builds up much stronger for the pm signl, resulting in shorter isoltor loctions when using this wvelength. In the rnge where the signl sturtion is determintive of the popultion inversion, the reltive isoltor loction is seen to increse for decresing signl powers. However, for signls below the 3-dB sturtion point, the loction remins unchnged t 34% nd 24% for 1.53-pm nd 1.55-pm signls, respectively. The influence of pump power vritions upon the mplifier performnce of the 1.55-pm signl is investigted for pump wvelengths t both 0.98j~m nd 1.47pm when using the pump bypss coupling for the former. In Fig. 11 clcultions re represented for signl input power level t -60 dbm. Pump power levels sufficient to chieve 20-dB gin by 0.98pm pumping nd 24 db by 1.47-pm pumping re required before the use of the considered isoltor, with relistic insertion losses, gives improvements in gin nd noise figure Fig. 12. Experimentl setup. performnce. However, bove this limit both the gin nd noise figure improvements increse with incresing pump power. For the ltter this clerly ppers from the curves on the left prt of the figure s the reference increses for incresing pump due to fster increse in ASE thn in the gin. By insertion of the isoltor, the course is opposite, s the gin will increse more rpidly thn the ASE. Use of n idel (lossless) isoltor would be beneficil t ny gin level. The optimum isoltor loction s represented in the lower right corner of Fig. 11 shows lrge chnges with pump power. In the uninteresting rnge for smll pump powers, where the reference yields better performnce thn use of the isoltor, the optimum loction goes towrd 50% for 0.98-pm pumping nd towrd 0% for 1.47-pm pumping. The former is due to equl ttenution of both forwrd nd bckwrd pump in the bypss coupling. It mkes this position optimum s lest pump is ttenuted by the isoltor when plced in the middle of the fiber. At 1.47 the ttenution of the bckwrd pump is 39.3 db lrger thn for forwrd, mking position in the beginning of the fiber optimum. However, for power levels well bove the previously mentioned ppliction limits, it is seen tht the optimum position remins unchnged t 15% when pumping t 0.98pm nd 24% t 1.47pm. VI. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experimentl setup for evluting the gin chrcteristics is shown in Fig. 12. A bidirectionl pumping configurtion is ssumed, using two InGAsP/InP lsers, ech emitting t 1.47pm nd cpble of delivering up to totl of 70 mw of lunched pump power into the erbium-doped fiber. In ech of the pump brnches, the lser is followed by 1 : 99 coupler used for mesure of the pump power reference. The output rm of this coupler is spliced to the WDM coupler locted t ech end of the EDFA. All free fiber ends in these s well s in the other couplers in the setup re cleved in ngles of 10" to prevent unwnted reflections. The modulted signl light t 1.55pm origintes from temperture-tuned DFB lser nd the signl power is djusted by n ttenutor to level of -40 db t the input end of the EDFA. An isoltor is inserted to prevent bckwrd-trvelling ASE from reching the signl lser. To llow for reference mesurement of the signl, 10 : 90 coupler is inserted in the --I

8 1350 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. 8, AUGUST 1993 n d k - :- e d ld-40- B 60 n c - El 40 k t 20!j 35 I, l Reltive Isoltor Loction (IS) Fig. 13. Mesured gin nd the corresponding noise figure versus the reltive isoltor loction. Mesurements re shown t four different fiber lengths: 4m, 5m, 6m, 7m. A, = 1.47pm, A, = 1.55pm, P, = -40 dbm, nd Pp = 60 mw ~ Gin Profit (db) Noise Figure (db) Fig. 14. Lefi U: Mesured gin profit reltive to the reference fiber for signl power vritions into 7-m-long fiber. A: Profits for pump power vritions re shown for n isoltor inserted in the reference fiber. The strs shows the best results, selected mong 11 different fiber lengths. Right 0: Noise figure versus pump power mesured on the reference fiber, 0: fiber length tht is gin optimum for 60-mW pump. Strs nd tringles re explined bove. 0 signl wy before the WDM coupler t the input end of the mplifier. On the output end of the EDFA the signl is guided through the WDM coupler before it is recorded by use of lock-in mplifier with n integrting sphere detector. The setup for evluting the noise figure is somewht similr, s it is determined from corresponding mesurements of gin G nd ASE power PASE, in bndwidth AV round the signl frequency v by the eqution [8]: where h is Plnck s constnt. The shpe of