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1 RTK Communications with Raveon LoRa Radios August 2016 Raveon Technologies Corporation 2461 Impala Drive Carlsbad, CA USA Raveon Technologies Corporation iot.raveon.com

2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction System Features Private Network - No recurring Fees Secure Way Data Low Cost Long Range Fast Updates Rugged Wireless Partner Unlimited Receivers RTK System Block Diagram Base Station Products Technical Notes LoRa VHF/UHF vs LoRa Latency... 7 Bandwidth

3 1. Introduction This paper describes a communications system comprised of industrial-grade transponders for distributing RTK correction information to multiple GPS-enabled end nodes. RTK is a correction signal used to make GPS more accurate. GPS typically provides accuracy down to about 1-3 meters but with RTK corrections, accuracy of about 1 inch can be achieved. There are RTK correction systems on the market which use various wireless technologies to distributer the correction data to the end nodes. Raveon s LoRa radio systems are the ideal transmission method to distribute this RTK correction information. The RV-M50 is a low cost, low power, long range transceiver that can distribute RTK correction signals a distance of about 10 miles line-of-sight. If longer range is desired, Raveon also offers the RV-M8 which can extend the range to about 100 miles line-of-sight. Most RTK wireless transmission systems on the market are one-way which only allows RTK correction data to travel from the base station to the end nodes for correcting GPS information. Raveon s radios are 2-way transceivers so they are also able to send GPS location data back to the base station for tracking the individual devices. Or, if the system integrator wishes to send data back to the base station instead of GPS data, this can also be accomplished using the Raveon system. 2. System Features 2.1 Private Network - No recurring Fees Unlike cellular systems, Raveon s radios use private system including the base station to transmit the data out to the end-nodes. 2.2 Secure This network is secured using bank-level encryption (128-bit AES). Since it is a private network, no data ever leaves the premises. This limits the possibility of hackers or unauthorized reception of the data. The receivers also have passwords to connect to the network Way Data Most RTK wireless transmission systems on the market are one-way which only allows RTK correction data to travel from the base station to the end nodes for correcting GPS information. Raveon s radios are 2-way transceivers so they are also able to send GPS location data back to the base station for tracking the individual devices. Or, if the system integrator wishes to send data back to the base station instead of GPS data, this can also be accomplished using the Raveon system. 2.4 Low Cost The RV-M50 module is designed for cost efficiency. The design is optimized for performance and reliability but is designed with many off-the-shelf (not custom), readily-available components. 2.5 Long Range Our LoRa products get anywhere from 2-15 mile range depending on terrain. If longer range is needed, the M8 Line can achieve ranges up to 100 miles. 3

4 2.6 Fast Updates Raveon s Modems are real time, typically sending the data in under 20ms vs latencies of seconds or minutes with competing technologies. 2.7 Rugged Every Raveon radio is designed for industrial use and we offer various enclosure to protect the electronics from the elements, including fully IP67 enclosures. 2.8 Wireless Partner Aside from supplying hardware, Raveon aims to act as a wireless partner, assisting design and deployment of the entire system along the way. Our engineers have decades of experience deploying RF technologies and bringing entire systems to market. 2.9 Unlimited Receivers In our star network topology, the base station transmits a broadcast message, meaning that any endnode in range can receive the message without loading down the network. 3. RTK System Block Diagram A typical RTK communication system is setup as shown below. The base station receives the correction data and sends it out over-the-air to the end nodes which then pass off the correction data to the RTK processor. The base station can be accessed over TCP/IP. If the RTK source does not have a TCP/IP connection then a terminal server can be used. 3.1 Base Station Ethernet Switch Ethernet Skyline Base Station AC Power Terminal Server Ethernet RTK Data Source RS-232 Serial OTA RTK Transmissions End Node Radio 7-30V DC Power RS-232 Serial RTK Data Sink 4

5 4. Products Raveon offers the following products that can be used to transmit/receive RTK correction signals: M50 Can work in peer-to-peer mode or in a star topology Low cost LoRa modulation M22 (M50 or Z50 in a Tech Series Enclosure) Industrial aluminum enclosure that holds the M50 or Z50 Modular front panels can be adjusted to fit any system V50 (M50 or Z50 in a plastic enclosure with a battery pack) Plastic case with M50 or Z50 inside Battery pack and charger included Keypad on the front has 2 LEDs for feedback and one button for power/alert 5

