Inter- and Intra-Vehicle Communications

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Madeleine Bates
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1 Inter- and Intra-Vehicle Communications Gilbert Held A Auerbach Publications Taylor 5* Francis Group Boca Raton New York Auerbach Publications is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business

Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Chapter 1 Introducing the Smart Vehicle 1.1 Intra-Vehicle Communications 2 1.1.1 Communications Protocols 2 1.1.2 Additional Intra-Vehicle Communication Functions 2 1.

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Chapter 1 Introducing the Smart Vehicle 1.1 Intra-Vehicle Communications Communications Protocols Additional Intra-Vehicle Communication Functions Systems and Sensors Air Bag System Air Conditioning and Climate Control System Braking System Crash Sensors Engine Control Unit Electronic Stability Control Steering Infotainment System Integrated Starter Generator Lighting System Power Train Seat Belt Sensors Tire Pressure Monitoring System Window and Door System Inter-Vehicle Communications Cooperative Driving Accident Warning Frontal Collision Prevention Hazard Warning Intersection Alert 23 xiii xv xvii l vii

viii Contents 1.2.1.5 Overtaking and Lane Change Assistance 23 1.2.1.6 Rear-End Collision Prevention 23 1.2.1.7 Road Departure Prevention 24 1.2.1.8 Speed Alert 24 1.2.2 Consumer Assistance 24 1.2.2.1 Traffic Information 24 1.

3 viii Contents Overtaking and Lane Change Assistance Rear-End Collision Prevention Road Departure Prevention Speed Alert Consumer Assistance Traffic Information Mobile Business Support Multimedia Services Smart Parking Summary 26 Chapter 2 Communications Fundamentals Fundamental Concepts Powers of Frequency Signal Period Wavelength Bandwidth Power Measurements The Bei Log Relationships TheDecibel Decibel above 1 mw The Decibel Isotropie Considering Power Limits Antenna Selection Receiver Sensitivity Signal-to-Noise Ratio Thermal Noise Categorizing Communications Transmission Rate Constraints The Nyquist Relationship Shannon's Law Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation U.S. Spectrum Allocation Band Nomenclature Applications Radar Operations Police Radar S-Band Radar X-Band Radar 45

Contents ix 2.3.1.3 Ku-Band Radar 45 2.3.1.4 K-Band Radar 45 2.3.1.5 Ka-Band Radar 45 2.3.2 Types of Radar 46 2.3.2.1 Laser Radar 46 2.3.2.2 Collision Avoidance Radar 46 2.4 IEEE Wireless LANs 47 2.4.1 IEEE Standards 47 2.

4 Contents ix Ku-Band Radar K-Band Radar Ka-Band Radar Types of Radar Laser Radar Collision Avoidance Radar IEEE Wireless LANs IEEE Standards The Standard The a Standard The b Standard The g Standard The 802.lln Standard 49 Chapter 3 Communications Technologies Transmission Technologies Cellular Communications GSM CDMA Bluetooth Wireless LANs MANET Mesh Networking Network Formation Area of Coverage The IEEE s Standard Understanding MANET 70 Chapter 4 The Local Interconnect Network Overview Founding Members Goal Applications The LIN Specification The Specification Components The Physical Layer Master-Slave Relationship Interference Examining the Master-Slave Relationship 83

x Contents 4.2.1.5 Data-Link Layer 84 4.3 Summary 91 Chapter 5 The Controller Area Network 93 5.1 Overview 93 5.1.1 Evolution 94 5.1.2 CAN Versions 94 5.1.3 Types of Controllers 95 5.1.4 Layered Architecture 95 5.

5 x Contents Data-Link Layer Summary 91 Chapter 5 The Controller Area Network Overview Evolution CAN Versions Types of Controllers Layered Architecture The CAN Bus Signaling States The Physical Layer Data Transmission Interoperability Issues Bus Speed CableLength Bus Termination Cable and Cable Connectors Message Frames Data Frame Standard Data Frame Extended Data Frame Arbitration Bit Stuffing Remote Frame Operation Error Frame Overload Frame Error Handling Communications Error Handling Parity Checking Block Checking CAN Error Handling Node Removal Error Detection Methods Bit Monitoring Bit Stuffing Frame Check Acknowledgment Check Cyclic Redundancy Check CAN Controller Operations 109

Contents xi 53.7.1 Controller States 109 5.3.7.2 ModeControl 109 5.3.7.3 Counter Updating 109 5.3.7.4 Receiver Error Counter 110 5.3.7.5 Transmit Error Counter 110 5.3.7.6 Error Signaling 110 Chapter 6 Intra-Vehicie Communications 113 6.

6 Contents xi Controller States ModeControl Counter Updating Receiver Error Counter Transmit Error Counter Error Signaling 110 Chapter 6 Intra-Vehicie Communications Wired Communications Network Comparison Two-Tier Approach LIN Applications Localized Vehicle Area Support General Support Areas CAN Applications Nonautomotive Support Vehicle Operations Utilization Infotainment Wireless Communications Bluetooth Evolution Classes Operation Spectrum Utilization Modulation Frequency Hopping Logical Channels Device Addressing Packers Operational Modes Service Discovery Protocol Vehicle Applications Satellite Services Satellite Radio Vehicle Care Traffic Status 135 Chapter 7 Inter-Vehicie Communications Ad Hoc Networking 138

xii Contents 7.1.1 Overview 138 7.1.2 Formation 138 7.1.3 Rationale for Use 139 7.1-4 Applications 140 7.1.4.1 Vehicle Traffic Monitoring 141 7.1.4.2 Collision and Congestion Avoidance 142 7.1.4.3 Law Enforcement 142 7.

7 xii Contents Overview Formation Rationale for Use Applications Vehicle Traffic Monitoring Collision and Congestion Avoidance Law Enforcement Broadband Transmission Highway Lane Reservation Emission Control Communications Technologies IEEE Standard Vehicle Frequency Utilization AM Radio Bluetooth FM Radio GPS Satellite Radio Short-Range Radar Wireless LANs The Intelligent Roadway Roadway Design Lane Markers Lane Direction Road Junction Traffic Light RoadExit Temporary Obstacles Transmission Methods Infrastructure to Vehicle Vehicle to Vehicle The Evolving Smart Vehicle Microprocessor Wireless Networking Transmitter/Receiver Forward Radar Side Radar GPS Cellular Transmission Event Data Recorder Summary 173 Index 175

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1310* TRANSPORT INFORMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (TICS) OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS (Question ITU-R 205/8)

Rec. ITU-R M.1310 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1310* TRANSPORT INFORMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS (TICS) OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS (Question ITU-R 205/8) Rec. ITU-R M.1310 (1997) Summary This Recommendation