the ASE spectrum is recorded in 0.1-nm steps on double monochromtor, nd by integrting the re under the curve in respective bndwidth AV round the signl, nd in the whole spectrl wvelength rnge, reltive mesure of the ASE within the bndwidth is obtined. PASE is determined by scling this frction with the totl mount of ASE power, mesured by wvelength-clibrted power meter with n integrting sphere detector. The double monochromtor is used s it llows for higher dynmic rnge, which is importnt for mesuring the ASE level close to the signl wvelengths. VII. MEASUREMENTS For lunched pump power level t 60 mw from the bove mentioned bidirectionl pumped scheme nd with n input signl power t -40 dbm, the length of the erbiumdoped fiber is gin-optimized, yielding mximum gin of 37.9 db nd corresponding noise figure of 7.4 db. These numericl quntities mesured on the pproximtely 5-m-long reference fiber re denoted below s the reference gin nd the reference noise figure, respectively. Further, the erbium-doped fiber with n isoltor inserted within its length is referred to s the test fiber. Now, by insertion of the isoltor t reltive loction between 0% nd 60% of the totl fiber length, which is vried between 0.8 nd 1.4 times the reference fiber length, the mesured gins nd the corresponding noise figures re represented in Fig. 13. The predicted optimum isoltor loction within the first third of the fiber is obviously verified by the mesurements. An overll highest gin of 42.0 db is chieved for n isoltor plced t 22% of fiber tht is pproximtely 20% longer thn the reference. The overll lowest noise figure t 5.0 db is, s expected, mesured t the shortest fiber length. However, the noise figure corresponding to the gin optimized isoltor configurtion is only four tenths of decibel higher. The mesurements clerly show how importnt correct position of the isoltor is. Consider fiber length similr to the reference, gin reduction of 4.9 db nd corresponding noise figure deteriortion of 3.5 db re cused by moving the isoltor from its optimum loction to the signl input end. For given pump nd input signl powers, the gin profit denotes tht prt of the gin mesured on the test fiber, which exceeds the gin of the reference fiber mesured for corresponding signl nd pump powers. The influence of vrition in the input signl power upon the gin profit is illustrted in the left prt of Fig. 14. As the test fiber is slightly bove its optimum length in the smll signl regime nd the reltive isoltor loction is some percentge lrger thn its optimum plcement, only 3-dB gin profit is obtined for Ps = -40 dbm. The interesting region in which positive gin profit is obtined is observed to be limited by signl power of -22 dbm. However, the optimum length of the test fiber Ltest,opt decreses more rpidly thn the optimum length of fiber without n isoltor, Loptr for incresing signl power. As both test nd reference fiber length re unchnged in the considered vrition process, length-dependent decrese in the gin profit will pper for incresing Ps. This influence is estimted to extend the positive gin profit rnge with some few decibels. The influences of pump power chnges re lso seen in Fig. 14, for power vritions between 10 nd 60 mw. The tringles correspond to mesurements with n isoltor inserted in the reference fiber, while the strs show the optimum mesurements selected mong 11 different fiber lengths nd isoltor loctions. It is seen from the left prt of the figure tht 7 TI

9 L 1 LUMHOLT et l.: QUANTUM LIMITED NOISE FIGURE OPERATION 1351 L, -4 I = Cin mesurement Clcultions Noise figure mesurement h I m B - e U -2 o* I l l u -12! -4.If Reltive Isoltor Loction (%) Fig. 15. Mesured gin improvements reltive to the reference fiber shown s strs nd the corresponding noise figure illustrted s dimonds, versus the reltive isoltor loction. Corresponding clcultions re represented s solid lines. A, = 1.47pm, A, = 1.59pm, I, = -40 dbm, nd P, = 60 mw. more thn two decibels of gin profit re obtined for pump powers bove 20 mw simply by insertion of n isoltor in the gin-optimized reference fiber. By n optimiztion of the fiber length of the new configurtions, gin profit between 3.8 nd 4.1 db is obtined for pump power levels bove 40 mw. The correltion between the noise figure nd the lunched pump power is illustrted on the right prt of Fig. 14. The circles connected by dshed line represent mesurements on the reference fiber. An lmost constnt noise figure of 7.4 db is obtined for Pp bove 20 mw. An improvement for ll pump