6 R50 Base Station Base station for M50 radios Ethernet, USB, HDMI and serial Backup battery charger circuit (no battery included) Powerful processor with additional space for user apps 8-channel LoRa demodulater R55 (R50 Base Station in a NEMA enclosure) Industrial enclosure for R50 Battery backup included M8 VHF/UHF Data Modem Ultra-long range VHF or UHF options GPS option 6

7 5. Technical Notes 5.1 LoRa LoRa stands for Long Range and is a new wireless protocol developed by Semtech. It can be used in various ISM bands around the world including the MHz band in the US, as well as various 100, 400 and 800 MHz bands in other countries. Since this is ISM, there is no need for a license to use the frequencies because they are open for the public to use. LoRa uses sophisticated spread spectrum modulation and signal processing techniques to get better sensitivity than competing technologies. LoRa radios can theoretically receive down to -148dBm which is 19.5dB below the noise floor of the earth. Most competing technologies need about 8-10dB above the noise floor in order to receive the message. This means better range and reliability. Also, LoRa is capable of co-channel GMSK rejection of up to 19.5dB which means noise signals that are 60+ times the power won t prevent the radio from receiving the message. This is great in noisy environments. The ISM band for each country dictates certain parameters, such as power output. For LoRa in the ISM bands, the maximum power output is 1W but different countries regulate the frequencies, power outputs in certain modes and duty cycle differently. 5.2 VHF/UHF vs LoRa Raveon has been designing VHF/UHF radios for over 10 years and these radios can operate either on public MURS frequencies or private frequencies that require an FCC license. Private frequencies are the most reliable as they cannot be used by anyone who doesn t hold the license so there is less noise and higher reliability. MURS systems are easier to set up (due to the lack of a license) but can be noisy as anyone can use them. Raveon makes various radios for this range which output up to 5W of power. Raveon s LoRa radios have a maximum power output of 1W (500mW if using direct sequence single 500KHz channel) so there is less power and, therefore, less range. However, the LoRa sensitivity is better which helps close the gap a bit. 5.3 Latency RTK systems are highly reliant on low latency data transmissions. Wireless radio modems have a buffer that needs to be filled before sending a full packet. If it were to send every byte as it came in then there would be too much overhead for the packet and data rates would suffer. Raveon radios have a configurable transmit buffer which can be set as low as a few milliseconds. This means a system can be tuned for optimal latency depending on the size of the data packets. Typical range is 1-3 seconds to properly utilize an RTK correction. With this tight timing restriction, Raveon radios are ideal for meeting RTK latency requirement. 7

8 Bandwidth LoRa can operate on 125, 250 or 500 khz channels. The chart below shows different throughputs based on the coding rate, spread factor and bandwidth of the system. Higher spread factors have lower data throughput but can go longer distances. Spread factor 7 seems to be a nice sweet spot balancing range and bit rate. 500KHz is recommended as this is a broadcast type system and the only reason to use lower bandwidth is for better spectrum efficiency, which isn t needed in broadcast systems. Coding rate is a function of FEC (forward error correction) rates. The higher the coding rate, the higher the reliability of the signal, as certain bit errors can be corrected without a retransmission. Typical RTK systems require about 1-20kbps throughput. At 500KHz, spread factor 7 bit rates of anywhere from 13-22kbps can be achieved (depending on coding rate). This range allows the user to balance FEC rates (reliability) with bit rate based on the throughput needed for the RTK data. Raveon s VHF/UHF radios can transmit up to 19.2kbps so these have similar bandwidth to the optimal LoRa settings as described above. 8

9 6. Conclusion RTK correction systems require a reliable, low-latency wireless link between the source and the receiver. Raveon offers a line of radios that are ideal for this long-range, low data-rate communications and are ideally suited for RTK systems. Simply connect a Raveon base station to the source of the RTK correction factors. Then send this data to an unlimited number of end-nodes which can use the RTK data to obtain highly accurate GPS/GLONASS positioning data. Raveon s easiest, most cost-effective system would the LoRa Daisy line of products which includes the R50 base station and M50 end-nodes. For longer range systems, Raveon s M8 will achieve distances up to 100 miles from the base station. All of Raveon s radio modules also come with various enclosure options including fully weatherproof cases to protect the radio from the elements if not located inside a larger system enclosure. Please see Raveon s websites for more information or give us a call at to discuss further. iot.raveon.com 9

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