PV System Components: Inverters and Charge Controllers. EE 495/695 Spring 2011

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1 PV System Components: Inverters and Charge Controllers EE 495/695 Spring 2011

2 Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) Each DC load has its own I-V Curve. When connecting a DC load directly to a PV system, the intersection of the load and PV I-V curves dictates the operating point. If the intersection point deviates significantly from the maximum power point, then it is desirable to install a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) between the PV System and Load.

3 MPPT: Buck Converter (or LCB) A buck converter is a DC transformer that reduces voltage and increases current by the same factor. V I out out = = DV I in in / D where D is the duty cycle of the electronic switch, i.e., D = Ton /( Ton + Toff ) = Ton / T

4 MPPT: Buck-Boost Converter A buck converter is a DC transformer that reduces or increase voltage, and reduces or increases current by the same factor. V I out out = DV = (1 in /(1 D) I in D) / D where D is the duty cycle of the electronic switch, i.e., D = Ton /( Ton + Toff ) = Ton / T

5 DC-AC Inverters

6

7 Types of Inverters Grid-tied inverters are currents sources: the generate a sine wave current that follows the utility sine voltage. The off-grid inverters as voltage sources: They generate a voltage that can be a pure sine wave, a modified square wave, or simply a square wave. Different appliances will be affected to greater and lesser degrees by the different forms of AC. Resistive loads found in incandescent light bulbs and heat producing appliances such as irons and stoves are unaffected. Inductive loads may (such as motors) run with more noise and get warmer.

8 Problem with low-order harmonics: They are hard to filter. They require a bulky filter that consumes a significant amount of power.

9 PWM Waveform: Bi-Polar Switching m a = Vsin/Vtriangle mf = ftriangle/f sin Harmonic components appear at and around the switching frequency

10

11 Filtering And LC filter is placed on both sides of the inverter to filter out the high frequency components. These filters are small and consume minimal power due to their high resonant frequency.

12 Grid-Tied Inverter Circuit Block Diagram

13 Electrical Specs of Grid-Tied Inverter

14 Electrical Specs of off-grid Inverter

15 Battery Charge Controller

16 Need for a charge controller A charge controller, or charge regulator is similar to the voltage regulator in your car. The charge controller regulates the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the battery. Without regulation, the batteries can be damaged from overcharging. The charge controller regulates the voltage output of the panel to what the battery needs at the time. This voltage typically varies between about 11.5 to 14.5, depending on the state of charge of the battery, the type of battery, in what mode the controller is in, and temperature. Most 12 V batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to get fully charged.

17 Pulse Charging Some chargers use pulse technology in which a pulse is fed to the battery. This DC pulse has a strictly controlled pulse width, pulse repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. With pulse charging, high instantaneous voltages can be applied without overheating the battery. In a Lead acid battery, this breaks down lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly extending the battery service life. The controller constantly checks the state of the battery to determine how fast to send pulses, and how long (wide) the pulses will be. In a fully charged battery with no load, it may just check" every few minutes and send a short pulse to the battery. In a discharged battery, the pulses would be very long and almost continuous. The controller checks the state of charge on the battery between pulses and adjusts itself each time.

18 Pulse Charging Several kinds of pulse charging are patented. Others are open source hardware. Some chargers add a "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging".

19 IUI Charging In here, Initially the battery is charged at a constant (I) rate until the cell voltage reaches a preset value - normally a voltage near to that at which gassing occurs. This first part of the charging cycle is known as the bulk charge phase. When the preset voltage has been reached, the charger switches into the constant voltage (U) phase and the current drawn by the battery will gradually drop until it reaches another preset level. This second part of the cycle completes the normal charging of the battery at a slowly diminishing rate. Finally the charger switches again into the constant current mode (I) and the voltage continues to rise up to a new higher preset limit when the charger is switched off. This last phase is used to equalize the charge on the individual cells in the battery to maximize battery life.

20 Charge Controllers with MPPT Charge Controllers with Maximum power point tracking (MPPT). These are the ultimate in controllers, with prices to match - but with efficiencies in the 94% to 98% range, they can save considerable money on larger systems since they provide 15% to 30% more power to the battery.

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