power levels is observed when the isoltor is inserted in the reference fiber (solid line with tringles), even though the corresponding gin for 10 mw power is more thn 2 db lower thn the reference. This is due to the even lrger decrese of the spontneous emission. By incresing the length of the test fiber to the length tht is gin-optimum for 60-mW pump, mesurements shown s dimonds re obtined. The sme low noise figure is seen for high pump, but the length-dependent gin profit decrese for smll pump powers will increse the noise figure. Finlly, the gin nd noise figure improvements of the 6-mlong test fiber reltive to the reference fiber re shown in Fig. 15. The mesured dt re represented in comprison with clcultions of the performnce improvements for different plcements of the isoltor in fiber hving fixed length. Corresponding to the mesurements, this fixed length is chosen s the optimum length when the isoltor is inserted t its optimum loction. Numerous mesured dt for the considered fiber, similr to those in the previous sections, re used s input prmeters to the model. The bsorption nd emission cross sections for n ordinry luminum co-doped fiber re considered s they show good greement with the test fiber nd the mesured index urofile is found to uuroch n L--,, ~ II QI = 3 profile. The mgnitude s s the curve progress for the culted gin immovements versus the isoltor loction show very high greelent with the mesurements in the rnge tht hs been experimentlly investigted. The lrgest difference is pproximtely 1 db nd in both cses the optimum reltive isoltor loction is determined to be ner 20% of the totl fiber length. Less thn 1.5-dB difference is observed between the clculted nd mesured noise figure improvements. The optimum isoltor position with respect to the noise figure is both experimentlly s well s theoreticlly determined to be ner 20% of the totl fiber length. VIII. CONCLUSION The insertion of n isoltor within the length of n erbiumdoped fiber hs been shown to enble ner-quntum-limited opertion of very-high-gin mplifiers. When pumping t 1.47pm the isoltor cn be directly instlled in the fiber, s only minor insertion loss is present t this wvelength. For 0.98-pm pumping lrge insertion loss will deteriorte the pump drmticlly, but bypss coupling of the pump hs been shown to solve this problem efficiently. As in the cse without n ASE ttenution component, the best pump configurtion with respect to high gin nd low noise is the bidirectionl one. Experiments hve yielded improvements of up to 4.1 db nd 2.0 db in the gin nd noise figures, respectively, by using the isoltor in such scheme. Still, even lrger improvements re predicted for the copropgting configurtion. Depending on the chosen pumping scheme the optimum isoltor loction vries between 15% nd 37% of the totl fiber length when pumping the 1.55-pm signl t 0.98pm. The combintion of 0.98-pm pump nd 1.53-pm signl wvelength is the best choice with respect to noise figure. For the gin-optimized fiber noise figure only 0.2 db bove the 3.0-dB quntum limit is clculted. Still, it is the pm pumped 1.55-pm signl tht benefits most of the isoltor insertion. Combintion of the considered pump nd signl wvelength yields optimum isoltor loctions between 15% nd 36% of the fiber length. The mplifier improvements by using the isoltor exist in the whole input signl power rnge where ASE is determintive of the popultion inversion. Gin improvements cn be obtined for input signl powers below the 3-dB sturtion point nd noise figure improvements for signl powers below -5 dbm. The optimum isoltor loction increses for decresing signl power nd becomes unchnged in the smll signl regime where the signl t 1.53 pm gives ten percentge points lrger isoltor loctions thn signls t 1.55 pm. Similrly, the pm pump yields optimum loctions some ten percentge points shorter thn pm pumps. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The uthors thnk LYCOM A/S for the supply of the Erdoped fiber nd Dr. E. Nicolisen for fruitful discussions. REFERENCES [1] M. Shimizu, M. Ymd, M. Horiguchi, T. Tkeshit, nd M. Okysu, Erbium-doped fibre mplifiers with n extremely high gin coefficient of 11.0 db/mw, Electron. Lett., vol. 26, no. 20, pp , [21 S. L. Hnsen, K. Dybdl, nd C. C. Lrsen, Upper gin limit in Er- doped fiber mplifiers due to internl Ryleigh bckscttering, hoc. Conf Opticl Fiber Commun. 92, 1992, p. 68. [31 R, Olshnsky, Noise figure for erbium-doped opticl fibre mplifiers, Electron. Len., vol. 24, no. 22, pp , 1988.

