Next Generation Space Atomic Clock Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Technology
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1 Next Generation Space Atomic Clock Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Technology John D. Prestage- 1
2 Next Generation Space Atomic Clock!! Hg Ion Clock Technology was selected as NASA OCT TDM!! Outline - Motivation for clocks in space, NASA deep space navigation - Key features and inherent strengths - DSAC Technology Demonstration Mission Overview - GPS infusion path - Ion Atomic Clock Hardware - Miniaturization via DARPA IMPACT Stanford 2011 PNT Challenges and Opportunities, Nov 18th John D. Prestage- 2
3 DSAC Compared to Other Space Based Clocks Planetary orbit eclipse period John D. Prestage- 3
4 Simple Design/ Inherently Insensitive No Lasers No Cryogenics No Microwave cavities No Light Shift (as in Rb cell clocks) No Consumables (as in H-maser, Cs beam clocks) A comparison of microwave space atomic clock technologies and the Hg Ion Clock. H-Maser Cesium Clock Rubidium Clock Hg Ion Clock Lifetime limits H 2 dissociation, flow through. Life limited by H 2 supply. Life limited by pump life. Cesium oven, Cs beam. Life limited by Cs supply Glass cell with Rb vapor; Rb not consumed No Consumables; Hg vapor sealed in vacuum tube. Ions held by rf/dc force fields. No wall collisions. Microwave; state-selection Microwave cavity 1.4 GHz. Microwave cavity 9.2 GHz; laser or magnetic deflection state selection Microwave cavity 6.8 GHz; RF excited Rb lamp No microwave cavities, RF excited Hg lamp. No lasers. Radiation Rad-tolerant; Used in GALILEO. Rad-tolerant with magnetic state selectors; less tolerant with laser. Rad-tolerant; Used in GPS; ~100 krad/yr for >10 yrs Radiation tolerant (Similar to GPS Rb) Magnetic Sensitivity Several shield layers; Reference field ~ 1 mg. Highest inherent sensitivity. Several shield layers Several shield layers 3 layer shields; Lowest magnetic sensitivity Temperature Sensitivity Cavity stabilized to ~ C ~ /C Laser cooled clocks require C stabilization ~ /C ~ /C Lowest temp sensitivity John D. Prestage- 4
5 Mission Architecture Experiment Data collection for a year on orbit Collect line-of-site GPS pseudorange/carrier phase data on Iridium NEXT Hosted Payload with GPS receiver/atomic clock On selected GPS satellite, collect GPS pseudo-range/phase at JPL and other IGS ground stations GPS receiver/atomic clock (needed to solve for time scale) Processing Monitor atomic clock stability to verify 60 sec and 10 days Perform precision orbit determination to verify < 20 cm John D. Prestage- 5
6 KEY FEATURES: Based on other space vacuum tubes (TWTA) - 5,000-fold improvement in vacuum - 10-fold reliability improvement Hg + trapped ions Clock Transition: 40,507,347,996.8 Hz No wall collisions, high Q microwave line State selection via optical pumping from 202 Hg + ; 1-2 UV photons per second scattered Ions are buffer-gas (Ne) cooled to ~300K Ion Shuttling from Quadrupole to Multipole trap where best isolation from disturbances is achieved Frequency de-tunings and drift of USO are detected via UV light scattering from trapped ions UV Light Collected Frequency de-tuning (in Hz) at GHz John D. Prestage- 6
7 Next Generation Space Atomic Clock Trap design minimizes relativistic Time Dilation clock shift Advantages of moving ions between 2 traps Easily executed with charged ions lossless, reversible atomic beam Removes light shift Better magnetic shielding Reduce Space charge, ion number shift, N/L: (k-1) reduction of micro-motiontime Dilation Stanford 2011 PNT Challenges and Opportunities, Nov 18th John D. Prestage- 7
8 Sealed Tube Life Test ~3.5 years 5/4/2005 Tube Seal-Off 11/1/2005 Tube Seal-off 3/9/2006 Trap Time 1000 hours 10/14/2008 Trap Time 3000 hours 4/27/2009 Trap Time 5000 hours Monitor Rabi clock signal size vs time: Loss rate slow: 1000 s of hours No Charge conversion for 1000 s hr Breadboard Clock Unit UV Light Collected Thermo-Vac baseplate Frequency de-tuning (in Hz) at GHz Getter Sealed Tube Method has demonstrated adequately long life -- Eliminates moving parts -- Converts technology to No Consumables (No gas-flow) -- Hg Oven not turned on for years -- Reduce Hg within tube by >> 1000-fold Comparison: Original ground clocks with mechanical pumps have ~ 1 hr hold time Right Angle UHV Valve (Closed to seal system) John D. Prestage- 8
9 Vacuum Tube is loaded with Hg vapor after de-gas, then sealed off for long term operation under passive getter pump vacuum. Confining Field Switched Off Electron gun switched off Electron gun switched on To generate ions inside trap John D. Prestage- 9
10 Plasma UV Light source is radiation tolerant. 2 Isotopes of Hg are used: - Isotopic Pumping, 202/199 Hg + (as in 87/85 Rb, and 106/113 Cd + ) Ionizing source is used inside vacuum tube, to create Hg + John D. Prestage- 10
11 UV Light Source 202 Hg Lamp GPS Clock Technologies/ideas are incorporated into Physics package Long term degradation of UV (194 nm) is due to Hg-fused silica chemistry. Life extended by lowering power in discharge by ~3x Sapphire bulb material is more resistant to Hg chemistry and should enable >10-year bulb lifetime. John D. Prestage- 11
12 Instrument includes embedded processor, digital signal acquisition, analog dc/rf, ION CLOCK Power Interface A1. Power Supply Cond. A3. Controller ION CLOCK Assembly A4. C-field Drv A5. Res. Trap (RT) Drv A14. C- Field Coils DACS A6. Load Trap (LT) Drv A7. Trap DC A15. Physic Package ION CLOCK Cmd/Ctl Interface Tunable- USO Ctl Interface 10MHz input from USO Algorithms: 1. Setup/optimization 2. Clock Acquisition, Tracking, Recovery 3. Diagnostics 4. Health and Status Pulse Counter Dig. Ctl A16. Multiplier/ Synthesizer A8. Electron Emitter Drv A9. Lamp Driver & Thermal Control A10. Lamp & housing A12. PMT & housing (in air) A2. Chassis Assembly & Signal Cables A11. Input Optics Assy A13. Output Optics Assy Emitter Assy LT Assy RT Assy Getter Assy John D. Prestage- 12
13 Next Generation Space Atomic Clock Miniaturization of large, high performance space clock is well along Stanford 2011 PNT Challenges and Opportunities, Nov 18th John D. Prestage- 13
14 Performance of the 10 cm 3 Vacuum Package JPL Titanium Vacuum Package Laser Port Fluorescence Collection Port 19 mm Trap Electrodes John D. Prestage- 14
15 Next Generation Space Atomic Clock Requires no consumables (as H-maser or Cesium beam); Modern vacuum tube fabrication enables long lived operations; Frequency insensitive to temperature variations; better than per C Radiation tolerant; Miniaturized with no severe loss of performance; Unmatched ultra-high stability in a small, lightweight package Ion Trapping Electrodes 40 GHz waveguide window Titanium vacuum tube Hermetic Electrical Feedthroughs Stanford 2011 PNT Challenges and Opportunities, Nov 18th John D. Prestage- 15
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