Module 2 Unit 6, 7, 8
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1 Module 2 Unit 6, 7, 8 1. What is the definition of an ideal conductor? Material that will carry the greatest current with the lowest temperature rise 2. How much does copper weigh compared to aluminum? More than 3 times as much 3. What is ductility? Ability of a material to be drawn into a wire 4. What is malleability? Ability of a material to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets 5. What are three problems with aluminum wire? Rapid oxidation, electrolysis, and cold flow 6. What is cold flow in an aluminum wire? Aluminum can take on a new shape (in a terminal connection) and reduce the pressure on the connectors 7. How is steel incorporated into electrical systems? Strength member with copper or aluminum wound around it 8. What is hard-drawn copper wire? Where is it used? Wire that has been workhardened by drawing it through dies. Often used for outdoor overhead wiring 9. What is the purpose of an annealing oven for wire? Heat and soften wire so it can be made in any size 10. Where are bus bars typically used? High current applications (Industrial) 11. What requirement of a stranded conductor will determine the number and size of the individual strands? Current-carrying capacity 12. What is a compact concentric wire? Tightly compacted wire with smoother outside edge and minimum diameter 13. What are the four conditions that must be met by conductor insulation? 1. Proper voltage rating 2. Proper temperature rating 3. Appropriate for the location (wet, hazardous, etc.) 4. Protected from mechanical damage 14. What are five insulating materials for conductors? 1. Enamel 2. Varnished cambric 3. Rubber 4. Thermoplastic 5. Minerals 15. What are the two colors for the identified conductor in a circuit? White or natural grey
2 16. What are two methods for identifying a ground or bonding wire? Green color or bare copper 17. Where would the largest conductors be found in a residential installation? Service equipment 18. What is the most common application for NMD-90 sheathed cable? Residential branch circuit wiring 19. What are the important features of fixture wire? Stranded, flexible, and hightemperature 20. What is low voltage according to the CEC? Volts 21. What is the term used to describe circuits of less than 30V according to the CEC? Extra-low voltage 22. Give some examples of Class 2 circuits. Door bells, buzzers, thermostats, lowvoltage relays, etc. 23. List three of the most common cable assemblies in residential construction. Nonmetallic sheathed cable, armored cable, aluminum-sheathed cable (MI, Service entrance, Neutral-support, and flexible cord) 24. What is loomex? Non-metallic sheathed cable 25. What is NMW cable? Non-metallic sheathed cable for wet locations 26. What is NMU cable? Non-metallic sheathed cable for underground locations 27. What are two limitations on Non-metallic sheathed cable? Limited to 300 Volts and wood-frame construction 28. What is another name for Armored Cable? BX 29. What are the voltage ratings for TECK cable? 600V-5000 V 30. How many PVC jackets are on teck cable? What is corflex? Aluminum-sheathed cable 32. What is the powder in a mineral-insulated cable? Magnesium-oxide 33. What is the greatest advantage of mineral-insulated cable? Fire rating 34. What is the limitation of light-weight, mineral-insulated cable? 300 Volts max
3 35. How are terminations made for MIC cable? Termination kits 36. What is NSC (neutral support cable) typically used for? Secondary distribution to overhead services 37. What are flexible cables typically used for? Portable equipment with attachment plugs 38. What is the difference between SJ and S flexible cord? SJ is 300 Volt and S is 600 Volt 39. What is flat-conductor cable used for? Wiring across floors in office areas (Under-carpet strip) 40. What determines the ampacity of a panel? Size of bus bars 41. How are splitter boxes rated for amperage? Size of bus bars 42. What is busway or busduct? Prefabricated sections (Often with tap offs) 1. What is a mil? 1/1000 th of an inch Unit 7 2. What is the cross-sectional area of a conductor? (Physically) Square of the wire diameter (D 2 ) 3. What is a circular mil? Cross-sectional area of a wire with a diameter of one mil 4. What is KCM? Metric for 1000 circular mils 5. What is MCM? Roman numeral for 1000 circular mils 6. How are rectangular bus bars measured? Square mil area 7. What type of wire is measured with a wire gauge? Solid 8. What is the smallest wire size manufactured? No How do you calculate CM for a conductor when you know the diameter in mils? D How do you calculate the diameter in mils for a conductor when you know the CM? D = CM
4 11. How do you calculate SMA for a conductor when you know CMA? SMA = CMA x What is the SMA for a busbar measuring ½ x 1 ½? 500 mil x 1500 mils = 750,000 SMA 13. What is the CMA for the busbar in question 12? CMA = SMA/.7854 = 750,000/.7854 = 954, What are the specifications for No.10 wire? (CM, mils, and Resistance) CM = 10,380, Diameter = 102 mils, and Resistance = 1Ω per What would you estimate the resistance per 1000 of No.6 wire to be, based on the values given for #10?.396 Ω per What would you estimate the CM of #6 wire to be, based on the values given for No.10? 26,157 CM 17. What happens to the resistance of wire as the gauge number gets larger? Resistance is higher 18. What factors help determine the material for a conductor? Cost, strength, and ease of use 19. What is the relationship between resistance and conductance? (Think about it) They are inversely proportional (If one increases the other decreases) 20. When is resistance in an electric circuit a good thing? Electrical heating devices (Toaster, iron, and electric heater) 21. What are the four factors that affect conductor resistance? 1. Natural resistance of the material (K) 2. Length of wire 3. Cross sectional area 4. Temperature 22. What is the formula to find the resistance of a length of wire? R = K x L / CMA 23. What is the resistance of 100 of No.14 copper wire? R = 10.4 x 100 / 4096 =.254 Ω 24. What is the resistance of 2000 of No.2 aluminum wire? R = 17 x 2000 / 66,370 =.512 Ω 25. Which materials have a constant (regardless of temperature change) resistance? Manganin