10 1352 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. 8, AUGUST 1993 [4] R. I. Lming nd D. N. Pyne, Noise chrcteristics of erbium-doped fiber mplifier pumped t 980 nm, Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 2, no. 6, pp , [SI J. H. Povlsen, A. Bjrklev, 0. Lumholt, H. Vendeltorp-Pommer, nd K. Rottwitt, Optimizing gin nd noise performnce of EDFA s with insertion of filter or n isoltor, Proc. SPIE OEIFIBERS 91, [6] Y. Aoki, T. Sito, K. Fukgi, Y. Sunohr, S. Ishikw, nd S. Fujit, Low noise nd high sturtion output power erbium-doped fiber mplifiers pumped with 0.98pm nd 1.48pm LDs for longdistnce opticl communiction, Proc. 17th ECOC 91, Pris, 1991, pp [7] C. R. Giles nd D. J. Di Giovnni, Dynmic gin equliztion in two-stge fiber mplifiers, Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 2, no. 12, pp , B. Pedersen. A. Birklev. J. H. Povlsen. K. Dvbdl. nd C. C. Lrsen. The design of erbium-doped fiber mplifiers, J. Lightwve Technol., vol. 9, no. 9, pp , B. Pedersen, A. Bjrklev, 0. Lumholt, nd J. H. Povlsen, Detiled design nlysis of erbium doped fiber mplifiers, Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, no. 6, pp , B. Pedersen, J. Chirrvuri, nd W. J. Minisclco, Gin nd noise penlty for detuned 980-nm pumping of erbium-doped fiber power mplifiers, Photon. Tech. Lett., vol. 4, no. 4, pp Lumholt, K. Dybdl, C. C. ben, S. Dhl-Petersen, K. SchYusler, A. Bjrklev, J. H. Povlsen, T. P. Rsmussen, nd K. Rottwitt, Er- L doped fibre mplifier, pumped t 1.47pm, Proc. 17th ECOC 91, Pris, 1991, pp nd he is now working deprtment. Anders BjrMev ws born in Roskilde, Denmrk, on July 2, He received the M.Sc. degree in electricl engineering in 1985 from the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk. He received the Ph.D. degree from the Technicl University of Denmrk in He becme Associte Professor t the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk in His reserch interests re primrily within the field of chrcteriztion of ctive nd pssive opticl wveguides. Svend Dhl-Petersen ws born in Copenhgen, Denmrk, on September 29, He received the M.Sc. degree in 1985 from University of Copenhgen with the mjor in physics nd the minor in chemistry. From 1985 to 1992 he ws engged t NKT Reserch Center working with R&D in the res of high-temperture superconductors nd fiberoptic communictions. From 1989 to 1992 he ws project mnger for the coordinted Dnish fiber mplifier project. In 1992 he ws engged by NKT Elektronik s group leder of the TV section of the R&D Ole Lumholt ws born in Copenhgen, Denmrk, on November 20, He received the M.Sc. degree in electricl engineering in 1990 from the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk. In 1990, he joined the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk s n Associte Resercher. His reserch interests re in the field of ctive opticl fibers nd integrted opticl wveguides. Thoms Rsmussen ws born in Copenhgen, Denmrk, on November 3, He received the M.Sc. degree in electricl engineering in 1991 from the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk. He is working on the Ph.D. degree t the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk, on integrted opticl wveguides.. _- Jern Hedegrd Povlsen ws born on April 3, He received the M.Sc. degree in physics in 1982 from the H. C. \O rsted Institute of Copenhgen, Denmrk. In 1983 he joined the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk s n Associte Resercher. His reserch interests re in the field of chrcteriztion of ctive nd pssive opticl wveguides nd in the field of MQW structures. Krsten Rottwitt ws born in Odense, Denmrk, on November 13, He received the M.Sc. degree in electricl engineering in 1990 from the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk. He is working on the Ph.D. degree t the Electromgnetics Institute, Technicl University of Denmrk, on soliton communiction systems. Kim Schusler ws born in Br\o ndby, Denmrk, on My 14, He received the M.Sc. degree in electricl engineering in 1989 from the Industril Acoustics Lbortory, Institute of Mnufcturing Engineering, Technicl University of Denmrk. In 1989 he joined the NKT Reserch Center NS. His reserch interests re in the field of ctive opticl fibers, opticl networks, nd opticl sensors.

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