Design. EMI Filter. Timothy THIRD EDITION. Richard Lee Ozenbaugh. M. Pullen. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Croup. Taylor & Francis Croup,

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1 EMI Filter Design THIRD EDITION Richard Lee Ozenbaugh Timothy M. Pullen CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments Authors Terms and Abbreviations Organization of the Book xix xi xiii xv xvii 1 EMI Filters 1.1 Introduction Technical Challenges Controlling Parasitic Uncertainty Types ofemi Filters AC Filters DC Filters No Such Thing as Black Magic It Is All in the Mathematics Why Call EMI Filters Black Magic? 2.1 What Is EMI? Regular Filters versus EMI Filters Specifications: Real or Imagined Inductive Input for the 220-A Test Method Hz Filter Compared with the 50- or 60-Hz Filter Common Mode and Differential Mode: Definition, Cause, and Elimination 3.1 Definition of Common and Differential Modes Origin of Common-Mode Noise Generation of Common-Mode Noise Load Elimination of Common-Mode Noise Line and Load 3-7 v

3 vi Contents 3.5 Generation ofdifferential-mode Noise? Three-Phase Virtual Ground EMI Filter Source Impedance of Various Power Lines 4.1 Skin Effect Applying Transmission Line Concepts and Impedances Applying Transmission Line Impedances to Differential and Common Modes Differences among Power Line Measurements Simple Methods of Measuring AC and DC Power Lines Other Source Impedances Various AC Load Impedances 5.1 The Resistive Load Off-Line Regulator with Capacitive Load Off-Line Regulator with an Inductor ahead of the Storage Capacitor Power Factor Correction Circuit Transformer Load UPS Load DC Circuit Load and Source 6.1 Various Source Impedance Switcher Load DC Circuit for EMI Solutions or Recommendations Some Ideas for the Initial Power Supply Other Parts of the System Lossy Components Radiated Emissions Typical EMI Filters Pros and Cons 7.1 The Tt Filter The T Filter The L Filter The Typical Commercial Filter The Cauer Filter The RC Shunt The Conventional Filters Filter Components the Capacitor 8.1 Capacitor Specifications Capacitor Construction and Self-Resonant Frequency Veeing the Capacitor Margins, Creepage, and Corona Split Foil for High Voltage Capacitor Design Wrap-and-Fill Type Filter Components the Inductor 9.1 Inductor Styles and Specifications 9-1

4 Contents vii 9.2 Core Types Power Cores Ferrite Cores Tape-Wound Toroids C-Core Inductors Slug Type Nanocrystalline Common-Mode Cores High-Current Inductors Inductor Design Converting from Unbalanced to Balanced Common-Mode Components 10.1 Capacitor to Ground Virtual Ground ZforZorro Common-Mode Inductor Common-Mode Calculation Differential Inductance from a Common-Mode Inductor Common-Mode Currents Do They All Balance? Transformer's Addition to the EMI Filter 11.1 Transformer Advantages Isolation Leakage Current Common Mode Voltage Translation Step Up or Down Transformer as a Key Component of the EMI Package Skin Effect Review Electromagnetic Pulse and Voltage Transients 12.1 Unidirectional versus Bidirectional Three Theories Initial High-Voltage Inductor Arrester Location How to Calculate the Arrester Dynamic Resistance The Gas Tube What Will Compromise the Filter? 13.1 Specifications Testing Power Supplies Either as Source or Load and 15-Phase Autotransformers Neutral Wire Not Part of the Common-Mode Inductor Two or More Filters in Cascade the Unknown Capacitor Poor Filter Grounding 13-4

5 vjji Contents 13.7 "Floating" Filter Unknown Capacitor in the Following Equipment Filter Input and Output Too Close Together Gaskets Waves as Noise Sources 14.1 Spike Pulse Power Spectrum db ua/mhz MIL-STD-461 Curve Initial Filter Design Requirements 15.1 Differential-Mode Design Goals Differential-Mode Filter Input Impedance Differential-Mode Filter Output Impedance Input and Output Impedance for a DC Filter Common-Mode Design Goals Estimation ofthe Common-Mode Source Impedance Methods of Reducing the Inductor Value due to High Current Matrices, Transfer Functions, and Insertion Loss 16.1 Synthesis, Modeling, and Analysis Review of the A Matrix Transfer Functions Review of Matrix Topologies t Filter L Matrix T Filter Cauer or Elliptic Matrix RC Shunt Filter Applications and Thoughts Single-Phase AC Filter Three-Phase Filters Low-Current Wye High-Current Wye Single Insert Low-Current Delta High-Current Delta Telephone and Data Filters Pulse Requirements How to Pass the Pulse The DC-DC Filter Low-Current Filters Matrix Applications: A Continuation of Chapter Impedance of the Source and Load db Loss Calculations of a Single n Filter 17-2

6 Contents *x 17.3 Example of the Calculations for a n Single Filter Double n Filter: Equations and db Loss Triple 7t Filter: Equations and db Loss Network Analysis of Passive LC Structures 18.1 Lossless Networks Network Impedances Using Z Parameters NetworkAdmittances Using Y Parameters Transfer Function Analysis H(ja) Transfer Function Analysis H(s) Coefficient-Matching Technique EMI Filter Stability Filter Design Techniques and Design Examples 19.1 Filter Design Requirements Design Techniques Intermediate CE Testing Previous Experience Similar Application Analysis, Synthesis, and Simulation Filter Design Summary Predesign Objectives Define Design Flow EMI Filter Design Example Design Process Define Peak Harmonic Amplitude Define Harmonic Current Define Filter -3-dB Pole-Q Frequency for Differential Mode Insertion Loss Validation Design Example Summary Define Component Values Verify Pole-Q Frequency Define Characteristic Impedance of Filter Stabilize the Filter RC Shunt dq Damping Series LRdQ Damping Addition of Common-Mode Choke Define Common-Mode Pole-Q Frequency Common-Mode Damping dq Filter Design Summary Four-Pole LC Structure Design Approach Packaging Information 20.1 Layout Estimated Volume 20-3

7 x Contents 20.3 Volume-to-Weight Ratio Potting Compounds 20-6 Appendix A: K Values of Different Topologies Appendix B: LC Passive Filter Design Appendix References Index C: Conversion Factors Appendix A-l Appendix B-l Appendix C-l References-1 Index-1

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