5 26. What factors affect the ampacity rating of conductors? Conductor material, size, type of insulation, whether in free air or raceway or cable, and surrounding air temperature (ambient temperature) 27. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.12 TW copper conductor in a cable according to the CEC? 25 A 28. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.10 TW copper conductor in a cable according to the CEC? 30 A 29. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.000 TW copper conductor in a cable according to the CEC? 165 A 30. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.12 TW aluminum conductor in a cable according to the CEC? 20 A 31. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.8 TW aluminum conductor in a cable according to the CEC? 35 A 32. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.00 TW aluminum conductor in a cable according to the CEC? 115 A 33. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.10* R90 aluminum conductor in free air according to the CEC? 40 A 34. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.2 R90 aluminum conductor in free air according to the CEC? 150 A 35. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.0000 R90 aluminum conductor in free air according to the CEC? 315 A 36. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.10 R90 copper conductor in free air according to the CEC? 55 A 37. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.3 R90 copper conductor in free air according to the CEC? 165 A 38. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.10 TW copper conductor if there are 15 in a conduit? 21 A 39. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.3 TW copper conductor if there are 5 in a conduit? 68 A 40. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.2 R90 aluminum conductor if there are 10 in a conduit? 70A
6 41. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.10 TW copper conductor in a conduit when the ambient temperature will be 40 degrees C? 24.6 A 42. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.4 R90 copper conductor in a conduit when the ambient temperature will be 40 degrees C? A 43. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.10* TW aluminum conductor in a conduit when the ambient temperature will be 50 degrees C? 14.5A 44. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.8 TW aluminum conductor in a conduit when the ambient temperature will be 50 degrees C? 20.3 A 45. What is the maximum allowable ampacity for a No.10* R90 aluminum conductor in a conduit when the ambient temperature will be 40 degrees C? A 46. Which CEC table gives allowable ampacity for flexible cords? Table Short cables made from a good conductive material have no line loss. True or False? 48. What are the three formulas for calculating line loss? P = E x I, P = I 2 R, and P = E 2 /R 49. What is the formula for voltage drop? VD = 2 x K x L x I / CMA 50. What is K in the formulas for conductors? Resistivity of material (copper) at 20 0 C Unit 8 1. What are the advantages of an Edison three-wire circuit? 1. Reduced copper conductor ampacity requirements 2. Two different voltages (120/240) 3. Line drop (volts) and line loss (watts) are reduced 4. Improved safety through grounding the neutral 2. Where is the neutral conductor connected to the transformer in an Edison threewire circuit? Directly to earth 3. At what point is the neutral wire in a three-wire system to be grounded? At the supply and at the main switch 4. When does it become especially important for a system to be grounded? Fault occurs 5. What is a bonding conductor used for? Ground all metallic non-current-carrying parts of a system
7 6. What is the result of a fault to ground in a piece of equipment that is properly bonded and grounded? Tripped overcurrent device 7. What is a balanced load condition in a three-wire circuit? Current equal on both lines 8. Can a circuit with both 120V and 240V loads be balanced? Yes 9. What is the benefit of balanced loading in a three-wire circuit? Reduced line loss 10. What is the phrase that describes the amount of current on the neutral wire of a three-wire circuit? Unbalanced load 11. What is the result of an open or broken neutral wire in a balanced three-wire circuit? Loads are connected in series across 240V with no noticeable change in operation 12. What is the result of an open or broken neutral wire in an unbalanced three-wire circuit? (See figure 12) Severe voltage imbalance can result in damaged equipment 13. Is the neutral conductor ever fused? Why? No. Serious problems can occur if it opens 14. What is Kirchhoff s voltage law? The sum of voltage drops or rises in any circuit must equal the supply voltage Skip to page 232 (Open Neutral Connections) 15. What are three things you never do with a neutral conductor? Never fuse the neutral, never switch the neutral, and never open the neutral on a live system 16. What is the maximum voltage that can be applied to one of the loads in a 240V three-wire system when the neutral wire is open? Close to 240 V 17. What is the voltage across an open neutral in a balanced three-wire circuit? Zero
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